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Chapter 7, Sections 2 & 3 Textbook Notes Section 2: Rise of Industrialism Late 1800s: Carnegie forges a steel empire. Introduced Bessemer converter and open-hearth steelmaking. 1870 to 1890: Price of steel rails drop from $107 to $32. The man who dies rich, dies disgraced.
1865 to end of 1800s: U.S. becomes an industrial giant. Coal for fueling machinery equally important as iron ore for steelmaking.
1876 to 1931: Thomas Alva Edison patented > than 1,000 inventions over his lifetime. (Menlo Park laboratory). Promised a minor invention every ten days and a big thing every six months or so.
1860 to 1900: United States Patent Office grants 676,000 patents. 1876: Alexander Grahams telephone.
Improved transportation: Country national market. 1880s: Gustavus Swift creates national meatpacking network. o Developed refrigerated railroad car.
1861: John Wanamaker introduces fixed prices and window displays. Macys, Marshall Field, and Jordan Marsh soon to follow.
1870 to 1900: Money spent on advertising increased from $50 million to $542 million. Merger: Combining of several competing firms under a single head. Solution to boom-or-bust business instability. 1882: Rockefellers Standard Oil: 40 companies = 90% of nations pipelines, 84% of nations refined oil. Horizontal integration: Merges all competing companies in one area of business.
Sonny An
US History Honors October 8th, 2012
Vertical integration: One business controls all aspects of production. Nouveau riche class and the Gilded Age. Robber barons.
Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism. William G. Sumner: If we do not like the survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, and that is the survival of the unfittest. 1882: Spencer honored by American business leaders.
Section 3: Populism and Protest July 2nd, 1892: Peoples party holds first convention. Also known as Populist Party. Leaders include: o o o Ignatius Donnelly (orator). Mary E. Lease: raise corn and more hell. Sockless Jerry Simpson wore no silk socks like his princely Republican opponent. 1870s: Farmers produce too much crops. Prices drop widespread rural suffering. o o o o o Became debt-ridden sharecroppers. 1874: Grasshoppers devour crops, clothes, and even plow handles. 1886: Drought. 1888: School Childrens Storm kills > than 200 children. In God we trust, in Kansas we busted. 1800s: Homesteaders vs. nature.
1867: Patrons of Husbandry (also known as Grange). 1875: 1 million members from New England to Texas. Wanted govt to step in on railroad freight rates and fund agricultural colleges. Formed sales cooperatives.
Sonny An
US History Honors October 8th, 2012
1892: James Weaver (Populist) loses to Grover Cleveland (Democrat). Populist Party gains 14 seats in Congress, wins 2 governorships, receives largest # of popular votes in 1800s. 1893: 2.5 million Americans, about 20% of labor force, unemployed. 1894: 4 million unemployed.
1896: Democracy adopts Populist ideals, including unlimited coinage of silver. William McKinley, Republican nominee, wins by 600,000 votes. o Standard Oil donates $250,000 to his campaign.
Union: Organization for mutual benefit. Knights of St. Crispin: Nearly 50,000 members to block unskilled workers (machinemade). Did not survive. 1877: National railroad strike. 1869 to 1880s: Knights of Labor: Secret society national proportions. Welcomed all gainfully employed persons. Wanted new laws and reforms for workers. Mary Harris Jones: Lost a lot, found Knights of Labor. Becomes the most dangerous woman in America. 1886: Peak at 700,000 members. Later replaced by American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel Gompers.
Protests and Violence: Labor movement meets resistance. May 3rd, 1886: Haymarket Riot. 1892: Homestead Strike: Carnegie Steel Company reduced wages. 1890s: Coeur dAlene: Western Federation of Miners in Idaho. 1894: Pullman Strike: Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union. o 1895: Supreme Court allows injunction: Order to end a strike.