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The Pakistan Navy (Urdu: ; English IPA: Pk Bahri'a) (reporting name: PN), is the naval warfare and the uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces, responsible for Pakistan's 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the defence of important civilian harbors and military bases. The Pakistan Navy came into the existence after the independence of Pakistan in 1947, and the Navy is currently headed by Admiral Muhammad Asif Sandila. Navy Day is celebrated on September 8 in commemoration of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[1] The Pakistan Navy's current and primary role is to protect the country's economic and military interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of the Pakistan Government through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives.[2][3] As for the 21st century, the Pakistan Navy also focuses on limited global expeditionary operations, and played a vital role in the establishment of Pakistan Antarctic Programme. The Pakistan Navy is also supported by the Pakistan Coast Guard, Pakistan Marines, and the Maritime Security Agency(MSA), the combat paramilitary division of the Pakistan Navy.[citation needed] The Pakistan Navy is currently undergoing extensive modernisation and expansion as part of Pakistan's role in the War on Terror. Since 2001, the Pakistan Navy has increased and expanded its operational scope and has been given greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling and trafficking issues.[citation needed] Since 2004, Pakistan Navy became a member of the primarily NATO Combined Task Forces CTF-150 and CTF-151.[6] The Constitution of Pakistan makes the President of Pakistan the civilian Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), by statute a four star admiral, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Chief of Naval Staff is subordinate to the civilian Defence Minister and Secretary of Defence, and commands the Navy.Contents [hide]
History
Today is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The Dominion of Pakistan has come into being and with it a new Navy the Royal Pakistan Navy has been born. I am proud to have been appointed to command it and serve with you at this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient force Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, addressing the Naval Academy in March 1948., The Pakistan Navy came into existence on Fourteenth of August, 1947 with the establishment of State of Pakistan.[7] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) divided the Royal Indian Navy between both India and Pakistan. The Royal Pakistan Navy secured two sloops, two frigates, four minesweepers, two naval trawlers, four harbor launches and some 358 personnel (180 officers and 34 ratings) and was given a number of harbour defence motor launches. Since It was also given a high percentage of the delta areas on the Pakistan coast. As part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the prefix "Royal" was added until the state was proclaimed a republic in 1956.[7] However, the Navy endured a difficult history, only 200 officers and 3000 sailors (while overwhelming numbers of officers and sailors opted for Indian Navy) were inherited to the Navy, the most senior being Commodore HMS Chaudhry.[8] The Navy suffered the perennial problems suffered by inadequate staff, lack of operational naval bases, technological and personnel resources. It was also the smallest armed forces in terms of technical staff, equipments, and officers as compared to army and the air force.[8] Despite its difficulty, the Navy faced the challenging obstacles and launched an extreme level of recruitment programme for the young nation, first starting from the East-Pakistan.[8] However it proved to be difficult to sustain a program in East Pakistan, therefore the Navy pushed its program to West Pakistan instead.[8]
The Pakistan Navy saw no action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 as all the fighting was restricted to land warfare, although Commodore Sidik Chaudhry took participation in planning stages of the operations.[citation needed] However, the Navy remained under pressure during the conflict when the Navy began evacuation of Pakistan's nationals from the disputed and hostile places in disputed areas, with the frigates constantly and continuously running their operations on regular day and night basis.[8] Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford, chief of naval staff, had to drawn an "Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)" to work up the frigates and naval defences.[8] In 1948, the directorategeneral for Naval Intelligence (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under the command of Commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan who served its first Director-General, in Karachi. Finally the 1947 war came to cease fire, the Navy began the expansion of naval facilities and bases establishing a navy headquarter in Karachi as well as acquiring the first O Class destroyer from the Royal Navy in 1949.[8]
Multi-national operations
Between May 1121, 2008, Pakistani warships PNS Badr (D-182), PNS Shahjahan (D 186), and PNS Nasr (A-47), as well as the Pakistan Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal team, participated in Exercise Inspired Union, an multi-national exercises in the North Arabian Sea that also included the American destroyers Curts and Ross.[36]
Personnel
Then, Commodore, Khan Hasham Bin Saddique of Pakistan Navy, left, hands a spyglass to French navy Rear Adm. Jean L. Kerignard during a change of command ceremony aboard PNS Tippu Sultan (D 186) while in port at Mina Salman Pier, Bahrain, February 25, 2008. As of 2008, the Pakistan Navy has approximately 25,000 active duty personnel.[45] With additional 1,200 Marines and more than 2,500 Coast Guard; 2,000 active-duty Navy personnel in the Maritime Security Agency. In addition there were 5,000 reserves, total combing forces exceeding 35,700 personnels.[citation needed]
In 2006, the Navy inducted 22 female sailors for combat positions apart from the existing administrative posts, becoming one of the few countries (as well as few Muslim countries) to do so.[46][47] In 2007, Navy gave commissioned to the first Baloch naval squadron, consisting of around 53 women officers and 72 Baloch sailors.[48] In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Baluchistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.[49] The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.[49]
Naval Headquarters
Admiral Muhammad Asif Sandila, NI(M) Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Vice Admiral Tanveer Faiz, HI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Projects II) Vice Admiral Mohammad Shafiq, HI(M) Chief of Staff (COS) Vice Admiral Shafqat Jawed, HI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Administration) Rear Admiral Sayyid Khawar Ali, HI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Training) Rear Admiral Shahid Saeed, SI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Material) Rear Admiral Khan Hasham Bin Saddique, SI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Operations) Rear Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Qureshi, SI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Supply) Rear Admiral Syed Arifullah Hussaini, SI(M), TBt Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Personnel) Rear Admiral Jamil Akhtar, SI(M) Director General Naval Intelligence (DG NI) Rear Admiral Abdul Aleem, SI(M) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Projects) Commodore Muhammad Fayyaz Gilani, SI(M) Naval Secretary (NS)
Commands
Vice Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah, HI(M) Commander Pakistan Fleet (COMPAK), Karachi Rear Admiral Tahseen Ullah Khan, HI(M) Commander Logistics (COMLOG), Karachi Rear Admiral Khawaja Ghazanfar Hussain, SI(M) Commander Karachi (COMKAR), Karachi Rear Admiral Syed Imdad Imam Jafri, SI(M) Commandant, Pakistan Navy Engineering College (Comdt PNEC), Karachi Rear Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi, SI(M) Commander Coastal Areas (COMCOAST), Karachi Rear Admiral Kaleem Shaukat, SI(M) - Commandant, Pakistan Navy War College (Comdt PNWC), Lahore Rear Admiral Shah Sohail Masood, SI(M) Commander North (COMNOR), Islamabad Rear Admiral Syed Bashir Ahmed, SI(M) Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST), Karachi
External billets
Rear Admiral Saleem Akhtar, HI(M) DG Maritime Technologies Complex (DG MTC), Islamabad Rear Admiral Imtiaz Ahmed, SI(M) DG Munitions Production (DG MP) at Ministry of Defence Production (MoDP), Rawalpindi Rear Admiral Adnan Nazir, SI(M) DG Training and Joint Warfare (DG Trg) at Joint Staff HQ (JSHQ), Chaklala
Rear Admiral Syed Hasan Nasir Shah, SI(M) Managing Director, Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (MD KSEW), Karachi Rear Admiral Waseem Akram, SI(M), SBt Director General Maritime Security Agency (DG MSA), Karachi Rear Admiral Farrokh Ahmad, SI(M) Additional Secretary-III (Navy) at Ministry of Defence (MoD), Rawalpindi Rear Admiral Azhar Hayat, SI(M) General Manager (Operations), Karachi Port Trust (GMO KPT), Karachi Commodore Mukhtar Khan, SI(M) Commander, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150), Manama, Bahrain
Command Structure
According to the Constitution, the President of Pakistan is the civilian commander-in-chief of Pakistan Armed Forces while the Prime Minister of Pakistan served as the Chief Executive of Pakistan Armed Forces, both the people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains a civilian control of the military. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), a four-star admiral, is the highest admiral (unless the four-star admiral is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee), a field, operational and staff commander as well as the highest admiral in the Navy, directs the noncombat and combatant operations from naval combatant headquarters (NHQ) in Islamabad, near army combatant headquarters (GHQ). The Chief of Naval Staff has seven Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff, ranging from Rear Admirals to Vice-Admirals; the Chief of Staff (COS) under whom the Naval Operations and Intelligence Directorates functions; the Naval Secretary (NS); the Quarter-Master General (QMG); the Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN); the Engineer-in-Chief; the Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST); the Director-General of Training and Joint Warfare (DG Trig); the DirectorateGeneral for Naval Technologies Complex (NTC); and the Chief of Naval Logistics (CNL). The responsibilities of Deputy Chief of Naval Staff are listed below:[citation needed] Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Operations (DCNS Operations) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Personnel (DCNS Training and Personnel) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Materials (DCNS Materials) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Supplies (DCNS Supply) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Projects (DCNS Projects) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Strategic Forces Command Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Administration) The Pakistan Navy has six major combatant commands, each command is commanded by a three-star rank Vice Admiral who directly reports to Chief of Naval Staff, a four-star Admiral. Pakistan Naval Combatant Headquarter, The NHQ, is located in Islamabad, at the neighborhood of the GHQ of Pakistan Army. The NHQ function also includes the Judge Advocate General Corps of Navy, and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN) of the Hydrographic Corps; the Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Engineering Corps (NEC):
Commander Karachi (COMKAR) The Commander Karachi is responsible for the command of the shore establishment, naval facilities within Karachi. The COMKAR also provide services and training facilities for the Navy. The COMKAR also
O-10
O-9
O-8
O-7
O-6
O-5
O-4
O-3
O-2
O-1
Admiral Vice-Admiral Rear-Admiral Commodore Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Midshipman Adm VAdm RAdm Cdre OF-8 OF-7 Capt OF-6 Cdr OF-5
OF-10 OF-9
Rank Hierarchy
OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6
OR-5
OR-4
OR-3
OR-2
OR-1
OR-1
Master Chief Petty Officer Fleet Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Leading Rate No equivalent Able Seaman Tech-I Ordinary Rate Tech-II MCPO FCPO OR-9 OR-8 CPO OR-7 PO OR-6 NE OR-5 LH OR-4 NE OR-3 ABT-I OR-2
Academic institutions
A Air Force fighter jet (also piloted by Navy fighter pilot), Mirage V with the PAF F-16D Block 52+. The Mirage V belongs to PAF inventory and are operated by PAF pilots, but some Navy pilots operate these too after completing a fighter pilot course at the PAF Combat Commanders School. The Pakistan Navy maintains large educational organizations, accredited institutions and scientific organizations to support the combatant and non-combatant missions, operations and shores activities on land. Its academic and accredited four-year university, the Pakistan Naval Academy, is the home of naval cadets for the future officers of Pakistan Navy, and offers academic degrees programmes at its academy. The Pakistan Naval Academy also has provided education, athletic programs and military training programmes to the officers of allied navies, among notables including the Chief of Staff of the Qatar Royal Navy (QRN) and many high-ranking officers of Royal Saudi Navy (RSN) as well as other navies in the Gulf were graduates of the Pakistan Naval Academy. The academy is a full fledged academic and scientific institution catering to the needs to Pakistan junior naval officers.
The Pakistan Navy also managed, administers, and managed the various academic research universities in the country, including the Naval Educational Establishment (NEE). The Naval War College is a post-graduate and post-doctorate college that specializes in the techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare and passing them along to officers of the Navy.[51] Other college includes the College of Logistics and Management (conducts research in military logistics); and Strategic Institute for Naval Affairs which conducts research on specializing in imparting Naval Warfare techniques to officers of the Pakistan naval forces.
The other educational facilities training institutions are included the PNS Bahadur, that conducts weapon system specialist courses; the PNS Himalaya, for providing the combat surface training courses for the NCO, JCO, and recruited sailors while the Higher Educational Training (HET) is a way to be commissioned officer from sailors.
Marines
A battalion of Pakistan Marines in traditional Navy uniform dresses passing out at the Pakistan Marine Academy. The Navy established Pakistan Marines sometimes in June 1, 1971 by Admiral S.M. Ahsan, but it was decommissioned from its services in 1974 due to its poor production of performance. However, after Navy first re-organized, reestablished, and re-visioned itself, the proposals of establishing the Marines roughly equivalent to United States Marines Corps were kept under consideration.[52] Finally on April 14, 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again recommissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 men who were drafted [53] and plans to expand the force to the size of the Corps approximately 45,000, significantly by 2015. The Marines are under the control of Pakistan Navy, using the same military ranks. The Marines are currently headquartered at Qasim Marine Base in Karachi.[52]
Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms with their U.S. counterparts. The first Officer Commanding of Pakistan Marines was a OF-4 rank officer, Commander M. Obaidullah.[52] On April 14, 1990 a training marine base was given commissioned to provide security cover to Naval assets. The Navy decided to establish the Marines at Kasim Fort which was at that time under the operational control of PNS Himalaya. Finally on November 25, 1990, the PNS Kasim was given commissioned and became the marines combatant headquarters, initially compromising the eight naval officers, 67 Chief petty officer and petty officer, and 43 Marines officers.[52] The Marines specialized in seaborne operations, using the mobility of the Navy, although it is the part of the Navy, not a separate branch. The Marines wears the camouflage uniforms when deployed deployed to an operational environment but otherwise they wear Navy dress uniforms.[52] The size of the Marines were tripled by the Admiral Shahid Karimullah who pursued the case of an additional battalion and its phase wise development plan. Since its inception, the Marines are deployed in the Sir Creek region of Indo-Pakistan borders.[52]
Coast Guards
Pakistan Navy conducting MIO exercise with the United States Navy and the U.S. Marines. The Navy also maintains a paramilitary division which prevents federal navy personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity. The Maritime Security Agency (MSA) fulfills the law enforcement role in the naval operations, initially the MSA has capacity to conduct search and rescue operations in deep waters of Pakistan.[54] The MSA was established after adopting the genesis at the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.[54] Pakistan ratifies the UN
Convention in 1997 but established the MSA on January 1, 1987 for enforcement of national and international laws, policies and conventions at sea.[54] A unit of Pakistan Navy marching in Karachi. The MSA gained its constitutional status in 1994 by the Parliament and is now placed under the command of the Navy, consisting an officer commanding at the two-star rank, a Rear-Admiral. The Pakistan Coast Guard served as the same purpose as of the Navy but the Coast Guards are the separate branch from the Navy.[55] The Coast Guards performs duty on relief efforts in the coastal areas of Pakistan, riverine rescue operations, and distribution of military ration.[55] The Coast Guards do not performs operations in deep naval vicinity, rather the operations are performed by the MSA.[55] However, the Coast Guards do use the mobility of Pakistan Navy depending on their type of the operations and the Coast Guards are placed under the command of Pakistan Army and contains active-duty army members, and is currently commanded by a two-star rank Major-General.
Submarines
See also: Khalid class submarine, Karachi Shipyard, and Karachi Naval Dockyard The programme of (submarine technology transfer) Agosta class submarine, envisages a very high degree of transferof-technology, which is bound to benefit the local industry in improving our indigenous capability of building airindependent propulsion, which is a viable substitute of nuclear propulsion.... Rear Admiral Gulzaman Malik, Commander of Submarine Service Force, 1999, [29] The Submarines Service Force (SSF) is the major command and aggressive command of Pakistan Navy, with primary mission including the commencing of peaceful engagement, surveillance and intelligence management, special operations, precision strikes, battle group operations, and the control of Pakistan's border seas. The Submarine command also takes responsibility to protect country's sea lanes of communication as well as to protect the economical interests, foreign trade and development of the country.[63] The X-Craft submarines are charged with carrying out the mine laying, torpedo attacks, frogman operations and commando landing, roughly for special forces operations. Currently there three submarines of this class are operated by the Navy.[citation needed] In 1985, the Italian Navy signed an understanding memorandum with the Navy and assisted the Navy to locally built these midget submarines.[66] The Italian defence contractor, the COSMOS, supervised the first construction of the submarine while other two were built by Pakistan.[66]
Proposed Project
Project under developement Nuclear Submarine[68] 1[68] 2020[68] Nuclear marine propulsion (NMP)[68] According to the Navy officials, the project is extremely ambitious, and the first submarine will be locally build in Pakistan.[68] The project is estimated to complete in 5 to 8 years, according to Navy.[68]
Cosmos Class
X-Crafts X-Crafts 908B MG 110 Submarine 3 1985 Diesel-electric propulsion (DEP) The Comos class X-Crafts submarines are the Shallow water attack submarines (SWAS).[citation needed] All of the submarines were built and designed by Navy locally.[66]
Weapon systems
All of the Navy's submarines have been equipped with Anti-ship missile (AShM) which can be fired while submerged. The three submarines, the Khalid class, are equipped and capable of firing Exocet missiles, while the older Agosta 70A submarines have been equipped with United States Harpoon missiles. The PNS Hamza submarine has a AIP reactor, containing the MESMA Air Independent Propulsion system, while the PNS Khalid and PNS Saad are recently upgraded with the same MESMA AIP reactor system. The Navy also plans to integrate the Boeing Harpoon Block-II missile on to its Agosta-90B submarines; and currently the Agosta-90Bs are capable of firing Black Shark torpedo, an Italian made naval variant. Since 2001, the Navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike and precision capability by developing naval variants of the Babur land attack cruise missile (LACM).[63] The Babur LACM has a range of 700 km and is capable of using both conventional and nuclear warheads.[63] Future developments of LACM include capability of being launched from submarines, surface combatants and aircraft.[63]
Surface Ships
PNS Zulfiqar The names of commissioned war combatant and non-combatant ships of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS", designation "Pakistan Naval Ships". The names of ships are officially selected by the Ministry of Defence, often to honor important people or places in the history of Pakistan. Currently, the surface fleet of the Navy compromises the 11 combatant ships of which six of the frigates are former Royal Navy Amazon class (PNS Babur) ships. The Navy intends to decommissioned the ships from their active service between 2010 and 2020. In 2005, Navy ordered four F-22P light frigates from China in a deal worth $750 million.[69] The first has been commissioned and the remainder by 2013.[69] This was the semi-nationalized programme that was built under the supervision of People's Republic of China. The first frigate was built in Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works, Ltd. and its first lead ship was delivered on April 5, 2008. The F-22P Programme has successfully ended when the F-254 PNS Aslat was delivered on July 2011. All four frigate have the ability to embark Harbin Z-9 helicopters on deck.[69] The F-22P is an improved version of the Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class light frigate, it has a displacement of at least 2500 tons.[69]
Westland Lynx
After realizing the naval failure in the 1971 war, the Navy sought to developed itself into a modern navy.[73] The Navy took the research on using the aircraft at sea in 1971, after the war. Its aerial fighting unit is known as Naval Air Arm (also known as Naval Aviation) apart from the PAF. The naval fighter pilot course was introduced by the Navy and trained its fighter pilots at the Pakistan Air Force Academy, furthermore the navy pilots later went to Combat Commander's School for fighter jet training. Since 1970s, the naval air arm has became a full fledged and potent service of the Navy. From 1993 to 1994, the Navy stepped in its efforts in sea-airborne operations when PAF donated and inducted five Mirage 5 ROSE fighter jets, later transferred the entire squadron to Navy armed with Exocet missiles.[10] Since then, the Mirage 5 are piloted by the navy fighter pilots after passing the course with PAF Academy and certifying a diploma from a weapons system and combat training school.[10] The Mirage 5 belonged to the PAF as well as operated by the air force, but are piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who are under the command of senior ranking Navy officer. Pakistan Naval Air Arm Pakistan Naval Aviation is an important arm of the Pakistan Navy and assists in the surface and submarine flights to guarantee the safety of Pakistan sea borders. Currently the PN Aviation Force consists of: 3 Westland Lynx anti-ship/anti-submarine/transport helicopters 6 Westland Sea King Mk45 Anti-submarine/ Anti-Surface Warfare helicopters[74] Have been based at Karachi. 8 Arospatiale SA-319B Alouette III SAR transport/anti-ship helicopters[75] 7 Lockheed P-3C Orion Naval surveillance/anti-submarine warfare aircraft/airborne early warning/airborne and bombing missions. Future supply of 7 more under an agreement with Lockheed Martin signed in 2006.[76] Two upgraded P-3C Orion delivered on 7 January 2010 while one was delivered in November 2009. Another two advanced P-3C Orion aircraft to be delivered soon .[77] 7 Fokker F27-200 Friendship Naval surveillance aircraft[78] 4 Hawker 850 Charged with electronic warfare as well transporting VIP personalities, individuals, or groups. 2 Breguet Atlantique I Reconnaissance surveillance/anti-submarine warfare aircraft.[78] 32+ Dassault Mirage V Anti-ship attack aircraft flown by Navy fighter pilots which are based at PAF base Masroor in Karachi[78] (the fighter jets are operated by the Pakistan Air Force but piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who served under the command of the senior ranking Navy officer) scheduled to be retired and replaced by JF-17 Thunder(Block II) in 2015 but currently active-duty service with the Navy. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles include NESCOM Burraq, Satuma Spy, Satuma Informer and an UQAB-II[79] drone. 12 Harbin Z-9EC anti-submarine warfare helicopters equipped with a surface-search radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver, Doppler navigation system and armed with torpedoes.