UNIT 1: THERMODYNAMICS LABS Unit 1: LAB 1.

VERIFYING HESSS LAW The following three reactions are chemically related to each other. Exp A is the dissolving of NaOH, Exp B just involves the neutralization of HCl whereas Exp C involves both the dissolving of NaOH and then the subsequent neutralization of HCl . Since the sum of 2 of these reactions chemically, is equivalent to the 3rd reaction their thermochemical values should also be so related. Your goal is to prove they are using Hesss law EXP 1A. Reaction of NaOH (s) with water : NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq)

1) Accurately measure 200 mL of tap water into a styrofoam cup and record the temperature to the nearest 0.2C 2) Add approx 2.0 g of NaOH (s), stir with the thermometer until the solid has dissolved and record the highest temp reached 3) Calculate the heat produced & now stored in the water reservoir using q =m*c*T in kJ/2 g, then the heat of solution of NaOH (H (soln) ) in kJ/mol NaOH using H = q / n (n= m/mm) 4) Now write the thermochemical equation for this reaction EXP 1B: Neutralization of HCl (aq): Na+ + OH + H+ + Cl Na+ + Cl + H2O ()

1. Measure out 100 mL of a) 0.50 M NaOH and b) 0.50 M HCl. Record the temperature of each solution to the nearest 0.2C. (Make sure both solutions are approx the same temp) 2. Pour one sol'n into the styrofoam cup then add the other, stir and record the highest temperature reached. 3. Calculate the heat produced & now stored in the water reservoir using q =m*c*T in kJ, then the heat of neutralization of NaOH (aq) in kJ/mol NaOH using H (neut) = q / n (n= [NaOH] * #litres NaOH used) 4) Now write the thermochemical equation for this reaction EXP 1C. Dissolving of solid NaOH (s) and the neutralization of HCl (aq) : NaOH (s) + H+ + Cl Na+ + Cl + H2O () 1) Procedure and calculation are the same as EXP A except use **0.25 M** HCl instead of the water. Note: the 200 mL of 0.25 M HCl has to be made using the 0.5 M HCl on the lab bench 2) Calculate the heat produced & now stored in the water reservoir using q =m*c*T in kJ/2 g, then the heat of reaction (H (rx) ) in kJ/mol NaOH using H = q / n (n= m/mm) 3) Now write the thermochemical equation for this reaction Conclusion: Carefully examine all 3 equations as to what is happening (chemically) and then your thermochemical results to determine if Hess's Law applies in these experiments ie do the first 2 reactions & their H values add up to the third ( within marginal experimental error)

UNIT 1: LAB 2: USING HESSS LAW to Determine the Heat of Combustion of Magnesium You will be finding the heat of this reaction:

Mg (s) + 0.5 O2 (g) MgO (s)

Hrx = ...................... kJ

This reaction would be difficult to carry out directly as it involves a very fast reaction with a lot of heat being produced so you will determine it indirectly using Hess's Law. You will do the following reactions; 2A) MgO (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2O () 2B) Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g) H2O ()

HA = ...................... kJ HB = ...................... kJ HC = ...................... kJ

and because this is a standard heat of formation use the accepted data sheet value for

2C) H2 (g)

EXP 2A: 1. Record the initial temp of 100 mL of 1 M HCl. Add about 1 g of magnesium oxide, stir and record the highest temp reached. 2. Calculate "q" using q =m*c*T in kJ/1 g of MgO and then HA for this reaction in kJ/mol MgO using H = q / n (n= m/mm) 3) Now write the thermochemical equation for this reaction EXP 2B: 1. Record the initial temp of 100 mL of 1 M HCl. Add about 0.5 g of metallic magnesium, stir and record the highest temp reached. 2. Calculate "q" using q =m*c*T in kJ/0.5 g of Mg and then HB for this reaction in kJ/mol Mg using H = q / n (n= m/mm) 3) Now write the thermochemical equation for this reaction EXP 2C: Look up the standard heat of formation for H2O () Use Hesss Law with your thermochemical values to find the Heat of Combustion for Magnesium Acceptable experimental error (Hrx ) = <6% Upon completion you & your partner will hand in one report featuring the 2 experiments. These reports will have a) a title/purpose with a brief discussion of what you will prove & how you plan to prove it b) all your data (organized) c) your detailed calculations d) your conclusions & comments e) a % error / error analysis if applicable

f) Assign:

Hand-in #1, 2 , 3 on pg 330 + # 5 on pg 329 with labs