Power Sector

Power sector plays a vital role in overall economic growth of the country. Power development in India was first started in 1897 in Darjeeling, followed by commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902 (India 2007).While India has made enormous strides in electricity growth, power availability in India falls far short. Lack of power availability is widely seen as a setback to Indias industrial development as the country aims to rapidly increase its pace of economic growth (World Bank, 1999). According to Planning Commission of India, an installed capacity of nearly 800 Gigawatt (GW) by 2030 is required to maintain an average annual GDP growth of 8% (Planning Commission Report, 2006)

Table 1 Shows sources of electricity produced by three countries

Source Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Others India (%) 59.2 13.9 06.3 02.5 17.8 00.3 Japan (%) 21.2 16.6 22.1 30.0 08.2 01.9 U.S (%) 51.8 03.1 15.7 19.9 07.4 02.2

(Source: Pandey, Tyagi, & Sengupta, 2006)

Key features of the Indian electricity sector:

The power sector needs to grow at the rate of at least 12% to maintain the present GDP growth of about 8%. As per the Ministry of Power report, the per capita consumption of electricity is expected to grow to 1000 kWh / year by the year 2012 which during the year 2004

 2005 was 606 kWh/year. To meet the per capita consumption of 1000 kWh/year by the year 2012 the capacity augmentation requirement is about 1,00,000 MW. Presently there is a significant gap between the demand and supply of power. The energy deficit is about 8.3% and the power shortage during the peak demand is about 12.5%.

Thermal Power Plants

Thermal Power Plants convert the energy content of an energy carrier into either electricity or heat. The type of power plant employed depends on the source of energy and the type of energy being produced. (ECOSMART, 2009) Possible fuel sources include: Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum products and natural gas) Residual and waste materials (domestic and industrial refuse) Fissionable material

Genral plant over view

First of all coal zone and collection of coal comes in miles by the mean of CHP (Coal Handling Plant). CHP is the biggest site of coal like belt conveyors, bunker or crusher house etc. Belt conveyor is used to lift the coal, cleaning collection or hammering process in the Bunker or Crasher House and Stacker &declaimer device is used to store or collect the coal in coal yard. The size of coal which enters the mill is about 25mm each. The ball and tube mill is used in the power station. The coal, which was entering in the mill, grinds in the mill up to the powdered form. This powdered form of coal sends to the boiler Furnace where this coal burns and generate heat. Initially the liquid fuel (Diesel + Stream) is used to generate the heat. The air is also used with coal in furnace for generating the flame heat. Water flow in tube which is mounted around a wall of boiler, this water comes on the drum after crossing the Economizer because the purpose of goes on aborting heat at constant pressure and is evident by rise in the temperature. A stage reaches where water begins to boil and there is no rise in temperature at this stage stream is formed. Burnt coal converts in to ash some one of flue gasses because the temperature of flue gasses is very high so if we went to increase the efficiency of the system

these flue gasses flow in many stages like, Super heater, air preheater & Economizer. After passing the flue gasses the temperature of steam, which was flows in super heater, is rises. When the flue gasses in the air preheater passes the temperature increases. At the last stage when the flue gasses flows in the Economizer the temperature of water which can feed into boiler dream is also increase. After passing few stages the flue gasses taken from boiler by IDM (Intermediate Draft Fan) and send to chimney through ESP (Electro Static Precipitator). The Electro Static Precipitator which use electric force to remove the dust from the gases steam some ash send to ash dyke threw pipes in a slurry form with the help of number of pumps. Boiler drum is situated at the top of the furnace throw the boiler tubes which are situated in the furnace. The water is used to produce steam. First of all water comes in Economizer after this its temperature increases up to 307c. After this water goes in the boiler drum and heater, which are mounted on the top of the furnace, then the water flows in the tubes. These tubes are connected with the flame in the furnace. Due to heating the water converted into the steam. This steam is collected in boiler drum. The temperature of the steam is about 538c with the help of super heater. First of all steam flows through HP (High Pressure) Turbine at a pressure of 150kg/cm and there is expansion of steam in turbine at a temperature of 340c and the pressure of 340kg/cm and gives the mechanical work for this the rotor rotates at some speed. This steam is again heated with the help of super heater and this heated steam is send to IP (Intermediate Pressure) Turbine and the steam expand at a temperature of 200c and pressure is 6kg/ cm. This expended steam direct send to LP (Low Pressure) Turbine and expansion of steam in this turbine is double flow. This steam moves the blades of the all their turbines that as these blades rotates on the same shaft, which are connected to the Generator. As the blade moves are the rotor of the generator is also rotates at 3000 RPM at effective load. Thus rotation of the rotor occurs. The magnetic field results for the generation of electricity. After this water feed into HPB (High Pressure Boiler) by the help of BFP (Boiler Feed Pump). For this the temperature of water is about 250c. In the last stage the water is feed into the Economizer. This cycle works regularly and it is same for all units in this Super Thermal Power station

CONSIDERATION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE LARGE THERMAL PLANT:1. Economical Aspect 2. Environmental Aspect
The important economical aspect to be borne in mind during site selection for a thermal power plant availability of coal, ash disposal facility, space requirement, nature of land, water, transport facility labor, public problems, size of the plant. Large development in the thermal power generation calls for proper planning in choice of site, climatic condition, unit size, coal requirements and transport, transmission system etc. It is normal practice to consider various alternative sites for locating thermal plant and work out comparison to arrive at economically feasible location. The preparation of feasibility report for a thermal station requires study under two headings viz. area selection and site selection. The area selection study comprises the study of factor given below, which are required for the establishment of any production oriented industry. Some of the also applicable when final choice of site is made. Supply of raw materials, which is the case of thermal station are coal and water, are for extreme importance. Transport facilities to whole the raw materials viz. Coal in this case and the capital equipment. Transmission of the power produced to the local centers. A labour force of size and quality required but this will not be of ever riding consideration. In our country the migration of labour from one place to another does not pose very difficult problems. Climatic conditions has also plays an important role in area selection Environment aspect for Locations of thermal power stations are avoided within 25 km of the outer periphery of the following Metropolitan cities National park and wildlife sanctuaries Ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forest, biosphere reserve,important lake and coastal areas rich in coral formation.

 The sites should be chosen in such a way that chimneys of the power plants does not fall within the approach funnel of the runway of the nearest airport. Those sites should be chosen which are at least 500 m away from the flood plain of river system. Location of the sites are avoided in the vicinity (say 10 km) of places of archaeological, historical, cultural/religious/tourist importance and defence installations. Forest or prime agriculture lands are avoided for setting up of thermal power houses or ash disposal.

Madhya Pradesh Satpura Thermal Power Plant,

Sarni, M.P. The Satpura Thermal Power Plant is the largest power plant in MP contributing to approximately 70% of total electricity supply of Madhya Pradesh. The plant is owned by the state electricity board and the project commissioned in the year 1967. The 1stinstalled unit (62.5 MW) completed its 42 years in the month of Oct.09. The total installed capacity of this station is 1142.5 MW. The units are running with their full efficiency round the year. Many times these units are awarded for meritorious productivity by CEA. The per day coal consumption of these units is 22 thousand MT. The geographical area is surrounded by Satpuraranges in which the oldest and very known forest situated for its well known teak wood i.e. CP Teak.

Capacity of the plant

Its total capacity is 1142.5 MW and the construction work for the new 500MW has already started. The operating capacity is 650 MW. The plant has feeders from Itarsi, Koradi, Seoni and Indira Sagar Project.

UNITS

CAPACITY (MW)

COMMISSIONING DATES

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8

62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 200 210 210