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AppNote 411
Application Note 411
Title:
RFID Made Easy
Product Family: RFID
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 EM Microelectronic transponder systems.................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Future trends in transponder systems ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Frequency spectrum.................................................................................................................................................. 3
2 System principles ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 System setup............................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Electromagnetic field theory ...................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Magnetic field and inductivity..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Transformer principles and magnetic coupling .......................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Quality factor, phase shift and bandwidth.................................................................................................................. 8
3 Antenna design............................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 General resonant circuit parameters ....................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Antenna parameters ................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Antenna fine tuning.................................................................................................................................................. 12
4 Data Coding/Encoding.................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Non-return to Zero Modulation (NRZ)...................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Return to Zero Modulation (RZ)............................................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Manchester Coding ................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.3.1 Differential Manchester Coding ................................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Biphase Coding ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.4.1 Differential Biphase Coding ......................................................................................................................... 15
4.5 Miller Coding ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.6 Phase Shift Keying .................................................................................................................................................. 16
5 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
7 Appendix......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Institutes .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
7.2 Trade fairs: .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
7.3 Copper Wire List...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Transponder Circuits
EM4100
• Operating frequency 100 - 150 kHz
• 64 bit memory array laser programmed
• Manchester, Bi-Phase or PSK modulation
• On chip resonance capacitor 75pF
• Optional Data Rate
EM4006
• Operating frequency 13.56MHz
Figure 1: Transponders packed as disks • 64+16 CRC bit laser memory array
• Miller encoding
• 94.5 pF ± 2% on chip Resonant Capacitor
• Optional Data Rate
EM4022
• Supertag™ anticollision protocol
• Frequency independent
• 64 bit laser memory array
EM4095 λ [m]
• PLL which adapts carrier frequency to antenna 3 ... 300 108 ... 106 extremely low freq. ELF
resonant frequency 300 ... 3k 106 ... 105 ultra low frequency ULF
• No external quartz required 3k ... 30k 105 ... 104 very low frequency VLF
• 100kHz to 150kHz carrier frequency range 30k ... 300k 104 ... 103 low frequency LF
• Data transmission performed by Amplitude 300k ... 3M 103 ... 102 medium frequency MF
Modulation
3M ... 30M 102 ... 101 high frequency HF
• Multiple transponder protocol compatibility
(EM400X, EM4050, EM4069 etc.) 30M ... 300M 101 ... 100 very high frequency VHF
• Sleep mode 1µA 300M ... 3G 100 ... 10-1 ultra high frequency UHF
• Antenna short circuit detection 3G ... 30G 10-1 ... 10-2 super high frequency SHF
30G ... 3000G 10-2 ... 10-4 extremely high freq. EHF
1)
see also FCC PART 15: RADIO FREQUENCY
DEVICES [A4].
read
write
uC
energy
reception
RLT
CR
IR
transceiver transponder
H(r) I=1A,
N=1,
λ
rx ≤ [ m] (1)
x=0.1m
2π 2.0
1.5
H [A/m]
represents the physical limit of the working range, while
1.0
the wavelength is
0.5
c 0.0
λ= [m] (2)
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.2
0.4
0
f
radius r [m]
5
4
3
x 2
1
0
Figure 6: A short cylindric coil
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
distance x [m]
2
IR N r A
H R ( x) = R R
[ ] (3)
( 2
2r +x
R )
2 3/ 2 m Figure 8: Normalised H(x) with three different
reader antenna diameters
rR ≅ 2 ⋅ x [ m] (4)
µ ⋅ I R N R rR2 Vs r0
BR ( x) = µ ⋅ H = [ = T] (5) << 0.7 (9)
(
2r +x2
R )
2 3/ 2 m2 2r
Knowing that the magnetic flux is Where µr represents the permeability of the
ferromagnetic material, which is a 2'000 and more,
depending on the material.
L⋅I As shown above, the antenna inductivity can be
Φ= = B⋅ A [Vs ] (6)
evaluated with practical formulas. As they are empirical,
N they will only give you an approximate value, which
means, that you have to measure the antenna and adjust
We aim to isolate the inductivity L. For most RFID the value.
applications a circular reader coil will be used and
therefore the simple formula, where the factor 1.9 in
2.4 Transformer principles and magnetic coupling
formula (7) is given by experience [B2]:
This chapter aims to calculate the coupling factor k of an
RFID system. The coupling factor is a major key to a
r0 proper working RFID application.
As we saw before, RFID applications with passive
2r transponders are used in close coupling (proximity field)
mode. Therefore the transformer theory will help to
calculate the necessary parameters.
M
I1 R1 R2 I2
ærö Vs
L = µ 0 ⋅ N 1.9 ⋅ r ⋅ lnçç [ = H] (7) V1 V2
L1 L2
è r0 A
r0
<< 0.7 (8)
2r Figure 9: Transformer model
V 2 = I 2 ( R 2 + j ωL 2 ) + I 1 j ωM [V ] (12)
Vs
µ 0 = 4 ⋅ π ⋅ 10 −7 [ ] (9)
Am M is the mutual inductivity of the transformer and k
represents the magnetic coupling factor.
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.24
0.28
0
distance x [m]
θ
3dB
∆f f
40.00
2 ⋅ π ⋅ f 0 ⋅ LR (17)
QR = [1] 20.00
R LR
ϕ=[°]
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
Furthermore the resonance voltage at the coil is:
-60.00
119
120
121
123
124
125
126
128
129
130
131
fT [kHz]
2 ⋅ VDD (18)
VL R = Q⋅ [V ]
π Figure 13: Phase shift ϕ between two resonant
circuits
For this reason we can measure 50V ... 100V at the
reader antenna, depending on what quality factor Q and
If ϕ becomes 90° the transmitted transponder signal is
supply voltage VDD we choose.
being cancelled. No signal can be detected therefore. To
avoid such effects, precise components, especially
The following step will be, to optimise the transmission capacitors should be used. Furthermore the quality factor
parameters of the „transformer system“. To design the as Q should be held as low as possible, as you can see in
big as necessary, not as possible, we proceed as (20).
followed:
Finally, we want to have a look at the reception
bandwidth of the reader [B5].
(19) The transponder mostly receives its commands by a AM
LT
VL T = V L R ⋅ QT ⋅ k ⋅ ⋅ cos(ϕ ) [V ] signal generated by the reader. Often, the modulation
LR index of the AM is 1 or 100%. Considering a
communication data rate of 2kbit/s generates the typical
sidebands of 125kHz ± 2kHz.
The minimum voltage VT desired by the transponder can The selection of an appropriate quality factor, as
be found in the datasheet of the chosen transponder. But discussed before in this chapter and the limitation of the
it is usually limited by clamping diodes to a value of communication bandwidth can be visualised in the
VTmax= 18Vpp. following figure.
Now as we have two independent resonant circuits,
running as a series resonance (reader) and a parallel
Induced Antenna Voltage VLR
resonance (transponder) it can occur, that they are not VDD=5V
exactly tuned to the desired frequency. Reasons may 90
mostly be: f0
80
70
f0-fMod f0+fMod
60
• Temperature effects and
VLR [V]
50
• Component (L, R, C) tolerances. 40 QL=25
30
QL=15
To imagine the influence of some percents of drift the 20
following formula was visualised [B2]: 10
0
100000
105000
110000
115000
120000
125000
130000
135000
140000
145000
150000
155000
160000
80000
85000
90000
95000
é 1 ù 180 (20)
ϕ = − êarctan QR ⋅ (Ω − ) ⋅ [°]
ë Ω π f [Hz]
ω T ⋅ LT 2π ⋅ 125kHz ⋅ 9.5mH
QT = = = 15.54
RT 480Ω
CP
YP = = ω P ⋅ CP [S ] (27) 3.2 Antenna parameters
LP Supposing the mechanical dimensions for the reader
antenna in an application are given. The required B-field
YP CP from Example 3-1 can be taken for that specific
1
QP = = ⋅ [1] transponder. There are two parameters of interest,
GP GP LP (28) depending on the application requirements, either the
current IR or the distance x.
Combining (5) and (30) result in:
(31)
While QS is the multiplying factor for the generator
voltage, QP is the factor for the current. I R ( x) =
2 Bmin ⋅ rR2 + x 2( ) 3/ 2
[ A]
Here we remember (14), (18) and combining them with µ 0 ⋅ N R ⋅ rR2
(28), hence we get the induced voltage at the
transponder coil:
(32)
2/3
(29) æ I ⋅ µ ⋅ N R ⋅ rR2 ö
VT = QT ⋅ N T ⋅ B ⋅ AT ⋅ ω T ⋅ cos(θ ) [V ] x( I R ) = çç R 0 −r 2
R [ m]
è 2 Bmin
ç ç 0.1 ⋅ 10 −3 ÷ Having built the RFID reader, you will have to tune the
è è
system due to component tolerances, temperature
effects etc. A very efficient way to tune the resonance
circuit, even while the system is running is, by displaying
We take NR=53. the resonance voltage on a simple oscilloscope. As
shown in the following figure, resonance is reached, if the
leap on the sinewave is exactly at the
maximum/minimum. The lower trace shows VDrv, the
2 ⋅ QR ⋅ VDD 2 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 5V output stage of the reader:
VL R = = = 47.7V
π π
VLR
VT LR (33) VDrv
k ( x) = ⋅ [1]
VR LT
t
As the coupling factor We consider both resonance Figure 17: Tuning the resonance circuit
circuits tuned to the exact frequency, then the signal
phase between both circuits will be ϕ=0 and the voltage
at the transponder according to (33) and taking k=0.1: The tuning can be done by either changing the capacitor
or the inductivity.
Another possibility of circuit tuning offers a comfortable
spectrum analyser. Thus, there is no need to tune the
4 9.5mH system while its running. It suits well for series production
VT = 5V ⋅ ⋅ 15 ⋅ 0.1 ⋅ = 46.6V
π 400 µH tests.
Receiver (Reader)
Receiver is responsible for ‘decoding’ i.e. separating
clocks and data from the incoming embedded
datastream.
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Low level = 0V
High level = +V
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Low level = 0V
High level = +V during the first half of the bit and 0 during
the second half.
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
V+
0+
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
V+
V-
0 1 1 0
mod off
mod on
V+
V-
0 1 1
1)
by Von Roll-Isola Cable and Wire, Breitenbach, Switzerland.
2)
diameters in bold face meet CEI 182-1 recommendation.
EM Microelectronic-Marin SA cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry described other than circuitry
entirely embodied in an EM Microelectronic-Marin SA product. EM Microelectronic-Marin SA reserves the right to
change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. You are strongly urged to ensure that the
information given has not been superseded by a more up-to-date version.