Unit 2: New Patterns of Civilization, 400-1500

The World of Islam, 600-1500 Early African Civilizations, 2000 BCE - 1500 CE The Asian World, 400-1500 Emerging Europe, 400-1300 Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 The Americas, 400-1500

Objectives: 1. Identify how Arab, African, and Asian empires spread 2. Compare medieval Europe with pervious civilizations 3. Describe feudalism, the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, and the impact of the Crusades 4. Summarize the development of civilizations in the Americas

The World of Islam, 600-1500

The Rise of Islam The Arab Empire and Its Successors Islamic Civilization The Culture of Islam

The Rise of Islam

Objectives: 1. Discuss the new importance the Arabian Peninsula had in the fth and sixth centuries as a result of the caravan trade 2. Identify and describe the new religion of Islam that arose in the Arabian Peninsula and whose prophet was a man named Muhammad

The Arabs
Semitic-speaking people who lived in the *Arabian Peninsulalacked rivers and lakes Arabs were nomads, moved constantly to nd food and water; Organized into tribes, each led by a *sheikh chosen by the leading families Tribes were independent but loosely connected

Lived as farmers and sheepherders on oases After the camel was domesticated, Arabs populated more of the desert, expanding the caravan trade and developed along routes Arabs were polytheistic *Makkah (Mecca) and the *Kaaba: house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone

*Allah (supreme god); they also believed in other tribal gods Political disorder in Mesopotamia and Egypt made the usual trade routes dangerous Mekkah was a safer trade route which became more popular sites prospered from the increased trade

The Life of Muhammad

*Muhammad, born in Makkah to a merchant family and orphaned at ve Married a rich widow named *Khadija; he became troubled by the growing gap between the generosity of Makkans and the greedy He ventured into the hills to meditate; he received revelations from God via the angel Gabriel Muhammad believed that Allah had already revealed himself in part through Moses and Jesus, but he the nal revelation

These revelations were eventually written down much later creating the *Quran and created *Islam (peace through submission to the will of Allah); *Muslims, those who practice Islam The wealthy feared the upset of the established social and political orderfew believed He and his supporters left Mekkah and moved to Yathrib (later renamed *Madinah/ Medina)this journey is known as the *Hijrah (622, which became year 1)

Muhammad won support from those in Madinah; support came from *Bedouins (Arab nomads in the desert) as well Submission to the prophet was requiredmuhammad became both a religious and a political leader Reliable military force emerged in support of Muhammad; In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with 10,000 men conquering and converting all to Islam In memory of this, Muslims take a pilgrimage to Makkah called the *hajj

The Teachings of Muhammad

Islam is monotheistic and emphasizes salvation and offers the hope of an afterlife; Five Pillars of Islam: Belief (shahaadatayn) Prayer (Salaah) Charity (Zakaah) Fasting (Siyaam) Pilgrimage (Hajj) *shariah created after Muhammads death, a law code created by Muslim scholars Muslims were forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or be involved in dishonest behavior

Objectives: 1. Discuss the new importance the Arabian Peninsula had in the fth and sixth centuries as a result of the caravan trade 2. Identify and describe the new religion of Islam that arose in the Arabian Peninsula and whose prophet was a man named Muhammad

The Arab Empire and Its Successors

Objectives: 1.Summarize the situation after Muhammads death in which his successor organized the Arabs and set in motion a great expansion 2.Describe the internal struggles that weakened the empire and, by the close of the 13th century, ended the Arab Empire

The death of Muhammad left his followers with a problem: Muhammad had never named a successor nor had a son *Abu Bakr, a wealthy merchant and Muhammads fatherin-law, became leader named *caliph or successor to Muhammad

Creation of an Arab Empire

Arab Conquest

Islamic movement began to grow; expanding over Arabia The Quran permitted fair, defensive warfare as *jihad or struggle in the way of God The greater and the lesser jihad Yarmuk in 636; the Arab army defeated the Byzantine army and expanded into the province of *Syria, northern Africa, and conquered the Persian Empire by 650 All conquests were made possible by the creation of a large, dedicated army who were assured of a place in Paradise

Arab Rule In 656, Ali (Muhammads son-inlaw) was chosen to be caliphbut was assassinated after 5 years Arab administrators were quite tolerant and those conquered were not forced to convert to Islam

The Umayyads In 661, general *Muawiyah, the governor of Syria and one of Alis chief rivals, became caliph He made the ofce of caliph, called the caliphate, hereditary in his own family *Umayyad dynasty; he moved the capital to *Damascus, in Syria

Umayyad Conquests

Arab armies conquered and converted the *Berbers, a pastoral people living along the Mediterranean coast of northern Africa Around 710, they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and occupied southern Spain By 725, Spain had been converted and in 732, the Arab encroachment into France was stopped at the Battle of Tours In 717, Byzantine forces stopped the Arab conquest into Anatolia (modern Turkey)

A Split in Islam

Internal struggles threatened the empires stability; Muslims of non-Arab backgroundPersians and Byzantines Revolt led by *Hussein, second son of Alihe encouraged to rise up against Umayyad rule in 680 *Shiite Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as ruler *Sunni Muslims did not all agree with Umayyad, but accepted such rulers (This view became the majority in the Muslim world)

The Abbasid Dynasty

Non-Arab Muslims resented favoritism shown to Arabs corrupt behavior In 750, Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammads uncle, overthrew the Umayyad and set up the *Abbasid dynasty

Abbasid Rule In 762, a new capital city at *Baghdad, on the Tigris River The new capital was established, taking advantage of river trafc to the Persian Gulf The move eastward increased Persian inuence and encouraged a new cultural outlook; Intermarriage between Arabs and conquered peoples

*Harun al-Rashid, under whose rule the Abbasid experienced the golden age lavished support on artists and writers, astronomy, and translation of Greek works Growing prosperity and control of trade routes to the East The structure changed; a council headed by a prime minister, known as a *vizier, advised the caliph

Decline and Division

There was much ghting over the succession to the caliphate; Vast wealth gave rise to nancial corruption Caliphs began to recruit ofcials from among the non-Arab peoples, gradually they also became a dominant force in the army and the bureaucracy Many rulers broke away from the central authority to establish independent dynasties A prince of the Umayyad dynasty established a separate rule in Spain; Fatimids established in Egypt, *Cairo

The Seljuk The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt became the center of Islamic civilization Fatimids played a major role in the trade passing from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea; they hired Seljuk Turksa nomadic people from central Asia

As the Abbasids weakened, the Turks gathered power In 1055, A Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took the title *sultan holder of power The Seljuks put pressure on the Byzantine Empire and, after the battle at Manzikert, the Turks seized Anatolia

The Crusades The Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked for Latin Christian help The Muslims were at rst expelled. However, in 1169, a new Muslim ruler from Egypt named *Saladinwho took back Syria and Jerusalem More details on chapter 9

The Mongols The *Mongols were a pastoral people who swept out of the Gobi in the 13th century Burned cities, destroyed dams, reduced farming villages to starvation The Mongols eventually converted to Islam and intermarried with the locals The conquest resulted in a new center of Islamic civilization in Egypt

Objectives: 1.Summarize the situation after Muhammads death in which his successor organized the Arabs and set in motion a great expansion 2.Describe the internal struggles that weakened the empire and, by the close of the 13th century, ended the Arab Empire

Islamic Civilization

Objectives: 1. Discuss the extensive trade network that brought prosperity to the Islamic world 2. Identify and describe the Quran, which provided fundamental guidelines for all Muslims, not only in spiritual affairs but also in politics, economics, and social life

Prosperity in the Islamic World The Arabs carried on extensive trade, not only within the Islamic world but also with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and Southeast Asiaby ship and camel caravans beyond *Morocco and the *Caspian Sea

From south of the Sahara came gold and slaves; China, silk and porcelain; from eastern Africa, gold and ivory, India and South east Asia from spices

The Role of Cities

Baghdad (the *Abbasid capital) was perhaps the greatest city in the empire The *Fatimids used *Cairo to focus on trade coming from the East Damascus in Syria as was a center of administrative, cultural, and economic activity; *Cordoba, the capital of Umayyad Spainone of the largest cities next to Constantinople Mosques for worship, fountains, courtyards, public baths, *bazaars covered market

The Importance of Farming The Arab Empire was more urban than most other areas of the world Most of the farmland was owned by independent peasants some lands were owned by the state; farmed by slave labor

Islamic Society Social Structure

According to Islam, all people are equal in the eyes of Allah There was a fairly well dened upper class that consisted of ruling families, senior ofcials, nomadic elites, and merchants Slavery was widespread, most coming from Africa and in Asia, captured in war and in turn, served in the armyIslamic law insisted slaves be treated fairly

The Role of Women

The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with menboth to earn money and inherit property Differences among men and women; Men dominated in Muslim society and Women in the home *polygamy backed by the Quran and *dowry to brides, freely entered and the right to divorce under some circumstances (adultery was forbidden) Custom of cover themselves in public appeared in cities, inuenced by Byzantine Christianity

Objectives: 1. Discuss the extensive trade network that brought prosperity to the Islamic world 2. Identify and describe the Quran, which provided fundamental guidelines for all Muslims, not only in spiritual affairs but also in politics, economics, and social life

The Culture of Islam

Objectives: 1.Report the great advances in the areas of mathematics and the natural sciences made by Muslim scholars 2. Describe how Muslim art and architecture incorporated innovative, geometric styles of decoration

Preservation of Knowledge
Many translated works by Plato and Aristotle into Arabic, libraries emergedHouse of Wisdom in Baghdad Paper manufacturing emerged in Baghdad, inuenced from China Mathematics were brought to Baghdad from India In the 12th century, Arabic translations were translated into Latin in the West

Philosophy, Science, and History

Various commentaries were written by Arabic philosophers such as *Ibn-Rushd, lived in Cordoba and wrote commentaries on most of Aristotles surviving works Various contributions to mathematics and the natural sciencesadoption of numerical system of India, the use of zero (arabic system) from which Algebra emerged Astronomy was a central to sea travel; *astrolabe, used to determine locations of stars and planets

Navigation

Muslim scholars developed medicine as a eld of scientic study; *Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia stressed contagious diseased and the need for clean water *Ibn-Khaldun, the most prominent Muslim historian of the age; *Muqaddimah (Introduction to History): a cyclical view of history and scientic basis for the political factors

Literature

Islam brought major changes to the culture of Southwest Asia The Rubaiyat by *Omar Khayyam (called *The 1001 Nights often called The Arabian Nights) This is a collection of folktales, fables, and romances that blend the natural with the supernatural *Examples: Aladdin and Sinbad

Art and Architecture

The best expression of Islamic art is found in the mosques; the best example is the Great Mosque of *Samarra in Iraq *Minaret: the tower from which the *muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer ve times a day No representations of the prophet Muhammad was created. The Quran never forbad it, but the *Hadith, an early collection of the prophets sayings, warns against any attempt to imitate God

Objectives: 1.Report the great advances in the areas of mathematics and the natural sciences made by Muslim scholars 2. Describe how Muslim art and architecture incorporated innovative, geometric styles of decoration