SPEC

AA SPECIFICATION DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
114001 ISSUE 11 COPYRIGHT
1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14
SCOPE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED DEFINITIONS REQUIREMENTS DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN CALCULATIONS DESIGN DRAWINGS APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS MATERIALS LOADS LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOUNDATION LOADS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES DEFLECTIONS CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 9 9 12 12 12 13 13 17 18 19 20 21
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 22
AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC
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12 February 2007
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For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact Anglo Technical Division accepts no liability for any damage whatsoever that may result from the use of this material or the information contained therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.
SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of steel structures, and of steel components in structures framed in other materials, for underground and surface applications in mine shafts and plants. It is intended for use in the design of steel structures constructed in South Africa only, but it can also be used for steel structures constructed in other countries, provided all specific requirements, as set out in the relevant structural design and construction standards, and legislation of those countries, are taken into account. Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include: Shaft winding structures, e.g. headgears, collars and winder houses. Shaft system structures, e.g. shaft and station structures but excluding shaft guide and bunton steelwork. Industrial structures and buildings, e.g. plant structures, stores and workshops. Material handling structures, e.g. conveyor structures and crane gantries. Material containing structures, e.g. silos, bunkers and bins. Non-pressurised liquid containing structures, e.g. tanks. Dynamically loaded structures, e.g. screen and crusher support structures. Chimneys, stacks and towers.
Structures covered conditionally (1) by this specification include: Structures floating on inland ponds. Mobile equipment, e.g. stackers, reclaimers, draglines, crushers and cranes.
(1) The use of this specification, together with appropriate qualifications, variations and additions, or supplementary rules, shall be specified on the relevant design drawings, or in the project specification, or in another AA specification. Structures not covered by this specification include: Shaft guide and bunton steelwork - refer to AA Specification 114008. Shaft conveyances, e.g. skips and cages - refer to AA Specification 282003. Offshore structures. Road and rail bridges.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

The following requirements shall be specified in all tenders, contracts or orders for design, or for design and construct, of steel structures: Design shall comply with the requirements of the latest issue of AA Specification 114001: Design of steel structures.
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No deviations from AA Specification 114001 will be allowed without the written approval of Anglo Technical Division.
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply: APPROVED BS BS EN CLIENT DESIGN DRAWINGS : Approved by the Engineer in writing : British Standard : British Standard European Norm : The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural design. The Client can also be the Owner : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all members with their size, material grade, special connections, combination of forces to be developed in member connections, any cambers and eccentricities, and any other information required by the Steelwork Contractor for the design of the connections and completion of the Fabrication Drawings : Deutsches Institut fr Normung : Engineering Council of South Africa : The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation of the Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared by others), for accepting the Fabrication Drawings and erection method statement and, where applicable, inspection of construction for conformity with the design Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person referred to in Clause 4.2 FABRICATION DRAWINGS ISO OWNER REGISTERED PERSON : As defined in SANS 2001 Part CS1 : International Standards Organization : Legal owner of structure, or company benefiting from the use of the structure : Person registered with ECSA as a Professional Engineer or Professional Engineering Technologist in terms of the Engineering Profession Act
DIN ECSA ENGINEER
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SAISC SANS STEELWORK CONTRACTOR
: Southern African Institute of Steel Construction : South African National Standard : As defined in SANS 1921 Part 3
4 4.1
REQUIREMENTS DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS

The design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A form part of this specification and all structural design shall comply with the relevant requirements of these documents. It should be noted that only SANS 10162 Part 1 and Part 2 are referenced in Appendix A, thus only limit-states design is allowed. SANS 10162 Part 3, covering allowable-stress design, is specifically excluded from Appendix A because it has been withdrawn, thus allowable stress design is not permitted.
4.2
DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY
The design of steel structures shall be performed by, or under the direction, control and supervision of a registered person, who shall accept legal responsibility for the design. Such registered person shall have appropriate knowledge of, and appropriate experience in, the analysis and design of steel structures in the particular application, and shall comply with all the requirements of the ECSA Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons.
4.3
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS

The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of SANS 9001.
4.4
4.4.1
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
General Formal calculations shall be prepared for all steel structures. Calculations shall be recorded on calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive, and easy to follow. Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be easily audited. An index shall be provided for each set of calculations applicable to a particular structure. Calculations shall be retained by the engineer for a minimum period of 10 years from the date of commissioning of the particular structure. A copy of the calculations shall be provided to the client and the owner, who shall retain them for as long as the structure is in use.
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4.4.2
Calculation sheet format The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet: Name and address of engineer (company responsible for structural design). Name of client or owner. Project title. Title of structure or area under consideration. Name of person who carried out the calculations and date when calculations were carried out. Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were reviewed. Project number or calculation file number. Calculation sheet number and revision number.
4.4.3
References The following references shall be provided in the calculations: Reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. suppliers equipment drawings, mechanical layout drawings or structural design drawings). Design criteria adopted. Design codes and specifications adopted. All assumptions made.
4.4.4
Headings A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural component(s) under consideration. All headings shall be underlined. Example : Main heading Sub-heading : : FLOOR BEAMS LEVEL 10.0 BEAM B1
4.4.5
Information For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the relevant calculation sheet(s): Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an individual component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the component numbers shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations, defining the general arrangement of the structure. Examples : Beam B1 Trestle T4 Gantry G11 Frame F5
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Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies to simply supported beams. Loading: Each load and each load combination adopted in the design shall be defined in an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All loading calculations shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It shall be clearly stated whether the indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored loads) or whether they are design loads (factored loads). Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together with the results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values. For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown: Software name and version, data file name and location. Sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, element numbers, member releases, etc. Summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinations considered. Summary of computer output providing all relevant analysis results, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values. When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values are nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values (factored).
Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual calculations shall be shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant computer calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted onto calculation sheets, or printed out on electronic calculation sheets. Most of the commercially available computer design software does not perform all the required code checks, and computer calculations thus need to be supplemented with manual calculations (in most instances) in order to complete the design. Computer design software shall only be used where it can be shown that the software has been verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software. All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, web bearing, web crippling, axial load, deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the adequacy of the selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects, shall be proven.
Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall always be stated in the calculations, for example: USE 203 x 133 x 25 UB 203 x 133 x 25 UB ADEQUATE
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4.4.6
Units The following units shall be used: Loads, load effects and forces Moments Stresses Section properties Deflections Linear dimensions : : : : : : kN, kN/m or kN/m kNm MPa m- or mm-units (only m-units for dynamic analysis) mm m or mm (only m for dynamic analysis)
4.4.7
Symbols All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the particular code of practice or standard being used. Examples when using SANS 10162 Part 1: M, V, C and T Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : : : Nominal (unfactored) bending moment, shear force, compressive force and tensile force. Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive force or tensile force. Design (factored) moment resistance, compressive resistance or tensile resistance. shear resistance,
4.4.8
Terminology Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used. The terms permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live load.
4.4.9
Member forces required for connection design All member forces, which are required for the design of end connections of steel components shall be defined in a format suitable for issuing to the steelwork contractor. Generally, the following minimum information will be required: Floor layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) beam end shears (and axial loads and moments, where applicable) indicated at the beam ends. Bracing layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) axial forces indicated. A column schedule defining the maximum design (factored) axial force in each segment of each column.
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4.4.10
Checking and reviewing of calculations All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the design. In addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2.
4.5
DESIGN DRAWINGS
Design drawings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 4.1 of SANS 10162 Part 1. In addition, the following information shall be shown on the drawings: Specified steel grade. Specified bolt property class. Specified corrosion protection requirements. Specified surface condition for faying surfaces in HSFG bolt connections. Steel construction specification: AA Specification 114002. Specified imposed floor loads and equipment loads - see Clauses 4.9.2 and 4.9.3.
4.6
APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

All designs and design drawings of steel structures shall be approved by the responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2 by way of a full signature, affixed to the relevant design drawings. In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings: Name and registration number of the responsible registered person. Name and address of the engineer (company responsible for structural design). The following statement: Designed and approved in accordance with AA Specification 114001.
Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an appropriately engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms of structural strength, stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended service. Approval of a design drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the drawing conforms to the design and that the structural content of the drawing is correct. A signature on a design drawing confirms that both the design and the design drawing are approved.
4.7
REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS

All connection design details and fabrication drawings prepared by the steelwork contractor shall be reviewed by the responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2 to ensure that the design has been interpreted correctly and that the intent of the design is met. For detailed requirements in this regard refer to AA Specification 114002.
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4.8
MATERIALS
The specified steel grade for structural steel elements shall be as follows: Hot-rolled sections and plates Hot- or cold-formed hollow sections Cold-formed open sections Grade 350 WA to SANS 1431. Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431. Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431.
Notes: 1. 2. 3. Grade 350 WA steel may be substituted with Grade S355 steel in accordance with BS EN 10025. For new structures forming part of a contract awarded prior to 1 January 2006, Grade 300 WA steel may be specified. When designing modifications to existing structures, due cognisance shall be taken of the actual steel grade used in the original construction.
The specified bolt property class for fasteners shall be as per Clause 4.14.5. The steel grade and bolt property classes adopted in the design shall be specified on the relevant design drawings and calculations.
4.9
4.9.1
LOADS
Nominal loads Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with SANS 10160 and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the provisions of Clauses 4.9.2 to 4.9.12 shall apply.
4.9.2
Imposed floor loads Imposed floor loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or occupancy of the structure. Imposed floor loads shall be approved by the client and the owner prior to commencement of design. The loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the design drawings. The minimum uniformly distributed floor load adopted shall be as follows: Floors supporting electrical switchgear Other floors and platforms (excluding office floors) Office floors Stairs, landings and access walkways : : : : 7,5 kN/m2 5,0 kN/m2 3,0 kN/m2 3,0 kN/m2
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: Conveyor gantry floors and walkways Note: For elevated gantries, the floor area shall be taken as the solid plan area of the gantry, including that part of the gantry below the conveyor belt
2,5 kN/m2
Floor members in plant buildings shall be designed to resist a minimum concentrated load of 10 kN, placed in the centre of the span. This point load need not be considered as cumulative with the uniformly distributed load. 4.9.3 Equipment loads Equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the supplier of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The loads adopted in the design shall be indicated on the design drawings. Where certified loading information is unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by, the client and the owner prior to the commencement of design, and shall be verified once certified information becomes available. 4.9.4 Dynamic loads See Appendix F. 4.9.5 Conveyor belt tension loads
4.9.5.1 Applied loads: Loads induced by belt tension shall be resisted by support steelwork at the point of load application, e.g. at the head end, tail end or take-up pulleys. This requirement may be relaxed for short conveyors (20 metres or less), belt feeders and cantilevered conveyors, which may be designed so that the belt tension loads are resisted by the conveyor sub-structure between points of load application. 4.9.5.2 Start-up loads: Loads induced during start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed and in no case shall be taken as less than 1,4 times the normal operating loads. The startup loads shall be used for both structural steelwork and foundation design. 4.9.6 Conveyor belt tensioning loads For the assessment of loads induced by belt tensioning devices, other than gravity devices, an impact factor of 2,0 shall apply. This impact factor need not be combined with the factor of 1,4 referred to in Clause 4.9.5.2. 4.9.7 Wind loads
4.9.7.1 Terrain category: The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by the client and the owner. The terrain category adopted for inland terrains shall not be less severe than a category that falls midway between Category 2 and Category 3.
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4.9.7.2 Conveyor and pipe gantries: For the assessment of wind loads on conveyor and pipe gantries, the force coefficient Cf shall be taken as 1,6 and the effective area Ae shall be taken as the solid projected area of the gantry, whether the gantry has open or closed sides. 4.9.8 Loads imposed by stored bulk materials Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be assessed in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6. Material coefficients for stored bulk materials, required by DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be determined by testing. Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk materials resulting from process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction, etc. All material coefficients used in the design must be confirmed by the client and the owner. Stored bulk materials shall be clearly identified on the design drawings. In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix C may be used for preliminary design purposes. In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for pressure ratio and wall friction shall be adjusted 10 % upwards and 10 % downwards and the pressures shall be obtained as follows: 4.9.9 Horizontal pressures Vertical pressures Wall friction : use higher value of and lower value of : use lower value of and lower value of : use higher value of and higher value of
Loads applied to box fronts The loads applied to box fronts shall always be based on hydrostatic pressure - see SANS 10208 Part 4. The density of the ore pass contents shall be taken as 2800 kg/m3 for platinum and chrome bearing rock, and as 2000 kg/m3 for all other rock types. Loads applied to box fronts shall be considered as operational loads, and not as emergency loads.
4.9.10
Temperature load effects Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion and contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and temperature differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature changes on exposed structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or minus 20 C shall be considered. The coefficient of linear expansion shall be taken as follows: Steel Concrete : : 12 x 10-6 / oC 10 x 10-6 / oC
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4.9.11
Abnormal loads or conditions A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or conditions should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that there is an unacceptable risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the effects of such an abnormal loading event or condition shall be taken into account in the design. Abnormal loading events or conditions may be caused by any of the following: Impact from vehicles and other moving objects. Equipment failure. Explosion. Fire. Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc. Riot and panic in crowds.
4.9.12
Erection rigging loads For the assessment of nominal loads acting on structures or structural elements specifically designed for erection rigging (e.g. lifting lugs, lifting points and anchoring points), an impact factor of 3,5 shall apply.
4.10
LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load factors and load combinations shall be determined in accordance with SANS 10160 and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the following provisions shall apply:
4.10.1
Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings The load factors and load combinations referenced in SANS 10160 shall be interpreted as shown in Appendix D for ultimate limit states and in Appendix E for serviceability limit states.
4.11
FOUNDATION LOADS
Foundation loads shall be based on nominal loads. A foundation loading schedule, clearly indicating the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads, for each specific nominal load case, shall be prepared for all structures.
4.12
4.12.1
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

General The provisions of SANS 10160 and the provisions of the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply. In addition, the provisions of Clauses 4.12.2 and 4.12.3 shall apply.
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4.12.2
Fatigue All structural members subject to fluctuating load cycles shall be assessed for fatigue damage in accordance with BS 7608 or BS 5400 Part 10. Except for slender or flexible structures such as towers, masts and stacks, wind loads shall not be considered as fluctuating loads.
4.12.3
Dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment See Appendix F.
4.13
DEFLECTIONS
Deflection shall be considered as a serviceability limit state. Deflections under the action of imposed loads shall not exceed the smaller of the limits specified in SANS 10162 Part 1 Annex D, or in the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the maximum vertical deflection under the action of combined permanent and imposed loads shall not exceed the deflection limits shown in TABLE 1.
4.14
4.14.1
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
General The provisions and recommendations of the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply.
4.14.2
Minimum metal thickness Regardless of the applied corrosion protection system, the minimum metal thickness of steelwork shall be in accordance with Table 2.
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TABLE 1
MEMBERS SUPPORTING: Pressed steel panel tanks Vehicular or rail traffic Conveyor trippers Brick or block walls Conveyors Not cantilevered Cantilevered DEFLECTION LIMIT L/750 L/500 L/500 L/400 L/300 L/200 L/300 L/300 L/300 L/250 L/250 L/250 Unless more stringent requirements are specified by the supplier Maximum deflection is 30 mm Maximum deflection is 20 mm Maximum deflection is 40 mm Maximum deflection is 20 mm Maximum deflection is 20 mm COMMENTS L is the length or width of the tank and the deflection is the relative deflection between the tank centre and tank corners Not applicable to bridges (see BS 5400) or crane gantries (see SANS 10160)
Monorail travelling carriages Mechanical plant and equipment Not cantilevered Cantilevered Not cantilevered Cantilevered
Floors Roofs (excluding purlins)
Unless otherwise specified, L is the span of a simply supported member, any span of a continuous member, or the free length of a cantilevered member. TABLE 2 EXPOSURE Steel exposed to severe corrosive environments Steel in underground construction Steel exposed to the weather Steel not exposed to severe corrosive environments Steel not exposed to the weather WEBS OF I-, H- AND [SECTIONS SEALED HOLLOW SECTIONS COLDFORMED PURLINS AND GIRTS PLATES ALL OTHER SECTIONS
6,5 mm
6,0 mm
Not allowed
8,0 mm
8,0 mm
5,5 mm
5,0 mm
Not allowed 3,0 mm [use only if specifically agreed to by the owner]
6,0 mm
7,0 mm
5,0 mm
4,5 mm
5,0 mm
6,0 mm
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4.14.3
Back-to-back construction Back-to-back channels or angles are not permitted for steel in underground construction, steel exposed to the weather or steel exposed to severe corrosive environments.
4.14.4
Beam end connections For simply supported beams, i.e. beams which are designed to have vertical shear reactions only and which are not subject to fixing moments or axial forces, end connections shall be in accordance with AA Specification 114002.
4.14.5
Fasteners
4.14.5.1 Ordinary bolts: Unless HSFG bolts or special fasteners are required, ordinary bolts of the following property class and minimum diameter shall be used in all bolted connections: Main structural connections (beams, plate girders, lattice girders, trusses, rafters, columns, posts, hangers, bracing systems, etc.): M20 Class 8.8 bolts with Class 8 nuts, all to SANS 1700. Secondary structural connections (purlins, girts, sag bars, handrail standards, stair treads, ladders, etc.): M16 Class 4.8 bolts with Class 4 nuts, all to SANS 1700. Bolt shear resistances shall always be calculated on the assumption that the bolt threads will be in the shear plane. Ordinary bolts in structures supporting vibrating equipment shall be provided with lock nuts or other means of preventing loosening of the nuts. 4.14.5.2 High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts: Connections requiring HSFG bolts are specified in Clause 22.2.2 of SANS 10162 Part 1. The minimum bolt property class shall be Class 8.8S. 4.14.5.3 Special fasteners: Fasteners of special types (e.g. swage-lock bolts, fitted bolts, high strength bolts with lock nuts or patented self-locking nuts) may be used, where appropriate. The minimum bolt property class shall be Class 8.8. 4.14.6 Steel sections and products not allowed The following steel sections and products may only be available in commercial quality steel (also referred to as mild steel) and shall not be used unless it is clearly demonstrated in the design that commercial quality steel is acceptable, using the reduced material strength for unidentified steel specified in Clause 5.2.2 of SANS 10162. Flat bar sections with a width smaller than 100 mm. Round sections with a diameter smaller than 45 mm. Equal angle sections with a leg length smaller than 60 mm.
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Unequal angles with a leg length smaller than 50 mm. VASTRAP plates. Open grid flooring panels.
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APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS The latest editions of the following documents are deemed to form part of this specification: AA Specification 114002 BS EN 10025 BS EN 12285 : : : Construction of structural steelwork Hot-rolled products for non-alloy structural steels Workshop fabricated steel tanks Part 2: Horizontal cylindrical single skin and double skin tanks for the aboveground storage of flammable and non-flammable water polluting liquids BS EN 14015 : Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical, flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tanks for the storage of liquids at ambient temperature and above Specification for the design and testing of steel overhead runway beams Specification for steel chimneys Steel, concrete and composite bridges Part 10: Code of practice for fatigue BS 7608 BS 7854 DIN 1055 ISO 2631 - 1978 : : : : Code of practice for fatigue design and assessment of steel structures Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on nonrotating parts Design loads for buildings Part 6: Loads in silo bins Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (NB: Do not use SABS ISO 2631-1:1997) SANS 1431 SANS 1700 SANS 1921 SANS 9001 SANS 10160 SANS 10162 : : : : : : Weldable structural steels Fasteners Construction and management requirements for works contracts Part 3: Structural steel Quality management systems - Requirements The general procedures and loadings to be adopted in the design of buildings The structural use of steel Part 1: Limit states design of hot-rolled steelwork Part 2: Limit-states design of cold-formed steelwork
AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 17 of 24
BS 2853 BS 4076 BS 5400
: : :
SANS 10208
Design of structures for the mining industry
Part 1: Headgear and collar structures Part 2: Stages Part 4: Shaft system structures SAISC Southern African Steel Construction Handbook - Limit States Design SAISC Southern African Hollow Sections Handbook - Limit States Design SAISC Structural Steelwork Connections - Limit States Design SAISC Commentaries to SANS 10162 Part 1 and SANS 10208 Parts 1 to 4 National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, as amended (Act No. 103 of 1977) Engineering Profession Act (Act No. 46 of 2000) Mine Health and Safety Act (Act No. 29 of 1996) Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No. 85 of 1993) and Construction Regulations (2003) ECSA Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons (Government Gazette No. 28605, 17 March 2006) APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS Issue 11 : Based upon AAC Specification 114001 (Issue 11)
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APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be determined by testing. In the absence of test results, the values given in the following table may be used for preliminary design purposes.
BULK MATERIAL BULK DENSITY (kN/m3) ANGLE OF PRESSURE SLOPE RATIO (DEGREES) (Ph/Pv) COEFFICIENTS OF WALL FRICTION OVERPRESSURE MATERIAL COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT
Anthracite Coal (crushed) Coal (pulverised) Chrome ore Carbon Copper ore Gold ore Ilmenite Iron ore Kimberlite Platinum ore (Merensky) Platinum ore (UG2) Rutile Zinc ore Zircon Note: 11,5 11,0 17,5 26,0 6,2 19,0 18,0 27,0 22,0 16,0 24,0 28,0 24,0 21,0 25,0
40 40 35 35 35 40 40 25 40 45 40 40 30 45 30
0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0.60 0,45 0,35 0,45 0.45 0,60 0,35 0,50
eh
1,4 1,4 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,4
G
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
0,55 0,40 0,35 0,60 0,45 0,40 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,65 0,50 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 0,65 0,55 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,40 0,60 0,40 0,30 0,65 0,55 0,45 0,70 0,55 0,40 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,60 0,45 0,35 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,70 0,60 0,50
Where the effective coefficient of internal friction has been established by testing, the pressure ratio may be calculated as follows:
= 1,1 (1 Sin )
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APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state. The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208. LOAD COMBINATION LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
Gn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,5 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 1,2 * 0,9
Qn
1,6 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,5 +
Qm n
1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
Qf n
1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3
Qr n
0,5 # 0,5 # 0,5 # 1,6 0,5 # 0,5 # 0,5 # 0,5 #
Wn
0 0 0 0 1,3 $ 0 0 0 1,3 $
Cv n
0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,2 0,8
Ch n
0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,2 1,6 0,8
Tn
0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 1,2
Notes: Dominant imposed loads shown bold. 1. 2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs. 3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and parking). 4. $ Use 1,5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers. 5. * For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1,4 if there is any doubt about the accuracy of the load. 6. For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to SANS 10160. 7. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect. 8. Nominal loads: = Permanent load Gn
Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
= = = = = = = =
Imposed floor load Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents) Imposed roof load Wind load Vertical crane load Horizontal crane load Temperature load
Approved 12 February 2007 Page 20 of 24
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when determining design load combinations at the serviceability limit state. The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208. LOAD COMBINATION LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
Gn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0
Qn
1,0 0,3 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 0,3 +
Qm n
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
Qf n
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
Qr n
0,3 # 0,3 # 0,3 # 1,0 0,3 # 0,3 # 0,3 # 0,3 #
Wn
0 0 0 0 0,6 0 0 0 0,6
Cv n
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,0 0,75 0,5
Ch n
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,75 1,0 0,5
Tn
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,0
Dominant imposed loads shown bold. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 0,6 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and parking). Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect. Nominal loads: = Permanent load Gn
Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
= = = = = = = =
Imposed floor load Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents) and plant load or equipment load Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents) Imposed roof load Wind load Vertical crane load Horizontal crane load Temperature load
Approved
12 February 2007
Page 21 of 24
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 1. General: Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be determined and interpreted in accordance with this Appendix. Structural framing: In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to columns and foundations shall be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where practical, the vibrating part(s) of the structure shall be isolated from the rest of the structure. Dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads induced by machinery and equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and crushers, shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or random impulse-type excitation shall be clearly established. Dynamic loads, obtained from manufacturers, shall be verified from dynamic data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced masses, spring stiffness, screen stroke and screen stroke angle. Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any two machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or mechanically coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled, the worst combination shall be based on a rational assessment. 4. Modal analysis: A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and natural frequency of each significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a mode which is compatible with the displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s). Dynamic response: The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic locations on the structure:
2.
3.
5.

6.
amplitude of acceleration and displacement amplitude of dynamic stress
Resonance: For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in which the exciting frequency fe equals the natural frequency fn of any significant vibration mode of the structure. To avoid resonance or near-resonance, the following conditions shall be satisfied: fn 1,4 fe or fn 0,6 fe where fn = natural frequency of any significant vibration mode. When fn1 1,4 fe the structure is considered high-tuned and when fn1 0, 6 fe the structure is considered low-tuned (fn1 = fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).
Approved
12 February 2007
Page 22 of 24
High tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high tuning is unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are met:

7. 7.1. 7.2. 7.3.
The client must approve the use of low tuning. The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to at least a frequency of 1,5 fe. The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.
Vibration limits Machine sensitivity: Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from BS 7854, or from the manufacturer. Structural integrity: The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic stresses shall be evaluated on the basis of a fatigue assessment - see Clause 4.12.2. Human response: For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from the equations given in the following table. EXCITING FREQUENCY (Hz) 1 to 2 K-VALUE HORIZONTAL VIBRATIONS 28 ah VERTICAL VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS OF UNDETERMINED DIRECTION 28 au
2 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 80 Where fe ah
au av
10 av fe 20 av
0,5
56 ah / fe = =
= =
33,5 au fe 0,25 160 au / fe
160 av / fe exciting frequency (Hz)
root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration( m / s2 )

root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction ( m / s2 ) root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration ( m / s2 )
The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:

Exposure time K-value
1 hour 4 hours 8 hours 12 hours

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007
16 7,0 4,2 3,5

Page 23 of 24
NOTES: 1.0
The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in accordance with ISO 2631 - 1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary. Unless otherwise agreed by the client and the owner, an exposure time of 8 hours shall be adopted. For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a / 2 where a = amplitude of acceleration. When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the range 1 to 80 Hz, each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference to the appropriate limit at that frequency. For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631- 1978. If vibrations occur in more than one direction simultaneously, the corresponding limits apply separately in each direction. If vertical and horizontal vibrations occur at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall be evaluated from the following equation: K = (Kh2 + Kv2 ) 0,5 Where Kh = the K-value evaluated for horizontal vibration Kv = the K-value evaluated for vertical vibration
2.0 3.0 4.0
5.0 6.0 7.0
Approved
12 February 2007
Page 24 of 24

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amplitude of acceleration and displacement amplitude of dynamic stress

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33,5 au fe 0,25 160 au / fe

160 av / fe exciting frequency (Hz)