Chemistry Part 2 - Previous Board Question

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Chemistry Part II-Previous Board Question
CH # 1 Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicity
1. ZnO is Amphoteric Oxide, prove by means of reactions
2. Why ionization Energy decreases down the group and increases along-a period?
3. Hydration energy increases from left to right in a period. Why?
4. Why the elements of VII-A can show the maximum oxidation state of +9?
5. PbCI
2
is mainly ionic and PbCl
4
is fairly covalent why?
6. Why the second value of electron affinity of an element is usually shown with a positive sign?
7. What is Mendeleevs periodic table?
8. Why Cation is smaller than its parent atom?
9. Why ionization energy decreases down the group and increases along a period?
10. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals?
11. The hydration energy of Al
+3
is three times greater than that of Ca
+2
why?
12. Give the, reason why the radius of fluorine atom is smaller than that of fluoride ion.
13. Why the oxidation state of noble gases is usually zero?
14. Why hydrogen can be placed at the top of group I-A elements in the periodic table?
15. Define Dobereiners law of triads. Also give two examples.
16. Name different classes of oxides and mention trend of oxides across the period?
17. The basic character of oxides decreases from left to right in a period why?
18. State the modern periodic law.
19. The melting and boiling points of the elements increase from left to the right up to the middle
of s-block elements and decrease onward. Why?
20. The hydration energies of the ions are in the following order.
Al
+3
> Mg
+2
> N
+
21. Zn, Cd, Hg were placed with Alkaline earth metals in Mendeleevs table. How this confusion is
removed in modern periodic table?
22. What are the improvements made in the Mendeleevs periodic table?
23. What is lanthanide contraction?
CH # 2 s-Block Elements
1. Write chemical formulas of :
(a) Chile Salt Petre (b) Sylvite
2. Discuss the role of lime in Agriculture.
3. Why the solution of Na
2
CO
3
in water is basic in nature?
4. Write names and formulas of two ores of Potassium.
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5. What is milk of magnesia and give its uses?
6. Complete and balance following equation:
(a) BeO + NaOH (b) CaO + C
7. Give products and balance:
1. KO
2
+ CO
2
(b) Mg
3
N
2
+ H
2
8. Give the trend of solubility of group II-A hydroxides in the periodic table with a reason.
9. What is clinker? Why 2% gypsum is added in the cement?
10. What is the function of calciumin plant growth?
11. Give reason how magnesium and calcium react with nitrogen to give nitrides which on
hydrolysis give ammonia?
12. What do you mean by dead burnt gypsum?
13. Write down the chemical formula of
(a) Sylvite (b) Chrysoberyl
14. Point out the three advantages of Downs cell.
15. Mention the importance of potassium fertilizers. Give formulas of followings
(a) Dolomite (b) Sylvite
16. How Lime Mortar is prepared?
17. Justify that BeO is an amphoteric oxide.
18. Give formulas of the minerals
(a) Halite (b) Natron
19. Why lime water turns milky with CO
2
but becomes clear with excess of C0
2
?
20. What reactions take place in the setting of cement from into 7 days?
21. Give the reactions of BeO With add and base.
22. Name the soluble sulphates of alkaline earth metals.
23. Explain CO
2
is acidic in nature.
24. Mention three important raw materials for the manufacturing of cement.
25. Draw and label the diagramof Nelson cell.
26. Define the term setting of cement. Give the reactions in setting of cement in first twenty four
hours.
CH # 3 Group III-A and Group IV-A Elements
1. What is Litharge? Give its chemistry.
2. Aqueous solution of borax is alkaline why?
3. What are Semi-Conductors? Give its two uses.
4. What is the effect of temperature upon the viscosity of Silicones?
5. Write down four uses of Aluminium.
6. What is Borax bead test?
7. CO
2
in non-polar in nature. Give reason.
8. Explain why, CO
2
is acidic in nature.
9. Why is CO
2
a gas at room temperature while Si0
2
is solid?
10. Write names of thee acids of Boron:
(a) H
3
BO
3
(b) HBO
2
(c) H
2
B
4
0
7
(d) H
6
B
4
0
9
11. How boric acid (H
3
B0
3
) reacts with ethyl alcohol and sodium carbonate?
12. Why are liquid silicones preferred over ordinary organic Lubricants?
13. What happens when white lead is heated in air at about 340C?
14. How entrapped bubbles of gases are removed from steel?
15. How will you prepare borax from
(a) Colemanite (b) Boric acid
16. Write down uses of boric acid.
17. Which basic radicals give the response to borax bead test?
18. What is the effect of temperature on semiconductors?
19. How borax reacts with HCI and H
2
S0
4
?
20. Give the reactions of aluminiumwith H
2
S0
4
and NaOH.
21. How weathering of potassium feldspar takes place? Explain with the help of a chemical
equation.
22. Write chemical formulas of the following acids of boron:
(a) Orthoboric acid (b) Metaboric acid (c) Tetraboric acid (d) Pyroboric acid
23. What is meant by chemical garden? How can it be prepared?
24. What is the Importance of oxides of lead in paints?
25. How aluminiumreacts with
(a) Halogens (b) Acids
26. Why diamond is a non-conductor and graphite is fairly a good conductor?
27. Why is aluminiumnot found as a free element?
28. What is the action of an aqueous solution of Borax on litmus?
CH # 4 Group V-A and Group VI-A Elements
1. HNO
3
is Oxidizing Agent, justify by equations.
2. P
2
0
5
is powerful dehydrating agent. Prove by examples.
3. What is laughing Gas? Why is it called so?
4. How many allotropic forms of phosphorus exist? Write the name of any three forms
5. Justify that NO acts as reducing agent.
6. What is meant by Fuming of nitric acid?
7. How does nitrogen differ from other members of its family?
8. Why is S0
3
dissolved in H
2
S0
4
and not in water?
9. What is allotropy? Name the different allotropes of phosphorus.
10. Explain the electron dot structure of nitrous acid and nitric acid.
11. V Give the reactions .of dilute nitric acid with
12. (a) Magnesium (b) Copper
13. N
2
O
5
is a dehydrating agent. Explain by giving examples.
14. Describe ring test for the confirmation of the presence of nitrate ions in solution.
15. Write down the uses of sulphuric acid
16. What is the heating effect an orthophosphoric acid?
17. Write down dissimilarities between oxygen and sulphur.
18. How does HNO act as a reducing agent?
19. Give reaction of HNO
3
with: (a) As (b) SB
20. Give four uses of HNO
3
21. Why does Aqua Regia dissolve gold and platinum?
22. What are silicates? Give their two uses.
CH # 5 The Halogens and Noble Gases
1. What are Freons and Teflon?
2. Give reaction of bleaching powder with:
(a) Excess of H
2
S0
4
(b) NH
3
3. Write four applications of noble gases.
4. The acidic strength of the oxyacids of halogens increases with the increase in the number of
oxygen atoms why?
5. Why HF is a weaker acid than HCl.
6. Why fluorine and chorine act as decolorizing agents?
7. How are the halogen acids ionized in water? Also give the chemical equation.
8. What do you mean by available chlorine and how is it calculated?
9. Why iodine has metallic luster?
10. What are Noble Gases and why are they inert?
11. Why HCl0
4
is a stronger acid than HBrO
4
than HIO
4
?
12. Why the oxidation state of noble gases is usually zero?
13. What is iodized salt?
14. Which halogen is used as an antiseptic and which one has violet fumes?
15. Why iodine has metallic shine?
16. How does bleaching powder act as bleaching agent for fabrics?
17. What is meant by Disproportionation reaction? Give an example of it?
CH # 6 Transition elements
1. What is Coordination Sphere? Give examples.
2. Discuss Galvanizing Process.
3. Define these:
(a) Paramegnetism (b) Substitutional Alloys
4. Give the systematic names of these complexes:
(a) K
2
[Cu(CN)
4
] (b) [Pt(OH)
2
(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
5. What is meant by sacrificial corrosion?
6. Under what conditions does aluminium corrode?
7. Why damaged tin plated can should be avoided?
8. Write chemical formula of:
(a) Potassium Hexacynao Ferrate (II) (b) TriaminoTrinitro cobalt (Ill)
9. What are chelates? Explain with an example.
10. Why transition elements compounds are coloured?
11. What is meant by typical and non-typical, transition elements?
12. Why most of the transition metal ions are coloured?
13. KMnO
4
is a strong oxidizing agent. Support the statement with two chemical reactions.
14. What are interstitial compounds?
15. Why does damaged tin plated iron gets rusted quickly?
16. What are:
(a) Co-ordination number (b) central metal atom
17. Give systematic names of the following complexes
(a) Na
3
[COF
6
] (b) K
2
[Cu(CN)
4
]
18. Why Fe
3+
shows strongest paramagnetic behavior?
19. Give two methods of preparation of K
2
Cr
2
0
7
.
20. Why transition elements, usually show more than one oxidation states in their compounds?
21. Why the maximum paramagnetic strength is associated with the middle elements of d-block
series?
22. How does the metallic coating prevent the corrosion?
23. Write the equation of chromyl chloride test for KCI.
24. Write two balanced equations for the preparation of K
2
Cr
2
O
7.
25. Write balanced equation in which K
2
Cr
2
O
7
oxidizes KI in the presence of H
2
S0
4
.
CH # 7 Fundamentals Principles of Organic Chemistry
1. How Coal was formed? Give its importance.
2. What is meant by functional group and functional group isomerism?
3. Why there is no free rotation around a double bond and a free rotation around a single bond?
4. Name the Fractions which are obtained by Fractional distillation of Petroleum.
5. What is cracking of petroleum? Why do we need cracking of petroleum?
6. 1butane does not show geometrical isomerism but 2-butene exhibit geometrical isomerism
why?
7. What is Metamarism? Give one example.
8. What are Homocyclic and Hetrocyclic compounds? Give one example of each.
9. What are alicyclic compounds? Give two examples.
10. Which organic compound was first of all prepared in the laboratory?
11. How octane numbers of gasoline can be improved by reforming?
12. What is octane number?
13. Why is restricted rotation necessary to show the geometrical isomerism?
CH # 8 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
1. Draw the structures of given compounds:
(a) 4-Isopropyl Heptane (b) 3-Ethyl Pentane
2. Write down chemical equations for the preparation of Propene from the following compound
(a) CH
3
-- CH
2
-- CH
2
-- OH (b) CH
3
C CH
3. How does Ethyne react with:
(a) Ammonical Cuprous Chloride (b) Excess Cl
2
in CCl
4
4. What is meant by Polymerization? Give two different examples of Polymerization.
5. Give the mechanism of the electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes.
6. What is Baeyers test? Give. Its use.
7. How Tollens reagent can be used to distinguish between 1 -butyne and 2-butyne?
8. Give reactions for preparation of followings from Ethene:
(a) Ethylene glycol (b) Mustard gas
9. Write two general method for the preparation of Ethyne.
10. What is hydroxylation of Alkenes? Give reaction.
11. Give chemical reactions for the preparation of oxalic acid fromethyne.
12. How a trans-alkene is obtained by the partial hydrogenation of alkynes?
13. Define Markownikovs rule, Give an example.
14. Write structural formula of
(a)Vinyl acetylene (b) But-3-en-1-yne
15. Write down the uses of ethyne.
16. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes. Justify?
17. Why acetylene, is acidic in character?
18. How will you distinguish between alkene and alkyne?
19. Why pi bond is more reactive than sigma bond?
20. What is hydrogenolysis? Give an example.
21. What is Raney nickel and where is it used?
22. Write structural formula of the following compounds
(a) Vinyl bromide (b) Iso-pentane
23. Describe two methods for the preparation of alkenes.
24. Why is ethane an important industrial chemical?
25. Give the correct IPAC names of :
(a) Isopentane (b) Propylene
26. How will you prepare acetic acid from acetylene?
27. Justify that alkenes are more reactive then benzene.
28. How Benzene is obtained from acetylene?
29. Using ethyne as a starting material how would you get ethyl alcohol?
30. What is Lindlers catalyst? Give its use
31. How will you distinguish between ethane and ethyne?
32. What is clemmensons reduction?
33. Using ethyne as starting material, how would you get acetaldehyde and acetone?
CH # 9 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. What happens when a mixture of benzene vapours and air are passed over heated vanadium
pentaoxide? Give equation.
2. Write mechanism of Alkylation of Benzene.
3. How will you prepare m-dinitrobenzene from benzene in two steps? Give equations.
4. What are the two main classes of aromatic compounds? Give their examples.
5. Write down two reactions showing that benzene is an unsaturated compound.
6. Prepare m-nitrotoluene from benzene.
7. Make two Isomers of Xylene and write their IUPAC names.
8. Chlorination of nitrobenzene in presence of FeCI yields meta-chloro nitrobenzene as the main
product why?
9. Give two reactions which show that benzene is a saturated compound.
10. What information is obtained by the x-rays analysis of benzene?
11. Write equation for the preparation of following form benzene
(a) Maleic anhydride (b) Glyoxal
12. Write two rules for second substitution in benzene.
13. Convert ethylbenzene into benzoic acid.
14. Draw structural formula of triphenyl methane and benzotrichloride.
15. Ortho Para directing groups increase reactivity of benzene, why?
16. Nitro group when present on the benzene ring acts as Meta directing, why?
17. How benzene is obtained form
(a) Acetylene (b) n-hexane
18. Give three examples of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons and give their names?
19. What are the major products when chlorine reacts with toluene In the presence of sunlight?
20. What are these reactions which show that benzene Is unsaturated hydrocarbon?
21. Nitration of toluene gives Ortho and paranitrotoluene, while the nitration of nitrobenzene
gives metadinitrobenzene Give reasons.
22. Give four examples of aromatic heterocyclic compounds
23. Write down the resonance structures of benzene and indicate their relative contributions
towards the actual structure of benzene.
24. How does ozone affect benzene to give glyoxal?
25. Confirm by two reactions the presence of three alternate double bonds in benzene.
26. How nitration of benzene takes place? Give its mechanism.
27. Write IUPAC names of
28. Give the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction.
29. What is meant by the term sulphonation and oxidation?
30. What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?
31. Why Benzene give a cyclic structure?
32. What happens when benzene is burnt in free supply of air?
CH # 10 Alkyl Halides
1. Write down the names of the following compounds according to IUPAC system:
(a) CH
2
CI (b) (CH
3
CH
2
)3 CBr
2. Starting from ethyl Iodide prepares Propanoic Acid.
3. Write down the four possible isomers of, C
5
H
11
Cl and name according to IUPAC system.
4. Give the four points of difference between S
N
1 and S
N
2 reactions.
5. Give the mechanism for addition of Grignards reagent to CO
2
. Give carboxylic acids.
6. Convert ethyl Alcohol into their respective halides by using PCI
3
and PCl
5
7. How will you get 2-butanol from ethyl magnesium bromide?
8. How do Ethyl bromide react with
(I) Aqueous KOH and (II) Alcoholic KOH
9. Why Grignards reagents are so reactive?
10. What do you understood by the termbeta elimination reaction?
11. Explain the mechanism of S
N
2 reactions.
12. What products are formed when the following compounds are treated with Ethyl Magnesium
Bromide?
(a) HCHO (b) (CH
3
)
2
C0
13. Write two methods for the preparation of alkyl halides.
14. How do you differentiate between S
N
1 and S
N
2 mechanism:
15. Why dry ether is necessary for preparation of Grignards reagent?
16. Grignard reagent is an important organic reagent. Justify the statement.
17. Alkyl halides are among the most reactive organic compounds, why?
18. Show the mechanism for the reaction of acetone with Grignards reagent.
19. How can you prepare propanone from ethanol?
20. How methyl chloride and ethyl chloride will react with sodium lead alloy?
21. What are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides? Give examples of each.
(a) CH
2
CI (b) (CH
3
CH
2
)3 CBr
5
H
11
N
1 and S
N
2 reactions.
2
3
and PCl
5
N
2 reactions.
Bromide?
(a) HCHO (b) (CH
3
)
2
C0
N
1 and S
N
2 mechanism:
(a) CH
2
CI (b) (CH
3
CH
2
)3 CBr
5
H
11
N
1 and S
N
2 reactions.
2
3
and PCl
5
N
2 reactions.
Bromide?
(a) HCHO (b) (CH
3
)
2
C0
N
1 and S
N
2 mechanism:
22. How the nature of alkyl group changes when alkyl halide is converted to Grignard reagent
23. Give mechanism of S
N
1 reaction.
24. Write reaction of the Grignard Reagent with alcohol and carbon dioxide.
25. How will you distinguish between primary and secondary alcohol?
26. How Grignard reagent is used to prepare Tertiary alcohol?
27. Write down equations for the reactions of Grignard reagent with HCN and H
3
CHO.
CH # 11 Alcohols, Phenoles and Ethers
1. Distinguish Methyl Alcohol from Ethyl Alcohol by means of single chemical test.
2. How phenol reacts with:
(a) H
2
S0
4
(b) NaOH
3. Why primary alcohols especially methanol is more reactive than other alcohols when an
electrophile attacks on it?
4. What do you mean by the term denaturing of Alcohols?
5. Why phenol is acidic, but alcohol is not?
6. What is rectified spirit and absolute alcohol?
7. Write equations for preparation of Ethanol from molasses by fermentation.
8. Ethanol has higher boiling point than diethyl ether. Why?
9. Prepare Phenol by
(a) Dows method (b) From Sodium salt of Benzene Sulphonic Acid
10. The solubility of alcohols decreases with increasing molecular masses.
11. How Bakelite is prepared from phenol?
12. Prepare ethers by Williamsons synthesis.
13. Why phenol is acidic while alcohol is not?
14. .Give four uses of phenol.
15. What is the difference between rectified spirit and absolute alcohol?
16. What is fermentation? Give necessary conditions for fermentation.
17. Only 14% alcohol can be prepared by fermentation process, why?
18. Convert benzene into phenol.
19. What are symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers? Give one example each?
20. Ethanol gives different products with conc. H
2
SO
4
under different conditions.
21. How the resonance structures of phenoxide ion make phenol acidic.
22. Give the isomers Of C
2
H
6
0 and write their IUPAC names.
23. Give structural formulas of.
(a) Carbolic acid (b) Picric acid
24. What is the action of phenol with following?
(a) Zn (b) Bromine water
25. What is Lucas Test? Give its uses.
26. What is the reaction of Bromine water with phenol?
27. Justify ethyl alcohol is a liquid while ethyl chloride is a gas?
CH # 12 Aldehydes and Ketones
1. How will you convert Ethanal into Ethanol, give equation?
2. Give the reactions of:
(a) Acetaldehyde (b) Acetone with I
2
/ NaOH
3. Give the mechanism of addition of HCN to Acetone.
4. Write down the formula and IUPAC name of an ACETAL.
5. Write down any four uses of formaldehyde.
6. How formaldehyde reacts with
(1) Tollens reagent (2) Fehling solution
7. Describe reduction of Acetone with:
(1) NaBH
4
/H
2
0 (2) H
2
/Pd
8. What types of Aldehydes give Cannizaro reaction?
9. Discuss reduction of Aldehydes with:
(a) NaBH
4
/H
2
O (b) H
2
/Pd
10. Give industrial method with all the conditions to produce formaldehyde.
11. How an aldehyde is distinguished from a ketonic by Fehlings solution test? Write the equation
as well.
12. Give equations for reaction of phenylhdrazine with the following
(a) Ethanal (b) Propanone
13. What type of polarity is present in carbonyl group?
14. Name oxidizing agents which can oxidize aldehydes but not the ketones?
15. Write down the uses of acetaldehyde.
16. How acids and bases acting as catalysts increase the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones?
17. How aldehydes react with alcohols to give hemiacetals and acetals?
18. What is Sodium Nitroprusside test?
19. What products are obtained by the reduction of acetaldehyde and acetone with NaBH
4
?
20. How formalin is prepared oh the commercial scale from methyl alcohol?
21. Why Tollens test is also called silver mirror test?
22. How does acetaldehyde react with HCN and C
2
H
5
MgI?
23. Discuss the chemistry of Tollens test.
24. What is condensation reaction? Give an example.
25. Give the mechanism of Cannizzaros reaction.
CH # 13 Carboxylic Acids
1. Write four uses of Acetic Acid.
2. Write down the structural formulas of:
(a) Iso-butyric Acid (b) Oxalic Acid
3. What are essential and non-essential amino acids?
4. What are acidic amino acids? Give one example.
5. How the Hydrolysis of Esters gives carboxylic acid?
6. How the Carboxylic acid can be converted into alpha amino acids?
7. Write structural formulas of:
(a) Lactic acid (b) Iso-butyric Acid
8. What are zwitter Ions? Write equation.
9. What is a peptide bond? Write the formula of a dipeptide.
10. How ethanol is converted into acetic acid and vice versa.
11. The molecular mass of carboxylic acids becomes double in non-polar solvent
12. Write down the structure formula of
(a) Valeric acid (b) Histidine
13. What are fatty acids? Give an example.
14. Define proteins. How do these differ from polypeptides?
15. How will you convert
(a) Acetic acid into acetamide (b) Acetic acid into acetone
16. How do the following reagents react together? Give reactions with conditions
(a) CH
3
COOH + HI (b) CH
3
COOH + LiAlH
4
17. How acetic acid is prepared on the commercial scale from acetylene?
18. What are basic amino acids? Give two examples.
19. What is Strecker synthesis?
CH # 14 Macromolecules
1. Define Carbohydrates. Classify them. Give one examples of each.
2. What do you mean by Rancidity of Fats or Oils?
3. What are enzymes? Give their any two types.
4. What are fatty acids? Give on example.
5. What is meant by lithosphere and biosphere?
6. Write open chain structure of
(a) Glucose (b) Fructose
7. What are lipids?
8. What is the effect of these factors upon reactivity of Enzymes:
(a) Radiation (b) Enzyme concentration
9. Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers.
10. What are saponification number and iodine number
11. How polystyrene is prepared? Give Its two uses
12. Write down the structure of cholesterol.
13. Write down the chemical nature of enzyme.
14. What is starch? Differentiate between amylose and amylopectin.
15. Write down uses of proteins.
16. Write cyclic structures of glucose.
17. How are the polymers classified on the basis of thermal properties?
18. What are steroids? Give their general structure.
19. What are polyamides? Give the formation of Nylon 6, 6.
20. Differentiate between Glucose and Fructose.
CH # 15 Common Chemical Industries in Pakistan
1. What are the principal methods of Chemical Pulping used for the production of paper?
2. Which one is best and why?
3. Give four essential qualities of a good fertilizer.
4. Why NSSC Process in preferred over other processes in paper industry?
5. Name woody and non woody raw material used for the production of pulp and paper.
6. Explain reactions taking place in first 24 hours in setting of cement.
7. What is the function of argillaceous material in cement?
8. Describe digester in paper and pulp industry.
9. What are fertilizers? Name different nitrogenous fertilizers.
10. Name two phosphatic fertilizers. What they provide to plants or soil?
11. Discuss digestion process in the manufacturing of paper.
12. Name the macro-nutrient elements. How much they are required?
13. What is the composition of lime and silica in good cement?
14. What are the different zoned in the rotary kiln? Give their temperature ranges.
15. Mention the importance of potassium fertilizers.
16. Name commonly use bleaching agents in paper manufacture?
CH # 16 Environmental Chemistry
1. What is Leachate?
2. NO is a Pollutant comment.
3. Write down the role of chlorofluoro carbons in destroying ozone.
4. What do you mean by the terms:
(a) BOD (b) COD
5. What is hydrosphere? Give its composition.
6. Why is Ozone layer depleting?
7. Carbon monoxide is a main primary air pollutant. Give its effects on the human beings.
8. What is acid rain and how does it affect our environment?
9. What is the importance of dissolved oxygen in water?
10. What is lithosphere?
11. What is the unit used to measure the amount of ozone in the atmosphere and give its normal
amount.
12. What are detergents? Give their types.
13. What is the purpose of ozone and what is the ozone hole?

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