Lymphatic System

Functions of Lymphatic System 1. 2. 3. Fluid Balance Fat Absorption Immunity

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Cortex Outer part of node a. Fossicles - collection of lymphocytes b. Germinal Centers dark staining centers in follicles that enlarge when B Cells generate daughter cells called Plasma Cells w/c releases anti bodies. Medulla Central Part that contains Macrophages

Parts of Lymphatic System 1. 2. Lymphatic Vessels Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

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Homeostatic Imbalance Nodes can be cancerous when bacteria or viruses are trapped inside them. Any mass is considered malignant unless proven otherwise. Metastasis cancer cells spread to other body organs Biopsy gets tissue/cell sample to check if cancerous (Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy FNAB)

Lymphatic Capillaries Microscopic, Blind ended Permeable; Absorb leaked fluids (H20 and Plasma Proteins)

Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Pick up excess tissue fluid (Lymph) and returns it to the bloodstream. One way system that allows lymph to flow toward the heart. Lymph is transported thru larger vessels (Lymphatic Collecting Vessels), until returned to Venous System thru 2 Large Ducts in Thoracic Region that drains lymph into Subclavian Vein. Right Lymphatic Duct Drains lymph from right arm and right side of head and thorax into R. Subclavian Vein. Thoracic Duct (Largest Duct) Receives lymph from the rest of the body and drains into L. Subclavain Vein Left side of head and thorax, left arm, abdomen, pelvis, left & right lower extremities 3.

Lymphoid Organs 1. 2. Tonsils (MALT) Found in Pharynx Trap and remove bacteria entering the throat. Tonsillitis - inflammation of tonsils Thymus Found in Thorax Function at peak levels only during youth. Produces a hormone Thymosin, for programming certain lymphocytes. Spleen Found in the Left Side of Stomach Blood rich organ that filters blood and destroy worn out RBCs Peyers Patches (MALT) Found in Small Intestines Prevents bacteria to penetrate intestinal wall Target Organ of Typhoid Salmonella**

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4. Lymph transport aided by muscular and respiratory pumps (during breathing) and contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessel. Lymph Nodes Found in Inguinal, Axillary, Cervical regions. Protects body by filtering the lymph to remove foreign substances and by producing lymphocytes for immune response. Contains Macrophages

Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) Protects upper respiratory and digestive tracts from foreign substances.

Body Defenses 1. 2. Non Specific Defense System Specific Defense System

Parts of a Lymph Node 1. Capsule Fibrous; surrounds node (outer covering) Forms Trabecullae that divide nodes into no. of compartments

Non Specific Defense System Prevents entry and spread of microorganisms and responds immediately to protect body from foreign substances Protective Mechanism First line of defense Mechanical barrier that prevents entry of Pathogens, a disease causing microorganisms. Skin secretions make skin acidic, w/c inhibits bacterial; Sebum has bacteria killing chemicals Protect against acids, alkalis, and bacteria Line body cavities open to exterior: Respiratory, Digestive Urinary, and Reproductive Tract Filter and trap microorganisms in nasal passages Propel debris laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts Lysozome destroys bacteria Hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes destroy pathogens in stomach Inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi in female reproductive tract Second line of defense Engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface barrier Cell Lysis by direct cell attack against virus infected or cancerous cells Triggered when body tissues are injured (ex. Physical Injury) 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling (Local Edema) 4. Pain 5. Limitation of Movement Inflammatory Response 1. Prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues 2. Disposes dead cells and pathogens 3. Promotes Tissue Repair 4. Releases Histamine & Kinins Dilates blood vessels 4. Antimicrobial Chemicals Complement

Capillaries becomes permeable Activate pain receptors Attract Phagocytes and WBCs to the area (Chemotaxis)

Category Surface Membrane Barriers 1. Intact Skin

Acid Mantle Keratin 2. Intact Mucous Membranes

Interferon

Nasal Hairs Cilia Mucus Tears and Saliva Gastric Juices

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Group of 20 plasma proteins that circulate in blood in an inactive state; When activated it binds to antibodies that causes cell lysis of microorganism and enhances inflammatory response (Complement Fixation) Small Proteins released by virus infected cells that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral infection. Systemic response to microorganisms triggered by Pyrogens Inhibits bacteria to multiply; Bacteria require large amounts of IRON and ZINC to multiply.

Specific Defense System or Immune System

Acid Mantle of Vagina Cellular & Chemical Defenses 1. Phagocytes (Macrophages and Neutrophils) 2. Natural Killer Cells Police 3. Inflammatory Response

Third Line of Defense Functional system w/c recognizes foreign substances (antigens) and destroys them.

Immunology - study of immunity Immunity - highly specific resistance to disease Immune Response Immune systems response to threat Inflammatory Response Protects body against specific antigens.

Characteristics of Immune Response 1. 2. 3. It is Antigen Specific acts against specific antigens. It is Systemic immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site. It has Memory recognizes and rise stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens

Antigens (Ag) Foreign substances that are not present in our bodies (nonself) to w/c body react by producing antibodies. Excites Immune system & provokes Immune Response

Foreign proteins are the strongest antigen. Microorganisms (bacteria, virus, and fungi) are antigenic b/c they bear such foreign substances.

Antigen Presenters Secretes Monokines that activates T Cells. Activated T Cells release chemicals that cause macrophages to become Killer Macrophages

Self Antigen Two Immunities Foreign substances that are present in our bodies Doesnt trigger immune response in us yet antigenic to others (ex. body rejects transplanted organs) 1. 2. Humoral Immunity or Anti Body Mediated Cell Mediated Immunity

Incomplete Antigens or Hapten When they link w/ our own proteins, immune system recognize the combination as foreign and cause harmful attack (allergies) From poison ivy, hair dyes, cosmetics, household products

Humoral Immunity or Antibody Mediated Involves B Cells Produced by antibodies in bodys humors or fluids

Cloning of B cell stimulated by Antigen 1. Primary Response (Initial Meeting) B cells proliferates forming clone cells called Plasma Cells, w/c produce antibodies. Clones that do not become Plasma Cells become Memory Cells, w/c responds to same antigen at later meetings. Secondary Response (Can be years later) Memory Cells produce more memory cells and plasma cells with the same antigen.

2 Important Cells of Immune System 1. Lymphocytes Originate from Hemocytoblasts, a stem cell in Red Bone Marrow. Immunocompetent when they are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it a. B Cells Directs Humoral Immunity Produce antibodies Its clone members form Plasma Cells and Memory Cells T Cells Directs Cell Mediated Immunity. Undergo maturation in Thymus directed by Thymosin hormone. Can react to one specific antigen if immunocompetent.

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Types of B Cells and Function in Immune Response 1. 2. B Cell Plasma Cell Generated during Primary Response B cell Clone that produce antibodies. Memory Cell Generated during Primary Response Member of B cell and T cell clones that provides Immunologic Memory.

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Macrophages From Monocytes formed in Red Bone Marrow Engulf and digests foreign substances (antigens) Fixed in Lymphoid Organs

Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

Acquired Immunity

Naturally Acquired Antigens are introduced through Natural Exposure

Artificially Acquired Introduced by Medicine or Science

Active Immunity Infection; develops symptoms of disease B Cells encounter antigens (contact with pathogen) and produce antibodies against them

Passive Immunity Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in her milk.

Active Immunity Vaccines; Dead or attenuated (living but extremely weakened) pathogens

Passive Immunity Injection of Immune Serum or Gamma Globulin; actual antibody from Human or Animal Ex. Snake bites (antivenom), Rabies, Tetanus (antitoxin),

In Active Immunity, Immunological Memory is established In Passive Immunity, NO Immunological Memory is established and only short lived. Booster shots may intensify immune response at later meetings with the same antigen

Cell Mediated Immunity Involves T Cells T Cells defend themselves against virus infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts by a. Direct lyse (rupture) foreign cells b. Indirect release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

Types of T Cells and Function in Immune Response 1. Helper T Cell or Regulatory T Cell Once activated they recruit other cells to fight foreign invaders. Stimulate production of Killer T Cells and B Cells to help fight foreign invaders. Acts directly and indirectly by releasing a chemical called Lymphokineses Binds with specific antigen presented by Macrophage Cytotoxic T Cell Killer T Cell (kills virus, cancer, and foreign graft cells by binding to them and releasing toxic chemical called Perforin); Activity is enhance by Helper T Cell Involved in Graft Rejection Suppressor T Cell Release chemicals that suppress activity of B and T cell once attacked by foreign cells that have been conquered.

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Antibodies or Immunoglobins (Igs) Gamma Globulin part of Proteins produced by Activated B Cells (Plasma Cells) in response to specific antigen and capable of binding with the specific antigen.

Sero Conversion ability to produce antibodies Immunoglobin Classes (MADGE) 1. IgM st 1 Ig class (antibody) released by plasma cells during Primary Response. Antigen Receptor when bound to B Cell IgA Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens st Secretions such as 1 milk of mother (colostrum), saliva, tears, gastric juices IgD Receptor of Immunocompetent B Cell for B Cell Activation IgG Most abundant antibody in Plasma (75 85%) Main antibody of Primary and Secondary Response Crosses placenta and provides immunity to fetus IgE

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Triggers release of Histamine and other chemical mediators during Allergies

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Function of Antibody 1. Neutralization Antibodies bind to bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) or viruses that causes cell injury Agglutination Clumping of foreign RBC when mismatched blood is transfused. Basis of tests used for Blood Typing Precipitation Cross linking process (antigen antibody) Complement Fixation Chief antibody against bacteria or mismatched blood cells

Immediate Hypersensitivity Most common type of allergy triggered by Histamine. Ex. Hay fever, hives, and anaphylaxies b. Anaphylactic Shock Allergen enters blood and circulates rapidly in the body. (ex. bee stings) c. Delayed Hypersensitivities (1 to 3 days) Allergic Contact Dermititis - skin contact with poison ivy, heavy metals (lead, mercury), cosmetics , deodorant; Mantoux Test or Skin Test to detect TB. Immunodeficiencies Abnormalities in any immune element. a. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) Most devastating congenital condition Deficit of B and T cells. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Most devastating acquired condition Cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of Helper T cells. Autoimmune Diseases Own system produces the disorder

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4 Major Graft Rejections or Organ Transplant Blood Group and Cross - matching are done to assure best match possible Followed by Immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection (Ex. Corticosteroids) Autografts transplanted from one site to another in the same person Isografts donated by genetically identical person (ex. twins) Allografts taken from unrelated person usually from recent deceased person; usual for kidney donor. Xenografts from animals (ex. heart valve of pigs transplanted to humans); never successful 3.

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Multiple Sclerosis destroys white matter (myelin sheaths) of brain and spinal cord. Graves Disease thyroid gland produces excessive thyroxine (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus destroys pancreatic cells; deficient insulin Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) systemic disease; affects kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin; butterfly skin Glomerulonephritis severe impairment of kidney

Diseases of Immunity 1. Allergies or Hypersensitivities Abnormal immune response that cause tissue damage. S/S: Inflammation, Reddened Skin (hives), Runny nose, water eyes, itching, Antihistamines for treatment.

Rheumatoid Arthritis systematically destroys join