ISDS 7615/8615: Data Communications & Networking

OSI and TCP/IP models

Edited by Ted 2008 Copyright E. LeeTed E. Lee

Overview

Layered Approach and Encapsulation/Deencapsulation Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

Layers, services, protocols, and interfaces

Reference Models OSI TCP/IP Comparison/Critique

Edited by Ted E. Lee Copyright 2008 Ted E. Lee

Layered Approach and Encapsulation/De-encapsulation

Example:
Sending a letter . .

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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

Layers, services, protocols, and interfaces.

Edited by Ted E. Lee Copyright 2008 Ted E. Lee

Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

Layers, services, protocols, and interfaces.

Service
a set of primitives (operations) that a layer provides to layer above it (vertical relationships) a set of rules governing the format and meaning of packets or messages exchanged by peers (horizontal

Protocol

relationships between peers)

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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

The relationship between a service and a protocol.

Reference Models
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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.

Details
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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies

Basic idea: Layer 5 needs to know

how to use interface to Layer 4 content requirement for receiving Layer 5 User doesnt see beyond Layer 5 Source and destination layers of similar levels dont see whats going on between themselves Analogous to using telephone: You need to know

Transparency between layers

how to use telephone & receivers telephone number message content to send receiver The rest can be ignored
like foreign diplomacy of 17th century

Source-destination communication:

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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies: The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

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Next on the OSI reference model

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The OSI reference model

Concepts central to the OSI model

Services Interfaces Protocols

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The OSI Reference Model

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The OSI Reference Model 1. Physical: How to use the medium

Protocols defining the electrical, mechanical, and procedural specifications for data transmission e.g., RS232-C specification for serial transmission Reliability of physical layer; error detection & control for point-to-point connections (next adjacent node) e.g., pre-determined frame layouts in an installed NIC.

2. Data link

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Data Link Layer: Framing with counts A character stream separated by frame counts
(a) Without errors (b) With one error.

ERROR in count byte

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Fram ing w / flags

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Data Link Layer: Framing with flag bytes

(a) A frame delimited by flag bytes (byte stuffing).

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The OSI Reference Model 3. Network: Choosing, starting, and terminating end-to-end
network connections along data route for a series of independent packets (connection-less) --transparently!

4. Transport:

Reliability between systems; error detection and control Ensures all of the packets are arriving in the proper order (connection-oriented, sequence numbers for packets) differentiates between applications at each end of a connection (e.g., Telnet and WWW sessions)
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5. Session: Controls dialogue of a session

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The OSI Reference Model 6. Presentation

Resolves differences in data syntax, format, and representation

E.g.,

data encryption/decryption protocols; encoding schemes from ASCII to EBCDIC

7. Application

Services for users program (not users ???)

E.g.

HTTP DNS (Domain Name Service) resolves a domain name to IP a specific IP address. FTP, Telnet
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Data Format

Enabling Technology

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The TCP/IP Reference Model

The TCP/IP reference model

Network Access (Host-to-network)

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The TCP/IP Reference Model: Data Format and Protocols

c

TCP/IP Suite

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The TCP/IP Reference Model: Initial protocols & networks

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially

Com paring OSI R eference M odels and TCP / I P M odels .

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models

A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world

Bad timing:

The TCP/IP protocols were already in widespread use by research universities by the time the OSI protocols appeared.

Bad technology (model and protocols)

Choice of 7 layers was more political than technical Two of the top layers (session and presentation) are nearly empty, whereas two other ones (data link and network) are overfull. Too complex to follow

Bad implementations (huge, unwieldy, slow) Bad politics

TCP/IP was thought of as part of UNIX (felt comfortable in academia) Considered as product of Europeans

mainly used for teaching or as a reference !!

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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

Problems

Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished Not a general model Network access layer is not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace

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Hybrid Model

The hybrid reference model.

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The End Next time: Problem Solving and Network Management

Copyright 2008 Ted E. Lee

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