Name : Rozellynie Binti Muhamad Hairee Wee

I/C No : 950526-01-7886

School : SMK Parit Bunga
Additional Mathematics
Project Work 2012

Sculpture for the
Mathematics Corner
of SMK Parit Bunga
Muar, Johor





Contents
1. Title : Sculpture for the Mathematics Corner of SMK Parit Bunga, Ledang.
page 1

2. Appreciations : page 3

3. Introductions: page 4

4. Materials and Techniques : page 5

5. Examples of Chinese Sculptures: page 6

6. Examples of Japanese Sculptures: page 7

7. Examples of Sculptures from Central Asia: page 8

8. Task Specifications: page 9

9. Problem solving: page 10

10. Results Obtained : page 15

11. Reflections : Page 18












2.Appreciations :
I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher En. Asri bin Sari for explaining to us and
guide us throughout this project work. Without him , I wouldnt have able to do this project so smoothly.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my friends, Amirul Arif b. Mohktar, Tan Kok Jui, Muhd.
Izzat b. Khairuddin, and others for all their cooperation in doing the project together and obtaining the
results.

Lastly I would like to thank my parents for their moral and financial support .


















3.Introduction
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials typically
stone such as marbleor metal, glass, or wood except when softer ("plastic") materials can also be
used, such as clay, textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals or when the term has been extended
to works including sound, text and light.
Materials may be worked by removal such as carving; or they may be assembled such as by welding,
hardened such as by firing, or molded or cast. Surface decoration such as paint may be applied .
Sculpture has been described as one of the plastic arts because it can involve the use of materials that
can be moulded or modulated. Found objects may be presented as sculptures.
Sculpture is an important form of public art. A collection of sculpture in a garden setting may be referred
to as a sculpture garden.
Some common forms of sculpture are :
- Free-standing sculpture, sculpture that is surrounded on all sides, except the base, by space. It
is also known as sculpture "in the round", and is meant to be viewed from any angle.
- Sound sculpture
- Light sculpture
- Jewellery or Jewelry
- Relief the sculpture is attached to a background; types are bas-relief, alto-relievo, and sunken-
relief
- Site-specific art
- Kinetic sculpture involves aspects of physical motion
o Fountain the sculpture is designed with moving water
o Mobile
- Statue representationalist sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal
or object
o Bust representation of a person from the chest up
o Equestrian statue typically showing a significant person on horseback
- Stacked art a form of sculpture formed by assembling objects and 'stacking' them
- Architectural sculpture
- Environmental art
o Environmental sculpture
o Land art









4 Materials and techniques
The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. Sculptors have generally
sought to produce works of art that are as permanent as possible, working in durable and frequently
expensive materials such as bronze and stone: marble, limestone, porphyry, and granite. More rarely,
precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory were used for chryselephantine works. More
common and less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including glass,
hardwoods (such as oak, box/boxwood, and lime/linden); terracotta and other ceramics, and cast
metals such as pewter and zinc (spelter).
Sculptures are often painted, but commonly lose their paint to time, or restorers. Many different painting
techniques have been used in making sculpture, including tempera, [oil painting], gilding, house paint,
aerosol, enamel and sandblasting.
Many sculptors seek new ways and materials to make art. One of Pablo Picasso's most famous
sculptures included bicycle parts. Alexander Calder and other modernists made spectacular use of
painted steel. Since the 1960s, acrylics and other plastics have been used as well. Andy Goldsworthy
makes his unusually ephemeral sculptures from almost entirely natural materials in natural settings.
Some sculpture, such as ice sculpture, sand sculpture, and gas sculpture, is deliberately short-lived. A
vast array of sculptors including Joan Mir, Marcel Duchamp, Yves Klein, John Chamberlain, Jean
Tinguely, Richard Stankiewicz, Larry Bell, Carl Andre, Louise Bourgeois and others used glass, stained
glass, automobile parts, tools, machine parts, and hardware to fashion their works.
Sculptors often build small preliminary works called maquettes of ephemeral materials such as plaster
of Paris, wax, clay, or plasticine, as Alfred Gilbert did for 'Eros' at Piccadilly Circus, London. In
Retroarchaeology, these materials are generally the end product.














5.Examples of Chinese Sculptures

A Liao Dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue
of Guan Yin, Shanxi Province, China, (9071125
AD)


Wine jar, Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC-771
BC)



Calvalryman, Qin Dynasty


Chimera (from a tomb) , Han Dynasty (202 BC-
220 AD)


Seated Buddha, Tang Dynasty ca. 650.



Boddisatva, Tang Dynasty (618907)




6.Example of Japanese Sculptures

The Great Buddha of Kamakura, c. 1252, Japan

















7. Examples of sculptures from Central Asia


Sumerian male worshiper, 2750-2600 B.C.



Fragment of the wind god Boreas, Hadda,
Afghanistan


Gandharan Atalante.


Gandhara Poseidon (Ancient Orient
Museum)



A Nepalese polychrome wooden statue of the
Malla Kingdom, 14th century




13th century Ganesha




8.Task Specifications :
Part A
(a) Based on different reference points, find at least three different functions that can represent
the curve of the concrete structure.
(b) Find the area of the front surface of the structure.
Part B
Given four choice of the concrete structure :-
(a) Determine the structure that will give minimum cost . ( Given 1 m
3
of concrete is RM 960.00 )
(b) Choose the shape of the structure to be built. Give your reasons.
Part C
E


F
D


A
X cm
80 cm
Based on the logo designed by the Mathematics Society:-
(a) Given the area of BDEF is y cm
2
, express y in terms of x,
(b) Reduce the non-linear equation in (a) to linear equation . Plot a straight line graph. Determine
the area of BDEF if the length of AB is 5.5 cm,
(c) Determine the maximum area of BDEF using two different methods.
.


B
C
D



9.Problem Solving

PART A
(a) (i)







(ii)







(iii)






(50, -75) (-50, -75)
y = a x
2
substitute (50, -75) into the equation
-75 = a(50)
2
a= - 0.03
therefore y = - 0.03 x
2

y = a x
2
+ 75
substitute (50, 0) into the equation
0 = a(50)
2
+ 75
a= - 0.03
therefore y = - 0.03 x
2
+75

y = a (x-50)
2
+ 75
substitute (0, 0) into the equation
0 = a(-50)
2
+ 75
a= - 0.03
therefore y = - 0.03 ( x-50)
2
+75

(50,75)
(100, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 75)
(50, 0) (50, 0)



(iv)

























(50, 0)
(100, -75)
(0, -75)
y = a (x-50)
2
+ 0
substitute (100, -75) into the equation
-75= a(50)
2
+0
a= - 0.03
therefore y = - 0.03 ( x-50)
2





(b)
100 cm


100 cm












50
2
0
50
3
0
2
Area 2 ( 0.03 75)
0.03
2 75
3
5000
x dx
x
x
cm
= +
(
= +
(

=
}





Area of square base
= 100 x 100
= 10,000 cm
2
(0, 75)
(50, 0) (50, 0)
Area of parabolic shape on top

Hence total area of the front surface
= 10,000 cm
2
+ 5, 000 cm
2
= 15, 000 cm
2



Part B
Choice (i)


75cm

100 cm


100 cm




Choice (ii)


75 cm


100cm


100cm


Area of the front surface= 15, 000 cm
2
Thickness = 13 cm
Volume of concrete used
= 15,000 x 13 = 195, 000 cm
3
= 0.195 m
3

1 m
3
of concrete cost RM 960.00
Cost of making the sculpture
= 0.195 x 960
= RM 187.20
Area of the front surface
= 100 x 100 + x 100 x75
=13, 750 cm
2
Thickness = 13 cm
Volume of concrete used
= 13, 750 x 13 = 178, 750 cm
3
= 0.17875 m
3

1 m
3
of concrete cost RM 960.00
Cost of making the sculpture
= 0.17875 x 960
= RM 171.60



Choice ( iii) 60 cm

75cm


100cm


100 cm




Choice ( iv) 20 cm




100cm


100cm




Area of the front surface
= 100 x 100 + ( 60 + 100 ) x 75
=16, 000 cm
2
Thickness = 13 cm
Volume of concrete used
= 16,000 x 13 = 208, 000 cm
3
= 0.208 m
3

1 m
3
of concrete cost RM 960.00
Cost of making the sculpture
= 0.208 x 960
= RM 199.68
Area of the front surface
= 100 x 100 + ( 20 + 100 ) x 75
=14 , 500 cm
2
Thickness = 13 cm
Volume of concrete used
= 14,500 x 13 = 188, 500 cm
3
= 0.1885 m
3

1 m
3
of concrete cost RM 960.00
Cost of making the sculpture
= 0.1885 x 960
= RM 180.96



10.Results obtained
Shape Cost Comments










RM 187.20


Artistic













RM 171.60



Minimum Cost












RM 199.60















RM 180.96



(b) The concrete structure is going to be a permanent structure in the school. Besides considering the
cost of making it, we have to make sure it is nice to the eyes and artistic. After considering all these ,
my choice is (i). I have also consider to make the structure in (i) , we have to make the mould for the
curve top and this will add additional cost. Still I will chose (i)




Part

m





X cm

X cm


(80 - x)







(b)
1.299 69.282
y
x
x
= +

x 0 10 20 30 40 50
y/x 69.282 56.292 43.302 30.312 17.322 4.332

Area of ACE
= x 80 x 80 sin 60
= 2771.28 cm
2
Area of ABD
= x x x x sin 60
= 0.866 x
2
Area of BCF
= x (80- x) x (80- x) sin 60
= 2771.28 69.28 x + 0.433 x
2
Area of BDEF= y
2
2771.28 = 0.866 x
2
+ 2771.28 69.28 x + 0.433 x
2
+ y
y = 69.282 x - 1.299 x
2
E
A
C
60
0
80cm 80cm
80cm
A B
D
60
0
60
0
B C
F
E
D F
B




When x = 5.5 , from graph y/x = 62.5
Hence y = 62.5 x 5.5 = 343.75


2
69.282 1.299 y x x =


Method 1- Calculus Method

2
2
2
max
2
69.282 2.598 0
26.667
2.598(max.)
69.282(26.667) 1.299(26.667)
923.787
dy
x
dx
x
d y
dx
y
cm
= =
=
=
=
=

Method 2 Completing Square Method
2
2
2
2
69.282 1.299
1.299( 53.335 )
1.299 ( 26.667) 711.152
1.299( 26.667) 923.787
y x x
x x
x
x
=
=
( =

= +

When x= 26.667 y
max
= 923.787 cm
2










11. Reflection

The values I learn from doing this project include:
(a) Learn to work as a team,
(b) Must be patient to obtain all the results,
(c) Dare to try different methods,
(d) Dare to confront difficult problems,
(e) Importance of accuracy,
(f) Contribute to the school that educate me.