ISSN 2231-3419

Volume 2, No. 1, January-March 2012

Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy

Special Issue on Photovoltaic : Materials and Devices

Available at : www.invertisuniversity.ac.in

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ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. Amitava Majumdar Moser Baer India 66 Udyog Vihar, G B Nagar Greater Noida - 201 306, India Prof. Avinashi Kapoor University of Delhi, South Campus New Delhi - 110 021, India Dr. Bharat Bhargava Director, Solar Photovoltaic Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Block-14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi-110 003, India Prof. Bhaskar Bhattacharya Director School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University Greater Noida- 201 306, India Dr. Chandra Prakash Additional Director Defence Res & Dev Organisation (DRDO) DRDO Bhawan, Rajaji Marg New Delhi-110 105, India Prof. C A N Fernando Department of Electronics Wayamba University of Sri Lanka Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka Prof. P.J. George Kurukshetra Institute of Technology and Management Pehwa Road, Bhorasida Kurukshetra - 136 119, India Prof. R.C. Maheshwari Advisor Hindustan College of Science & Technology Agra, U.P.-211 011, India Prof. Mahi R. Singh Director of Centre for Chemical Physics The University of Western Ontario Canada Prof. Naresh Padha Department of Physics & Electronics University of Jammu Jammu - 180 006, India Prof. Nawal Kishore Guru Jambheshwar University Hisar - 125 001, India Dr. B.S. Panwar C A R E, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi - 110 016, India Prof. G.D. Sharma Physics Department JNV University Jodhpur - 342 005, India Dr. R.K. Sharma Solid State Physics Laboratory Lucknow Road, Timarpur Delhi - 110 054, India Prof. Shyam Singh Chauhan Director Aryavart Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow - 226 021, India Prof. Udai P. Singh School of Electronics Engineering KIIT University Campus-3 Patia, Bhubaneswar-751024, India Prof. Z.H. Zaidi Chief Editor Invertis Journal of Science & Technology New Delhi - 110 060, India

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INVERTIS JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Volume 2 PATRON Umesh Gautam January-March-2012 CONTENTS No. 1

CHIEF EDITOR R.M. Mehra

Renewable Energy in India : Scope and Future Prospects Devendra Doda, Ankit Kumar Sharma and Anuj Pal Singh Modelling of Trap Assisted Diffusion in Mesoporous Films for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Divya J yoti, Devendra Mohan, Rakesh Dhar and Purnima

GUEST EDITOR G.D. Sharma

Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Oxalic Acid Doped Polyaniline as Hole Transporter P. Balraju, G.D. Sharma and Rajanish Kuruchania Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Sensitized Using a Perylene Monoimide Derivative Rajnish Kurchania, Manjeet Singh and G. D. Sharma Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Based on Natural Dyes Lakshya Daukiya, Supratik Dasgupta, Narottam Prasad, A.K. Gautam, Manish Kumar and M.S. Roy Effect of Surface Treatment on the Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Manmeeta, Dhiraj Saxena , G.D. Sharma and M.S. Roy Comparison of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Thin Films via Sol-Gel Route for Their Use in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Divya J yoti, Devendra Mohan, Rakesh Dhar and Amrik Singh Synthesis of Core/ Shell CdSE/ CdS Quantum Dots Using New Sol Gel Route Vijay Kumar and Y.C. Goswami

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EDITORS

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Ravi P. Singh Regional Director (Sr.) IGNOU New Delhi-110068

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Dr. Narender Singh Chairman WCTM

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ASSISTANT EDITOR Mona Chhabra

Owned, Published and Printed by Sanjeev Gautam, 60/10, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110 060 Printed at Alpha Printers, BG-2/38C, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi- 110 063. Ph. : 9811848335. Chief Editor : Prof. R.M. Mehra, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida 201 306. E-mail : rmmehra2003@yahoo.com

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Synthesis and Characterization of CdTe/ HgTe/ CdTe Nanoparticles D. K. Dwivedi, Mukesh Mishra, H.P. Pathak and Nitesh Shukla Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on P3HT: Modified PCBM Blend S.S. Sharma, J Mikroyannidis and G.D. Sharma .A. Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT-PEG 0-3 Composites Prepared by Hot Press Method Dhiraj Saxena, RampraTap Prajapat and Manmeeta Solar PV-Inverter Technology Devendra Doda, Ankit Kumar Sharma and Anuj Pal Singh

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Invertis J ournal of Renewable Energy, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 ; p. iii

Preface
The remarkable growth in the energy production, the concern on global warming, climate change and environmental pollution have brought to fore the need to accelerate the renewable energy options particularly S olar Energy. S ince the turn of millennium, the advances made in the fields are many and continue to increase at a rapid pace. The technology based on solar energy is ripe for the large scale production. In developed countries it has been driven by mass awareness and passing tough environment laws. In fast developing counties such as India, the overriding consideration has been essential need for power as it is inseparably associated with the economic growth and poverty alleviation.There are several facets of S olar Energy S cience and Engineering that needs critical study. First we need to asses the methodology available for the adaptation of the technology. S econdly, it is important to examine the current state of the materials and technology to resolve the obstacles to progress and to perhaps initiative further study to provide improvements in the key areas. This will be aimed at increasing efficiency of utilization so that the technology becomes cost effective. Renewable Energy R & D provides the pathways for solutions with a steady flow of technological advances in this field. New materials and concepts are emerging that demonstrates the importance of renewable energy as new source for power for future. It is a matter of pride for me that Invertis J ournal of Renewable Energy is publishing a special issue on the Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for Renewable Energy Conversion and S torage Devices. On the behalf of J aipur Engineering College, Kukas, J aipur and Guest Editor, I express my sincere thanks to the contributors for this issue of journal and wish that IJ becomes a platform for the new RE young scientists and engineering. This special issue contains selected articles in the area of photovoltaic presented in the two conferences i) Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Devices (ANNRECSD-12) from 1-3 March 2012, J aipur and ii) Indo-J apan Conference on Frontier Nanomaterials for Energy (FNE-2012) from 9-11 J anuary 2012, Greater Noida, U.P .

Prof. G.D. Sharma Guest Editor Director, J aipur Engineering College Kukas, J aipur Prof. R.M. Mehra Editor Sharda University Greater Noida, U.P .

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Invertis J ournal of Renewable Energy, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 ; p. iv

Prof . G. D. Sharma did his Ph.D. f r om I ndian I nst it ut e of

Technology, Delhi in 1985 on Elect r onicmat er ials of elect r onics and opt oelect r onics devices. I n t he same year he had j oined Assist ant Pr of essor at J NV Univer sit y, J odhpur and pr omot ed as Pr of essor in 2004. He wor ked as PDF in St at e univer sit y of New J er sey, USA f or 2 year and six mont hs dur ing 1990-1992 under t he BOYCAST Fellowship awar ded by Depar t ment of Science and Technology, Govt of I ndia. His ar ea of r esear ch int er est is conj ugat ed polymer s and small molecules f or solar cell applicat ions and dye sensit ized solar cells based on met al f r ee dyes. He has super vised 14 Ph.D. st udent s and about mor e t han 40 M. Sc. st udent s. He has published mor e t han 120 r esear ch paper s in I nt er nat ional j our nal wit h high impact f act or . He has t r aveled USA, Eur ope, Singapor e, Egypt and deliver ed many lect ur es. He has r esear ch collabor at ion wit h Gr eece, J apan and Singapor e and now wit h Benha Univer sit y, Egypt . He has complet ed many r esear ch pr oj ect s of DST, DRDO, CSI R, Govt of I ndia. He is in t he r eviewer commit t ee of t he pr oj ect evaluat ion of DST, Govt of I ndia. He is t he r eviewer s of many int er nat ional j our nals.

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Renewable Energy in India : Scope and Future Prospects

Devendra Doda*, Ankit Kumar Sharma And Anuj Pal Singh Department of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur National University Jagatpura - 302025 Jaipur (Rajasthan) *E-mail: devendra.doda@gmail.com

Abstract In this modern era electricity plays a vital role for the country, for industries, for a common man, everything works on electricity, imagine a life without electricity, it is not that easy, life without electricity that would directly take you to the stone age. The Abstract of this paper says that the energy is being used drastically in the world and is mainly produced by using fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, gas, nuclear fuels etc. which are very good but causes pollution and are getting extinct day by day as they take millions of years to get ready. Thus it is very important to switch over to some other sources. Renewable sources of energy are the sources, which will last indefinitely viz. solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass and many morewhich will help us to save the fossil fuels for our future generation and save the environmental pollution. This paper tells the various types of renewable resources of energy, how are thy used and the statistics showing the present usage of the resources and the production.

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Modelling of Trap Assisted Diffusion in Mesoporous Films for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells DIVYA JYOTI*, DEVENDRA MOHAN, RAKESH DHAR and PURNIMA Department of Applied Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar-125001, Haryana, India *E-mail: divyabathla17 @gmail.com

Abstract The Analytical expressions describing electron transport in dye sensitized solar cells are studied. An exponential distribution of trap states can account for observed power law dependence of the electron transport rate on the electron population. By means of coupling of diffusion model with multiple trapping model, a detailed analysis of TiO2 dyesensitized solar cells has been performed. Both concentrations of electrons in conduction band and in traps have non monotonic behavior at low porosity values but with high porosity both of these values first rise and then fall. However, thicker electrodes have higher population in both conduction band and trap states. Key words : Trapping, recombination, conduction band.

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Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Oxalic Acid Doped Polyaniline as Hole Transporter P. BALRAJU1, G.D. SHARMA2* and RAJANISH KURUCHANIA3 1Department of Physics, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai-600 066 (Tamil Nadu) 2Jaipur Engineering College, SP-43, RIICO Industrial Area, Kukas, Jaipur (Rajasthan) 3Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462 051 (MP) *E-mail: sharmagd_in@yahoo.com-

Abstract We have fabricated a solid state dye sensitized solar cell using a oxalic acid doped polyaniline as hole transporter and rose bengal as photosensitizer. We have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 2.16%, with a open circuit voltage of 0.43 V and short circuit photocurrent of 1.05 mA/cm2. Key words : Solar cell, TiO2, polyaniline, efficiency.

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Sensitized Using a Perylene Monoimide Derivative

RAJNISH KURCHANIA1, MANJEET SINGH1 and G. D. SHARMA2* 1Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT) Bhopal-462051 (MP) India 2Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India *E-mail: sharmagd_in@yahoo.com

Abstract The effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on the performance of liquid electrolyte dye sensitized solar cells sensitised using a perylene monoimide (PCA) derivative has been investigated. The currentvoltage characteristics under illumination and incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the DSSCs showed that the co-adsorption of DCA with the PCA dye resulted in a significant improvement in short circuit photocurrent. A slight increase in the open circuit photovoltage was observed leading to an improved overall power conversion efficiency. The enhancement of short circuit current was attributed to the increased electron injection efficiency from the excited state of the PCA into the conduction band of TiO2 and charge collection efficiency. The current-voltage characteristics in the dark indicated a positive shift in the conduction supporting the observed enhancement in the photocurrent. The co-adsorption with DCA suppressed charge recombination as indicated from the electrochemical impedance spectra and thus improved the open circuit photovoltage.

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Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Based on Natural Dyes

LAKSHYA DAUKIYA1, SUPRATIK DASGUPTA1, NAROTTAM PRASAD, A.K. GAUTAM, MANISH KUMAR and M.S. ROY 1Amity University, Greater Noida Expressway, Sector-125,Noida-201303 (UP) Radiation and Solar Devices Group Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur-342011 (Rajasthan) E-mail : saran1994@yahoo.com

Abstract Extract of NEEM bark consisting of Azadirachtin a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids family is used as sensitizer of nc-TiO2. In order to cover wider spectral absorption, cocktail of Neem and methylene blue is used. The charge transport mechanism was studied to understand the contribution of interface resistance to the performance of cell by recording frequency vs. phase angle (Bode plot) with the help of EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Key words : Dye-sensitized solar cell, sensitizer, impedance.

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Effect of Surface Treatment on the Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells MANMEETA 1*, DHIRAJ SAXENA2 , G.D. SHARMA3 and M.S. ROY4 1Faculty of Science, National Law University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) 2Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Jodhpur 3Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas, Jaipur 4Defense Laboratory, Jodhpur *E-mail: manmeetanlu@gmail.com

Abstract Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) based on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films has potential to be developed as low-cost environmentally friendly, large-area photovoltaic devices. Choice of electrodes, electrolytes, dye etc. are some of the important factors for the efficiency of these cells. One of such methods for improving performance of DSSC is TiCl4 post-treatment. This surface treatment by TiCl4 causes an improved electron transport and dye anchoring which results in efficiency increase for the solar cells. Here we report, the fabrication and characterization of quasi solid state DSSCs based on pre / post treated (with TiCl4) nanoporous TiO2 electrodes, dye as photosensitizer and PEDOT:PSS as counter electrode. In this study we have investigated the effect of TiCl4 post-treatment of nanocrystalline TiO2 films on the performance of solar cell. This surface treatment causes an increase in the surface area of the TiO2 layer through the deposition of additional TiO2 particles on the existing nanoporous layer which in turn increases the amount of adsorbed dye molecules. This increase in dye adsorption may be attributed to availability of more specific binding sites on the TiO2 surface upon TiCl4 treatment. Increased dye adsorption and enhanced dye loading being significant factors causes an increase in short circuit current . We have also carried out kelvin probe scanning to study the variation in surface potential and improved dye diffusion after chemical bath deposition of TiO2 from TiCl4. We have explained a shift in the conduction band edge of the TiO2 upon TiCl4 treatment. This shift in conduction band edge causes enhanced current resulting in improved charge injection into the TiO2. Impedance analysis was also carried out to understand the effects of TiCl4 post treatment.

Key words : TiCl4 post treatment, dye sensitized solar cell, dye diffusion.

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Comparison of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Thin Films via Sol-Gel Route for Their Use in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

DIVYA JYOTI1*, DEVENDRA MOHAN1, RAKESH DHAR1 and AMRIK SINGH2 1Department of Applied Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001 (Haryana) 2Department of Physics, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa (Haryana) *E-mail : divyabathla17 @gmail.com

Abstract This Study of electronic properties of TiO2 anatase and rutile thin films show that anatase has properties different from those of the well-known rutile phase. A larger effective Bohr radius of donor electrons is observed in anatase than in rutile, which in turn suggests a smaller electron effective mass in anatase. The smaller effective mass in anatase is consistent with the high mobility. Anatase thin films have a wider optical absorption gap than rutile thin films as confirmed by photoluminescence spectra. Key words : Resistivity, photoanode, photoluminescence.

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Synthesis of Core/Shell CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots Using New Sol Gel Route

VIJAY KUMAR and Y.C. GOSWAMI* Thin film Lab, ITM University, Sithouli, Gwalior-474001 (Madhya Pradesh) *E-mail: y_goswami@yahoo.com

Abstract The colloidal synthesis of QDs is well suited for the fabrication of engineered heterostructure nanoparticles such as CdSe/CdS (core/shell). By changing the shell thickness and core size, the emission of type-I QDs can be tuned easily and within a widerange. This paper describes the synthesis of coreshell CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) in non aqueous solution by new sol gel route. CdSe sol was prepared by cadmium acetate and selenium dioxide precursor at a Cd:Se concentration ratio of 1:1.complexing with Triethlioamine and heating the sol for up to 3 h at 70C. The sol is continuously stirred to transform it into the gel. Solution become orange in colour but gel is appeared after around 24 hours. For core shell preparation. Thiourea (0.05 mg) as a sulfur source was added separately to the asprepared CdSe QDs (50 mL) to maintain a constant S:Se molar ratio of 1. Upon increasing the temperature (80C), the size of the CdSe/CdS QDs increases. Colour Tunability is observed with increasing temperature. In this paper we describe the details of preparation techniques and its optical characterization. Key words : Nanoparticles, semiconductor, CdSe/CdS, Quantum dots.

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Synthesis and Characterization of CdTe/HgTe/CdTe Nanoparticles

D.K. DWIVEDI1*, MUKESH MISHRA2, H.P. PATHAK and NITESH SHUKLA 1Amorphous Semiconductor Research Laboratory Department of Physics, M.M.M. Engineering College Gorakhpur-273010 (UP) 2Department of Physics, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali-304022 (Rajsthan) *E-mail: dwivedidkphys@rediffmail.com

Abstract Optical characterizations of CdTe/HgTe/CdTe quantum-dot quantum-well (QDQW) nanoparticles synthesized by the colloidal method has been carried out. Strong exciton bands were observed in absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra taken for the CdTe/HgTe/CdTe QDQW nanoparticles. The energy difference between the exciton absorption and PL bands is larger than those obtained with CdTe and HgTe nanoparticles. Photocurrent-voltage curves and time-dependent photocurrent curves were obtained for the CdTe/HgTe/CdTe QDQW nanoparticles. It is observed that free holes in the HgTe quantum-well in the valance band, rather than free electrons, are the main contributors to the photocurrent. Key words : CdTe/HgTe/CdTe nanoparticles, quantum-dot quantum-well, photocurrent, optical properties.

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Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on P3HT: Modified PCBM Blend

S.S. SHARMA1*, J.A. MIKROYANNIDIS2 and G.D. SHARMA3 1Department of Science, National Law University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) 2Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Jodhpur-342003 3Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas, Jaipur (Rajasthan) 4Defense Laboratory, Jodhpur-342011 *E-mail: manmeetanlu@gmail.com

Abstract The most promising structure for organic solar cells is a bulk heterojunction of a p-type donor and an n-type acceptor. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are the most widely used donor and acceptor materials, respectively, in polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level of PCBM limits the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the organic solar cells based on P3HT. To increase Voc, two modified forms of PCBM, A and F have been previously synthesized and used as an electron acceptor. These are more soluble than PCBM in common organic solvents due to the increase of the organic moiety. The thin films of these show stronger absorption than PCBM in the range of 400-900 nm. The LUMO energy level of A and F are 0.15 eV and 0.25 eV higher than that of PCBM, respectively. The P3HT: A and P3HT: F show higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.88% and 4.23% respectively, while the PSC based on P3HT: PCBM shows a PCE of about 2.93% under the same conditions. The results indicate that the modified forms of PCBM, i.e., A and F, are excellent acceptors for PSCs based on bulk heterojunction active layers.

Key words : Polymer solar cells, poly (3-hexylthiophene), PCBM, open circuit voltage, power conversion efficiency.

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Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT-PEG 0-3 Composites Prepared by Hot Press Method

DHIRAJ SAXENA1*, RAMPRATAP PRAJAPAT2 and MANMEETA2 1Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Jodhpur-342003 (Rajasthan) 2Department of Science, National Law University, NH-65, Nagour Road, Mandore Jodhpur-342304 *E-mail : dhirajm_in@yahoo.com

Abstract Composites of polymer matrix mixed with ferroelectric ceramics have been well studied and their dielectric and piezoelectric properties are widely applied in various areas. These composites exploit functional properties of the ceramic and flexible mechanical properties of polymer. The polymer matrix usually serves to provide good protection of the ceramic phase while maintains the compliant mechanical property. These polymer ceramic composites are comparatively flexible and can be used to design large area vibration sensors by establishing intimate contact with the object to be detected. These composites are also significantly used in transducer applications. By imbedding piezoelectric ceramic powder into a polymer matrix, 0-3 composites with good mechanical properties and high dielectric breakdown strength can be developed. The electric and dielectric properties of these composites can be modified by mixing required amount of ceramic filler with polymer matrix. The obtained composites of 0-3 connectivity exhibit piezo properties of ceramics and flexibility, strength and lightness of polymers. Different ceramics and polymer matrices have been used in the past to optimize electromechanical coupling coefficient, pyroelectric and piezoelectric charge coefficient, relative permittivity and other effective coefficients for their applications such as transducers, sensors, actuators and ultrasonic antennae, etc. Here, we have developed PZT-PEG composites of 0-3 connectivity by hot press method with varying ceramic volume fraction from 0.1 to 0.6 using hot press method. These composites were poled by applying different poling voltages and different poling temperatures. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of these composites were recorded. Various dielectric parameters were measured with varying frequency from 100 HZ to 1 MHz and also with varying temperature. Dielectric constant and dissipation factor of these composites were also studied as the function of ceramic volume fraction at the frequency 100 KHz at room temperature. Obtained experimental results were analysed using Yamada model and were found in good agreement with theoretical fitting.

Key words : Ceramic volume fraction, dielectric characterization, polymer-ceramic composites, Yamada model and hot press method.

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Solar PV-Inverter Technology

DEVENDRA DODA*, ANKIT KUMAR SHARMA and ANUJ PAL SINGH Department of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura-302025 (Rajasthan) *E-mail : devendra.doda@gmail.com

Abstract This teardown article will delve into the architectural design and components of a solar inverter card starting from the Solar panel DC inputs and working through the DC to AC conversion process to the AC output that is sent out to the power grid. Features needed to be implemented into such a design to meet various safety and other performance standards as well as stringent power company demands upon the signal that is put onto their grid will be shown. In the process, major elements and component choices made in the design of the series of solar inverters, from the EMI suppression capacitors with a special emphasis on isolation and protection, through the smart use of optically isolated MOSFET gate drivers .

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Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy is published by INVERTIS, a reputed organization managing Invertis University. The journal will initially have four issues per year which include original full length papers, short communications of urgent interest as well as contemporary review articles. Some issues of the journal may be based on specific themes. The contributions must add to new knowledge or understanding of current topics of Science and T echnology. Contributions will be refereed by members of Editorial Board and other experts. Requirements for acceptance include originality, breadth of scope, careful documentation of experimental results, analysis and clarity of presentation. Submission of Manuscript - Manuscript should be in English only on one side of good quality paper, with adequate margin on all four sides. One original and two photocopies, each complete in all respects including abstract, illustrations, appendices etc. are to be submitted. Manuscript for consideration may be submitted as soft copy (MS Word) in floppy or CD form or through email as an attachment to the Chief Editor, Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy, 60/10, Old Rajinder Nagar Market, New Delhi - 110060. The e-mail is rammehra2003@yahoo.com. The manuscript should neither have already been published nor be under consideration elsewhere. Preparation of Manuscript - Manuscript should be presented in as concise a form as possible. Pages should be numbered consecutively and arranged in the following order: Cover Sheet - A cover sheet consisting of a short title; names, affiliation and address of all the authors. Title - The title should be neither too brief/general nor unnecessarily long. It should reflect the content of the paper so as to derive the maximum advantage in indexing. Abstract - The abstract, usually not exceeding 200 words, should indicate the scope and significant content of the paper, highlighting the principal findings and conclusions. It should be in such a form that abstracting periodicals can use it without modification. Introduction - Long and elaborate introduction should be avoided. It should be brief and state the exact scope of the study in relation to the present status of knowledge in the field. Figuers - Figures should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in order of mention in the text; each figure should have a descriptive legend. Legends should be presented separately, double-spaced like the text. Mathematical Expressions - Wherever possible, mathematical expressions should be typewritten, with subscripts and superscripts clearly shown. It is helpful to identify unusual or ambiguous symbols in the margin when they first occur T simplify typesetting, please use the "exp'' form of complex exponential function and use fractional exponents . o instead of root signs. Equations must be displayed exactly as they should appear in print and numbered in parentheses placed at the right margin. Reference to equations in the text should use the form "Eq. (5)". T ables - T ables should be typed on separate sheets, numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, and have a short descriptive caption at the top. Extensive and/or complex tables must be typed carefully in the exact format desired. Computer printouts will normally be reproduced as illustrations. Tables should be placed together at the end of the manuscript. References - Number references in the order in which they are cited in the text. Use Arabic numbers with square parentheses. Cite works in the reference list at the end according to the examples below. Abbreviations for the titles of journals should follow the system used by Chemical Abstract. 1. 2. 3. 4. W . Bruce and L.F Fieser J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938) 1017. .F . , J.B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Wiley Interscience, New Y (1970) 225. ork C.R. Tilford, New Developments in Barometric Range Pressure Standards, Proceedings of NCSL Symp., Washington D C, (1988) 35.1-35.15. G. Klingenberg and H. Bauer, Final Report-CCM.V-K1 Metrologia, 41 (T echn. Suppl) 2004.

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