Behavioral Self Management

Self-management is a type of behavior modification strategy that helps a student learn how to manage his own behavior instead of depending on factors such as rewards and punishments from an external source such as a teacher. A student learns to be responsible for his own behavior, which increases the likelihood that desired behaviors will continue over time, because the student feels a sense of empowerment and control. Behavior management is similar to behavior modification. It is a less intensive version of behavior therapy. In behavior modification the focus is on changing behavior, while in behavior management the focus is on maintaining order. Behavior management skills are of particular importance to teachers in the educational system. Behavior management include all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable.[1] There is a great deal of research related to "behavior change" and "behavior management". B.F. Skinner and Carl Rogers have given two distinctly different approaches for addressing behavior. Skinner's approach says that any one can manipulate behavior by first identifying what the individual finds rewarding. Once the rewards of an individual are known, then those rewards can be selected that the manager is willing to give in exchange for good behavior. Skinner calls this "Positive Reinforcement Psychology". Rogers proposes that in order to effectively address behavior problems, individual must be persuaded to want to behave appropriately. This is done by teaching the individual the difference between right and wrong including why he or she should do what is right. Rogers believes that the individual must have an internal awareness of right and wrong.

Uses of behavior management

Many of the principles and techniques used are the same as behavior modification yet delivered in a less intensively and consistent fashion. Usually, behavior management is applied at the group level by a classroom teacher as a form of behavioral engineering to produce high rates of student work completion and minimize classroom disruption. In addition, greater focus has been placed on building self-control. Brophy (1986) writes: "Contemporary behavior modification approaches involve students more actively in planning and shaping their own behavior through participation in the negotiation of contracts with their teachers and through exposure to training designed to help them to monitor and evaluate their behavior more actively, to learn techniques of self-control and problem solving, and to set goals and reinforce themselves for meeting these goals." (p. 191)[2]

In general behavior management strategies have been very effective in reducing classroom disruption.[3] In addition, recent efforts have focused on incorporating principles of functional assessment into the process.[4] While such programs can come from a variety of behavioral change theories, the most common practices rely on the use of applied behavior analysis principles such as positive reinforcement and mild punishments (such as response cost and child time-out). Behavioral practices such as differential reinforcement are commonly used.[5] Sometimes, these are delivered in a token economy or a level system.[6] In general the reward component is considered effective. For example, Cotton (1988) reviewed 37 studies on tokens, praise and other reward systems and found them to be highly effective in managing student classroom behavior.[7] The most comprehensive review of token procedures to match to children's level of behavioral severity was Walker's text "The acting out child."[8]

Building prosocial behavior

Over the years, behavioral management principles such as reinforcement, modeling and even the use of punishment have been explored in the building of prosocial behavior. This area is sometimes referred to as "Behavioral Development" or Behavior analysis of child development. Midlarsky and colleagues (1973) used a combination of modeling and reinforcement to build altruistic behavior.[9] Two studies exist in which modeling by itself did not increase prosocial behavior;[10][11] however, modeling is much more effective than instruction giving (such as "preaching").[12][13] The role of rewards has been implicated in the building of self-control[14] and empathy.[15][16][17] Cooperation seems particularly susceptible to rewards.[18][19][20][21] Sharing is another prosocial behavior influenced by reinforcement.[22][23] Reinforcement is particularly effective at least early in the learning series if context conditions are similar.[24] Evidence exists to show some generalization.[25] Recent research indicates that behavioral interventions produce the most valuable results when applied during early childhood and early adolescence."[26] More controversial has been the role of punishment in forming prosocial behavior. One study found that donation rates of children could be increased by punishing episodes of failure to donate.[27] The socialization process continues by peers with reinforcement and punishment playing major roles. Peers are more likely to punish cross-gender play and reinforce play specific to gender

Significance
The purpose of self-management of a child's behavior is to increase a positive behavior or decrease a problem behavior by teaching the child how to take responsibility for his

actions. According to Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, techniques for selfmanagement of behavior teach the student to be the agent of change instead of being overdependent on a teacher or other adult to approve or correct his behavior.

Applications
Techniques for self-management are most useful to individual students to help improve classroom behaviors such as focusing on educational tasks, according to Special Connections. Sevier County Special Education in Tennessee suggests that techniques for self-management can help a student function independently and mind his own behavior when a teacher or other adult is absent.

Types
Self-management of behavior involves internal and external strategies that aid a student in shaping a certain behavior, according to Special Connections, a website for educators. Selfinstruction involves a student verbally telling himself to perform a certain behavior. Selfmonitoring is a student's conscious mental effort to be aware of his behavior. Selfevaluation involves a student comparing his performance against a set of criteria such as his goals for self-management. Self-reinforcement is a student rewarding himself for a desired behavior or punishing himself for failing to achieve a desired behavior. Both selfmonitoring and self-evaluation can include the practice of self-graphing, in which a student creates a visual representation of his performance in the form of a bar graph or line graph.

Benefits
Allowing the child to be the control agent allows the teacher to focus on teaching instead of focusing on controlling the behavior of the student. Techniques for self-management give students and teachers a positive way to deal with punishment and thus reinforce behavioral management techniques that are educational and empowering, according to Special Connections.

Potential
Techniques for self-management can apply to students of varying ability and varying age, according to Lehigh University. Self-management techniques can help a student improve his interaction with his peers, improve his academic performance and reduce his problem behaviors, while increasing the likelihood of appropriate behaviors.