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ESSAY QUESTION:
Why do Australia - Japan relations attract less than Australia China relations?

INTRODUCTION
The policy of Australia aims to improve living standards of citizen, including economic growth, opportunities on working and securities. The Australian foreign policies, a connection with the rising power of Asian nowadays in particular, are important for the development of Australian economics, politics, social and environments. Even though most of Australian trade partners are from developed countries, there is a sharply shift to Asian, three quarters exports and half imports are generated by their merchandise. Australias integration into Asia, the representatives of China and Japan, contributes to its prosperity. In this essay, it will discuss reasons why diplomatic foreign relations of Australia stressed on China more than Japan.

INTEGRATION WITH CHINA

First, China is the largest market of Australia by exporting natural resources, such as LNG, Ores. Secondly, the majority of Australians are fascinated with Chinese culture, because a large number of Chinese people have been immigrated to Australia since 18th centuries and they are influenced by Chinese small communities. Furthermore, Australia has allocated more than half projects and funds to China to support their environment developments. However, at the end of this essay, it will compare the relationships between Australia and China, Australia and Japan individually in the field of economic, environment, tourism and so on to value the significance of China. Japan was the first Asian country who had a business trading with Australia since Second World War (Yangfeng, 2006).

INTEGRATION WITH JAPAN

Australia re-established the commerce agreement with Japan in 1957; hence, they have had intertwined relationships in a variety of arenas. There were 4000 Japanese first rooted in Australia in 1901. At this time, Japan was the third important partner of Australia, followed by the United Kingdom. However, there was a sharp decreased on the Japanese population during the Second World War. Because they had ruined cities in Australia and attacked Australians, they were deported from Australia at the end of the war in 1941.

Several elements stimulate the relationships between Australia and Japan, such as economy, military strategies, and tourism. First, Japan is the top list of export country of Australia, and they support reliable mineral and other primary products. Quoted from Downer (2007), he says that two-way trades greatly contribute to the two countries prosperity, and Australia is Japans number one supplier for energy and for many important minerals. We also supply nearly ten percent of Japans agricultural imports. Our trade is already substantial and has helped underpin both countries prosperity. From figure provided by McGillivray and Smith (2007, p. 58), it is clearly shows the increasing of export in Japan from lows of 5% in 1976-85 to highs of 26.07% in 1946-95, and decreasing values about 12% on the 1951-55 in the United Kingdom who be thought the number one trade partner of Australia. In addition, Japan is the third country who had a vast of

investments in Australia approximately A$ 50 000 millions, following by the United Kingdom, and the United States. Moreover, there is a balance between two-way trades, because a free trade agreement. For example, Australia output raw materials and beef, at the same time, Japan export its technologies such Television, computers and cars. Furthermore, the cooperation between these two countries also concludes signing on Clean Development and Climate program in 2007. They work together to reduce emissions and protect environment (Downer, 2007).

DISCUSSION
Japan and Australia share the same value on military strategy, aiming to destroy weapons of destruction, create a peaceful world and promote the idea of humanitarian. The military cooperation between Japan and Australia was started on the WW I. Japan gave Australia military protection on the fleet going to Egypt. Japan and Australia are the allies of the United States and they share the same values on politics (Yangfeng, 2006). Most importantly, they are trying to maintain the stability of Asia Pacific Regions. Therefore, Japan and Australia signed a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation to encourage the protection of peace environment within Asia Pacific Region in 2007. It is used to enhance the Asian Pacific Regions peace. Along with the protection of the United States, the Asian Pacific Region is far more peace and politics among these countries are stable as well. The issue of North Koreas development of nuclear weapons raised a threaten to another parts of Asia such as Japan, the republic of Korea and China, and it was also caused a tension relationships between the new republic of Korea and the North Korea.

However, this agreement has contributed to the stability of the Asian Pacific Region as they make their efforts to persuade the United Nations Security Council to give punishment to the North Korea. Moreover, both of Japan and Australia have a strong capability to maintain and enhance their peace by varieties of strategies. For example, Asian Pacific Regions inappropriate behaviour will be sanctioned by law. Secondly, they are protected from terrorists attack by military enforcement of Australia and Japan, and lastly, they will be assisted in regional disaster and other issues (Downer, 2007). Moreover, Australia and Japan work together to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction over the world in the name of Proliferation Security Initiative. The military cooperation between Japan and Australia is outstanding. Without the stability of a country, it could not be developed. Therefore, they create a peaceful trade market for the Asian Pacific Regions. Furthermore, these two countries cooperate to promotion the idea of humanitarian. There is an outstanding behaviour between these two countries. As the tsunami happened in the end of 2004, the cooperation between Australia and Japan gave an immediate response and dealt with the event in an efficient way. Two-way exchange is encouraged by both governments to strengthen their foreign relations. First, in the aspect of politics, exchange visiting frequently can maintain their diplomatic relationships. Secondly, there is a better mutual understanding between two countries people. Finally, it increases Australia prosperous in tourism. McGillivray and Smith (2007, p. 43) say that, more than half of all international visitors were from Asia. Japan is leading sources of short-term visitors; the Japanese spend the shortest time in Australia and spend the most money per day. Therefore, Japan booms the tourism of Australia, leading their economic growth (Yangfeng, 2006). Moreover, Japan is the major sources for Australia as temporary citizens in 1980s, and the number had increased sharply from 40% in 1980 to 58% in 1992, the population only followed by the United Kingdom and Ireland (McGillivray and Smith, 2007, p. 44). In 1950, Japan was the first Asian country that established economical connections with Australia. However, there is a sheer magnitude shift to China and India these days. The association between Australia and China was established on 21st, December of 1972 by Gough Whitlam. The diplomatic relations between them are gradually interconnected as they are engaged in every field, for example, both of them are benefit from economic growth. As Gillard says (2012), Australias role as a stable, reliable and high quality supplier of energy and mineral resources to China is the bedrock of a comprehensive economic partnership.

Australias resources support Chinas ongoing development. Chinas growth contributes directly to Australias prosperity. Economic is a term used to analyse a societys production, consumption of goods, and distribution. It is also used to measure how economical agencies work. The prosperity of Australia macroeconomic has increased their capital, at the same time there is a growing in energy resource and development of infrastructure in China. With the fast development of China, three major problems are being stressed on. First, the movement of large amount of people go to city, leading to urbanisation. Second, along with the urbanisation, countries are to improve their infrastructure, and finally, industrialisation causes pollution, such as climate change. Therefore, China has to be associated with foreign countries to access natural sources in order to solve their statues problems (Yangfeng, 2006). However, Australia as the largest natural resources possessed country attracts China. Thus, these two countries make an agreement by which China can import natural resources from Australia. In return, Australia is being the longstanding trade partner of China. Therefore, Australia increased their export materials as a result of their economic growth. Australian trade with China generated income equivalent to more than $10,000 per Australian household last Year, the research was conducted by the Australia-China Business Council (Gillard, 2012). Moreover, the export of natural resources like energy and minerals is continuing to go on between the two countries. The number of Chinese companies involves such trades are increasing. Two examples will be demonstrated to show China is the biggest market for Australia to strengthen its economics. First, China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) has signed an agreement with Origin Energy and Conoco Philips a 20-year LNG export. It has worth around 90 billion in Australia dollars. In this document, Australia Pacific LNG is going to supply of 4.3 million tonnes per year of LNG for 20 years to China of world-class coal seam gas resources (Yangfeng, 2006). Secondly, Australia and China have a long-term commercial trade connection about selling Iron Ore to China since 1973; the second year of Australia established the relationship with China. In 1900, the import of the mineral in China was less than 10 million tonnes annually. However, there is a huge shift these years. More than 260 million tonnes of Iron Ore has been exported from Australia to China annually, and revenue has been increased to 21 billion Australian Dollars until 2009. According to Ambassador Dr Geoff Raby (2010, p.7) says that, the percentage of Chinas iron ore import in 2009 is more than 40 percentage, the data shows that China is the biggest market for Australia to export Iron Ore.

There is a dramatically increasing on Australias economic since 2009 that has been a longterm trading with China. Quoted from Julia Gillards speech (2011), she says that Australia government has maintained strong economic ties with China through agreements to explore clean energy and to make sure Australia remains a longstanding and reliable supplier of energy and natural resources. Australia under Prime Minister Gillard has stated will continue positive and constructive engagement with China. To sum up, the two-way trade in energy was worthy 1.5 billion dollars in 2007(Downer, 2007), Australia has gained 21 billion annually in the export of Ores in 2009. Moreover, revenue of Australia from the bilateral trade is far more than Chinas. Australias exports to China possessed of 64.8 billion Australian dollars, while Chinas exports to Australia was worth 41.1 billion Australian dollars at the same year. Overall, the amount of two-way trade is worth 105 billion Australia dollars in 2010-2011. There is a rising criticism on the reputation of China companies. It is an inappropriate to work with Sudan on the oil issue in the context of international system. China was blamed by global members. So long as to be a stable trading partner, China companies have to reregulate their behaviour under the global market systems, for example, make sure the companies trades are transparent for other states (Working Group, 2007). Chinese culture eroded in Australia and has influenced them stem from 17centuries. There was a movement from China, India and Japan to Australia, because the interaction of business, politics. There is a big shift on Chinese population staying in the Australia from 9 000 in 1901 to 65 000 in 1990. During Victoria period, there were fewer Chinese in Australia because of white Australian policy that has a strong sense of racial exclusive. There were only 9 000 Chinese stayed in Australia as labourers in 1901 (McGillivray and Smith, 2007, p.29). However, the number of Chinese population turned to be 65 000 in the 1990 (Yangfeng, 2006). The number of migrate population now are increased to two million, 29 percent of these population come from China in 2010-11 which is doubling than before (commonwealth of Australia, p.13). Small Chinese communities have been rooted in some major cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. There is Chinatown in every Australian capital city where is a place to promote Chinese culture, such as Chinese food, clothes, accessories and religions. Australians are fancy with Asian cultures, particularly in Chinese. In order to have a best mutual understanding and make the most of opportunities to have a great trade with China, there is large number of Australia citizens have being learning Chinese literacy and languages.

For example, the former Prime Minister, Kevin Minister, Kevin Rudd also has strong connections with Chinese culture having studied Chinese at the Australian National University in Canberra. He also speaks fluent Mandarin. He (2007) emphasises in a speech to China leadership that it is an epochs that Australia is engaged to have a great relationships with China, and he says Australia and China has a Strong and Stable Partnership for the 21st Century. The increasing number of Chinese goes to Australia for tertiary education and travelling becomes the major part of revenue that stimulates Australia economic since 1989. Chinese went to Australia for tertiary education dates back to 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. Approximately 19 000 Chinese students came to Australia for education before 1989, afterwards, protected by the Australia government from the massacre, additional 25 000 students came there for English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students (McGillivray and Smith, 2007, p.40). Until 2010, there were more than two hundreds of thousands of Chinese (evidence) students enrolled their studies in Australia which has taken up 26 percent of entire foreign students. However, there was an imbalance saying on 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre. McGillivary and Smith argue that Prime Minister Hawke biased on Chinese who came Australia for refugee, because he refused to accept Cambodian boat people during the same period. Meanwhile, he criticised them as economic refugee. Furthermore, the prosperity of China economical growth results in the increased ranks of middle class within this society. The diversity of their lives enable they go aboard for their leisure time. Australia as a culture diversity and contained variety of nationalities country attracts a large amount of people for travelling. Besides, Australia takes the most opportunities to attract more Chinese tourists, for example, there are direct flights from major cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou to Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney. The statistics from Australian Bureaucratic shows 450,000 arrivals from China in Australia last year. The foreign diplomatic relations between Australia and China are engaged in the aspect of environment. In 2007, Australia had approved an agreement that one million dollars were given to China Council to support for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, Downer, the minister of Australia Foreign Affairs says (2007). AP6 is a program aiming to create a Clean Development and Climate circumstance in Asia Pacific. The six memberships are China, Australia, India, Korea, Japan, and the United States. Australia as one of the memberships has mainly focused on China who has given over a half

of total funding (34 out of 60 million dollars) to support the majority of projects. For example, the promotion of solar energy is a way to decrease the reduction of carbon dioxide (Downer, 2007). Finally, Australia recognised One- China policy. It means that Australia is strongly to confirm the argument there is only one China and the idea of Taiwan straits belongs to one part of China since 1972 the day Australia established the relationships with China. It shows the two countries shared the same value (Downer, 2007). (Watters, 1997) A comparison of Australia foreign diplomatic between China and Japan will be discussed around four arguments relate to economic, environment, cultural diversity and military strategy. First of all, in terms of economic, China is the biggest market for Australia. Asian occupied three quarters exports and half imports merchandise with Australia, however, China takes a very big numbers. It contains 25 percent of exports and 20 percent imports in the 20th centuries (Commonwealth of Australia, p.11). The exports of natural resource like Ore, LNG enables that Australia has gained 21 million dollars annually in 2009. In spite of this, there is an undergoing trading of LNG to China and it lasts for 20 years which worthy 90 billion dollars. Moreover, the diversity of bilateral trades is also increased in China. Japan is only possessed less percentage of trades with Australia (Watters, 1997). Secondly, it shows a close relationship between Australia and China on the issue of environment. Under the program named Clean Development and Climate, more than 20 out of 40 projects are associated with China. Meanwhile, Australia allocated more than half funds to China to develop the environment problems. Moreover, Australian has been affected by Chinese small communities by their culture, languages and customs. After Australia abolished White Australia policy, it encourages the development of multiculturalism in Australia in 1970s. There is a steady growth on Asia population since 1970s. According figures provided by McGillivray and Smith (1997, p.35) shows that Asian population had increased to four percentage during 1981 to 1990. China has the largest population growth in Australia from 26 800 in 1981 to 65 000 in 1990, at the same time, the population of Japan had grown from 7 300 in 1981 to 16 800 in 1990. Overall, the amount number of Chinese was 26 percentages more than Japaneses (Working Group, 2007). Finally, military strategy in Japan is outweighing of Chinas. Even though Japan has small population, there is a relatively close relationship between Australia and Japan as they share the same value on military strategy. They develop the web of military strategy in Asian, and they take responsibilities to keep peaceful environment among Asia Pacific Regions by

prevention the prevailing of weapons of mass destruction, military intervention and they promote the idea of humanitarian over the regions.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, China has emerged a political and economic power in Asia Pacific Region. It has affected Australias economic, and also benefit from the export of Australias natural resources. Meanwhile, the prosperity of Australias economic is also owns to the largest import by China. The large number of Chinese in major cities in Australia has influenced their lives, enables the majority of Australians taking the most opportunities to engage their trades. Moreover, two-way trips attract both countries citizens and enable they are better mutual understandings on culture, politics. Nevertheless, even though Japan is less focused, it still has a major role on military protection within Asia Pacific Regions. Therefore, there are more elements using to analyse the relationships between Australia and China than Australia and Japans. The contribution to Australia of China with the two-way trade is outstanding (Working Group, 2007).

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