Chapter 10 Notes Renaissance and Discovery9/4/2012 8:48:00 AM

Rebirth; transition from medieval to modern times Medieval Europe Fragmented, feudal society Agricultural economy Church-dominated thought; culture

Renaissance Europe (post 14th c) Political centralization, nation feelings Urban, commercial-capitalist economy Growing lay/secular control of thought & culture. Why in Italy at this Time? Revival od Commerce and Town building was more intense in Italy Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy Two competing lords for control of Italy were losing influence Presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe.

The Italian Renaissance (1375-1527) Beginning: deaths of Petrarch (father of humanism) & Boccaccio End: sack of Rome by Spanish imperial soldiers, 1527 Spread of "civic humanism" (humanism +civic reform) through northern Europe Italian city-states: Milan, Florence, and Venice. Papal States, Naples prosperous urban centers of trade &commerce. The Italian City-State Left to develop by endemic warfare between popes and Holy Roman emperors. Characterized by intense social strife and competition for political power. Social classes: old rich, new rich, small business owners, poor. Cosimo de Medici Florentine banker and statesman. Despots hired by many city-states to keep order, usually with mercenary armies obtained through military brokers call condottieri. Art & culture flourished nonetheless, because of the profusion of wealth.

Humanism

The scholarly study of Greek and Latin classics and the ancient Church Fathers, in hopes of reviving worthy ancient values. Advocated studia humanitatis: liberal arts study (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, philosophy)to celebrate the dignity of humankind and prepare for life of virtuous action.

Italian humanists searched out manuscript collections, making columns of Greek and Latin learning available to scholars.

Revival of Greek Studies Educational reforms guided by deals of useful education and becoming a well-rounded person. Florentine "Academy" -- not a formal school, but gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to reviving Plato and Neo-Platonists. Platonism: flattering view of human reason as part of the ideal (eternal) world, versus the real (perishable) world; human freedom. Humanist critical scholarship: Lorenzo Valla exposes Donation of Constantine as forgery. Renaissance Art Embraced natural world and human emotion Works characterized by rational order, symmetry, proportionality, addition of linear perspective (3d look). Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): LIVED RENAISSANCE IDEAL Of universal person: painter, advisor to kings, engineer, physiologist, botanist, etc.: Mona Lisa Raphael (1483-1520): large Vatican fresco: The School of Athens. Michelangelo (1457-1564): 18-foot sculpture of David; Sistine Chapel frescoes 10,000 sq. ft., 343 figures, 4 years to complete. The French Invasions The French king Charles VIII storms through Italy when incited by ruler of Milan in hopes of weakening Naples; later driven back out. Pope Alexander VI: corrupt member of Borgia family, children Ceasare and Lucreizia Louis XII: allies with Alexander and takes Milan and part of Naples. Pope Julius II: warrior pope drives French out again.

Francis I: third French invasion Leads to Italian political decline and Habsburg-Valois (Spanish-French) wars of first half 16th c., all French losses.

Niccolo Machivaelli Convinced by chaos of foreign invasions that Italian political unity &independence were ends justifying any means; concluded only a strongman could impose order on a divided &selfish people (Italians) Admirer of Roman rulers and citizens. Virt: ability to act heroically and decisively for the food of ones country. The Prince: recommends temporary use of fraud and brutality to achieve Italian unity; hoped for strong ruler from the Medici family. Renaissance Art and Architecture The proliferation of portraiture and its significance. The depiction of nudes Nudity in medieval art. Imitation od nature was a primary goal. Pagan scenes and myths were popular subjects with no apologies to the Church. Birth of Venus: not other worldly. Proportion and perspective. Leonardo Da Vinci

The Northern Renaissance Northern humanist: more interested than Italians in religious and educating laity. Printing Press with movable type: Johannes Gutenberg, Mainz, mid-15th c. o o o Precursors: rise of schools and literacy (demand for books); invention of cheap paper. By 1500, printing presses running in more than 200 cities in Europe. Rulers in church and state now had to deal with more educated, critical public; also powerful tool of religious/political propaganda.

Humanism and Reform Catholic humanist reformers pave the way for Protestantism o o o o Desiderius Erasmus: most famous northern humanist; Catholic educational and religious reformer. Germany: Reuchlin controversy humanists defend Christian scholar of Judaism on grounds of academic freedom. France: Guillaume Bide, Jacques Lefevre Spain: humanism in service of Catholic Church; Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros: Grand Inquisitor, founder of University of Alcala, biblical scholar. Spread of Humanism Thomas More o o o o o o o o Utopia Executed by Henry VIII in 1535 Globe Theatre Shakespeare return to classical subjects and genres/ His history plays were the most popular at the time. Macbeths: ambition Hamlet: individualism Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words.

William Shakespeare

Exploration and Empire Portuguese: exploration of African cost, leading to sea route around Africa to Asian spice markets African slave trade o o o Bartholomew Dias: rounded Cape of Good Hope Vasco de Gama: reached India Prince Henry the Navigator, founded navigation school.

Columbus, 1492: thought Cuba was Japan and South America was China. Amerigo Vespucci, 1497: explored South American coastline. Ferdinand Magellan (d. 1521), 1519-1522: first circumnavigation.

Consequences: 330+ years of overseas Spanish empire; Europes largest and longest-lived trading bloc; biological impact of exchanging plant and animal species diseases; Native American devastation.

Spanish Empire in the New World The Aztecs of Mexico group of Native Americans who ruled all of central Mexico. o o Believed in human sacrifice. Hernan Cortes: Spanish conqueror of the Aztecs at first attempted to make peace with the Aztecs, then was defeated by the Aztecs and then essentially turned around and conquered them. o Aztec leader Montezuma was killed. The Incas of Peru large Native American empire in Western South America conquered by Francisco Pizarro who executed their leader Atahualpa later the Europeans spread horrible diseases to the Native Americans. The Church on Spanish America The conquerors wanted to convert the captured native people to Christianity and to accept European culture. Some religious leader felt that natives were being treated poorly, such as Bartolome de Las Casas. Despite the opposition, the Roman Catholic Church becomes one of the most powerful conservative forces in Latin America. Latin America Exploitation Mining -0 the Spanish conquistadores or conquerors mind gold and silver with forced labor. Agriculture on haciendas, large estates owned by the peninsulares (people born in Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish decent born in America) used forced labor for mining, farming, and ranching. Plantations in the West Indies used slaves to get sugar. Economic activity in government offices, the legal profession, and shipping. Labor servitude in order of appearance: o o Ecomienda a formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians. Repartuminto - required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.

o o

Debt Peonage Indian laborers required to purchase foods from the landowner to who they were forever indebted. Black slavery.

How to Write the AP European DBQ

\A 22.55 of the score. 1. Thesis 2. Majority of Documents 3. Understand the majority 4. Support thesis 5. Analyzes POV 6. Three Groups 7.

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Chapter 11 - Swiss and English Reformation

The Swiss Reformation Ulrich Zwingli o o

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Humanistic ally educated, he credited Erasmus as setting him o te path to reform. By 1518, he was known for his opposition to the sale of indulgences and religious superstition.

In 1519, Zwingli became the peoples priest in Zurich. o o o Ended priestly celibacy. March 1522, broke the Lenten fast. Preached the authority of scripture alone.

Through a Protestant, he had significant theological differences with Luther, which prevented an alliance with the German Protestants.

Anabaptist and Radical Protestants Conrad Grebel and the Swiss Brotherhood o o Refused to baptize children, believing that only a consenting adult can accept Christ. Physically separated themselves from secular society.

The Anabaptist Reign in Munster o o Dutch emigrants led an Anabaptist takeover in 1534-1535. The features of the regime included charismatic leaders and polygamy.

Other radical groups o o Spiritualist rejected institutional religion. Antitrinitarians.

John Calvin Born in France and educated by the Church; in May 1534, he joined the Reformation. Political revolt and religious reform in Geneva o o Calvinism Started in Switzerland Puritans (England), Presbyterians, Dutch Reform, Huguenots (France), Reform Church (Germany). Calvins Geneva Calvins Church was organized into four offices: o o o Pastors Teachers to instruct the populace Elders, laypeople chosen by the council. In the late 1520s, Gene vans revolted, and in the 127 the city council took power. May 21, 1536 Geneva officially adopted the Reformation.

June 1536, Calvin arrived in Geneva became religious ruler.

Deacons to dispense church goods and services to the poor.

Predestination, the doctrine that only a chose few are saved by Gods grace alone, without regard to acts or faith, was central.

Diet of Augsburg Expansion Throughout the 1530s, German Lutherans formed regional consistories, judicial bodies which oversaw the Protestant Churches. The Reformation spread to Denmark and Sweden, and made inroads in Poland. In the 1540s, Charles V went after the Protestants. o Crushed the League. In 1530, Charles V presided over this meeting of Protestants and Catholics o The emperor ordered all Protestants to return to Catholicism.

The Schmalkaldic League formed to defend Lutheran interest, between Saxony and Hesse.

Peace of Augsburg The reformation was too entrenched by the 1547 to be ended. o o The puppet ruler of Saxony became a Lutheran. The emperor was forced to relent.

In September 1555, the Peace of Augsburg made the division of Christendom permanent, through treaty between Chuck V and Schmaldos. o o The ruler of land determines its religion. Lutherans were permitted to retain church lands confiscated before 1552.

The English Reformation England was a likely breeding ground for Protestantism, but its advance was slow. o Henry VIII Initially supported the pope against Luther. Henrys first wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not provide him a son. He wanted an annulment in order to marry Anne Boleyn, which was not granted. It was suggested that he declare himself supreme in English spiritual affairs, which would solve his problems. Reformation Parliament In 1529, Parliament convened for what would be a seven year session. o o Broke with the Church. The Act of Supremacy declared Henry the only supreme head od the Church of England. o Kept most things the same. England has a reputation for maintaining the authority of the crown against the pope.

Edward VI When henry died, the 10 year old son, Edward VI, took obvert the throne. o o Ruled under several regencies. Enacted a series of reforms, bringing the Church of England more in line with Protestant England. In 1553, Edward died, leaving his Catholic half sister Mary as queen.

The Counter Reformation Even before the Reformation, Catholics had begun to make efforts at reforms, but they were squashed. Once the Reformation set in , new religious order had begun to form. o o THeatines to groom church leaders The monastic Capuchins

The Jesuits were the most successful of the reform movements. o Founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 1530s.

Council of Trent The success of the Reformation forced the Church to call general council in order to reassert doctrine. Council under pope control. o o Bishops needed to preach regularly and spend time in their dioceses. Priests were required to be neatly dressed, educated and strictly celibate.

No doctrinal concessions were made to the Protestants. o They reaffirmed many key doctrines:
th

The role of goods works The authority of tradition Indulgences.

Religious Life in 15 Century Cities The clergy were ubiquitous Daily life was regulated by the calendar, with frequent fasts and festivals. Monasteries and nunneries were influential institutions. Even many Catholic clergy had concubines and children, and were often resented by the lay people. Post Reformation

Education

There were far fewer clergy The number of holidays shrunk Cloisters had nearly disappeared.

The Reformation had a profound effect on education. Humanism still played a role.

Role of Women Protestant Marriage was viewed as a partnership between man and wife.

o Women had the right to divorce and remarry, just as men did. o However, wives remained subject to their husbands.
Family Life

Literature

People lived longer, married later. Most marriages were arranged. Two parents and two to four children.

The reformation did not only bring about cultural and changes. There were also innovation in literature.

o Miguel De Cerbanted Saabedra was a Spanish writer.

Don Quixote.

o William Shakespeare, English Playwright.

Chapter 12 King Phil vs. Queen Bess

Philip II

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of Spain Most powerful man in Europe Very wealthy Increased population widens economic gap between the wealthy and the peasants. Makes the Castilian peasants the most heavily taxes people in Europe. Ran an efficient bureaucracy and military. Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean Sea against Turkey leads to the deaths of 30,000 Turks and Spanish control of the sea.

Suppresses resistance in Portugal. Revolt in the Netherlands Cardinal Greenville leader of the council in the Netherlands who wanted to check Protestant gains by church reform William of Orange placing political autonomy above religious creeds led revolt against Greenville and had him removed from office. The Compromise, a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (brother of Orange) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Revolt by the Protestants, after they were called beggars by Regent Margaret, is violently put down by Philip IIs Duke of Alba, who executes thousands of suspected heretics. o England had a long standing commercial ties with Flanders. o Spain was trying to reassert its control over the entire area. o France hoped to profit from the rebellion at Spains expense. Independence for the Netherlands William of Orange comes our of exile in German and leads the independence movement of the Netherlands against Spain o Orange rakes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories. o Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesters Spanish Fury Spanish mercenaries leave 7000 people dead on November 4, 1576 the Netherlands versus Spanish under the Pacification of Ghent. Spain sigs humiliating Perceptual Edict calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands.

Independence for the Netherlands Southern provinces afraid of Protestant domination make peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country. William of Orange is assassinated and replace by his son Maurice, who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain. Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes full independence of Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. Mary I of England Very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee the continent). Marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Phillip II of Spain. Elizabeth I of England Settled religious differences by merging broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican Church. All anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563, making moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of England. Animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas. Catholic and Protestant Extremists Radical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Puritans Protestants who wanted to purify the church of any popery had two grievances about Elizabeth o The retention of Catholic cerement in the Church of England o The continuation of the Episcopal system of church of governance Presbyterians o Puritans creation of an alternative nation church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries. More extreme Puritans, Congregationalist wanted every congregation to be autonomous. Mary, Queen of Scots

 Spanish

Catholic ruler of Scotland who later is forced to abdicate the throne and flee to England and her cousin Elizabeth I. Elizabeth, who had Mar under house arrest for the dear of a Catholic England uprising, uncovers two plots against her life. Mart is compliant with the assassination attempts and is executed by Elizabeth. Ending all Catholic hopes of bloodless reconciliation with Protestant England and leads to the invasion of the Spanish Armada. Armada Sir Francis Drake of England shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal, delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada. A huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000 sailors crushed by the swifter defending British navy (a/3 ]of the Armada never returned to Spain). Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and Spain is never again a world power.