INSMETH

Lecture 1: Introduction
Maam Glenn Medina De La Salle University
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CONCENTRATION UNITS: REVIEW

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Significant figures are meaningful or important digits in a measured quantity. RULES: 1. All nonzero digits are significant. 2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant 3. For nos.<1, all zeros to the right of the first nonzero digit are significant. All zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. 4. For nos.>1, all zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. 5. For large numbers that do not contain digits after the decimal point, the terminal zeros may or may not be significant.
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Exercise Significant Figures

1. 25 2. 0.09034 3. 1.00 4. 0.50789 5. 2008 6. 0.00005642 7. 3000 8. 2.056 9. 3.654 x 104 10. 4.0570
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SIG FIG OPERATIONS

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION The limiting or key number is the measurement with the least number of decimal places (or least number of digits specified after the decimal point). This indicates the measurement obtained with the least degree of precision. After performing the indicated mathematical operation, the final answer must be rounded off to contain the same number of digits after the decimal point as the limiting number.
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION Examples

3.6923 + 1.234 + 2 .0 2 6.9463

8.7937 2.123

6.6707 round off to 6.95 round off to 6.671

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MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

The limiting number is the measurement with the least number of significant figures. After performing the indicated mathematical operation, the final answer must be rounded off to contain the same number of significant figures as the limiting number.

4 . 24 2 x 1.2 3 5 . 21766 round off to 5.22

2 . 783 2 x 1. 4 3 . 89648 round off to 3.9

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EXACT NUMBERS
Exact numbers have infinite (very large number) number of significant figures. These numbers are usually not considered in determining the limiting number in an operation. Exact numbers are obtained from
Counting numbers
Number of data or experimental measurements

10 marbles
Average = (3.25 + 3.20 + 3.22) 3

5 dozens of eggs
Mean = (0.1044 + 0.1058) 2

Result of conversions Definition of calculated values

1.025 g/mL is written as 1.025 g = 1 mL

44.01 g = 1 mole
Parts per million involves the factor of 106
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Percent ratio is multiplied by 100

LOGARITHMS AND ANTI-LOGARITHMS

The number of significant figures in the mantissa of the original number must be the same as that in the number in the logarithm.

Ex:

log (9.57 x 104) = 4.891

For antilogarithms, the total number of SF in the original number must be the same as the number of SF in the mantissa of the number in the antilogarithm.

Ex:

antilog 4.891 = 9.57 x 104

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Concentration Units
I. Molarity II. Molality III. Percent concentration IV. ppm, ppb V. pH, pX VI. Density VII. Specific gravity VIII.Titer
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I. molarity
MOLARITY (M) = moles of solute per Liter of solution (mol/L) OR millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution (mmol/mL)

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I. MOLARITY

Since moles = mass / molar mass Then,

Mass = Molarity * Molar Mass * Vol (L)

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I. MOLARITY - EQUATIONS
1. M = n/V 2. m = M*MM*V 3. (MV)conc = (MV)dil
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I. MOLARITY SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. 2. 3. Calculate the molar concentration of a 250.00 mL solution containing 0.0524 mol NaCl. How many moles of NaCl are dissolved in 15.23 mL of 0.124 M NaCl solution? How many mL of 0.120 M must be measured in order to obtain 0.2548 g of NaCl (M.M. = 58.44)? How many grams of NaCl must be dissolved in order to prepare 500.0 mL of 0.120 M NaCl?

4.

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answers
1. 2. 3. M = 0.0524 mol / 0.25000 L = 0.210 M Moles = 0.124 M*0.01523 L = 0.00189 mol Vol (mL) = 0.2548 g / (58.44 g/mol *0.120 M) =

0.0363 L or 36.3 mL
4. Mass = 0.120 M* 58.44 g/mol *0.5000 L = 3.51 g

Preparing solutions
1. How many grams of Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate should be dissolved in a volume of 500.0 mL to make 8.00 mM Cu+2? MM = 249.69 g/n How many mL of conc HCl must be diluted to 1.000 L to make 0.100 M HCl solution?

2.

Preparing solutions
1. How many grams of Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate should be dissolved in a volume of 500.0 mL to make 8.00 mM Cu+2? MM = 249.69 g/n Ans: 0.999 g How many mL of conc HCl must be diluted to 1.000 L to make 0.100 M HCl solution? Ans: 8.26 mL

2.

ii. MOLALITY
Moles of solute per kilogram of SOLVENT Independent of temperature Used in colligative properties

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iii. PERCENT CONCENTRATION

1. Weight percent = (wt solute/wt soln)*100 2. Volume percent = (vol solute/vol soln)*100 3. Wt/Vol percent = (wt solute/vol soln)*100

Ex: A rubbing alcohol with 70%(v/v) IPA contains 70 mL IPA in 100 mL solution.

iii. % CONC sample problems

1. Calculate the mass of solute present in a 35.0%(w/w) solution containing 250.0 g of solvent. 2. A sample of impure NaCl was found to contain 25.00% NaCl. How many grams of NaCl is present for every 100.00 g of the sample? 3. A sample of impure PbS was found to contain 20.0% PbS. If 3.250 g of this sample was obtained, how many grams of PbS are present in the sample?

answers
1. Calculate the mass of solute present in a 35.0%(w/w) solution containing 250.0 g of solvent. 35.0 = (m/(m+250.0))*100

m = 135 g
2. 25.00 g NaCl 3. 0.65 g PbS

CONVERTING WT % TO MOLARITY/MOLALITY
1. Find the molarity and molality of 37.0 wt% HCl. The density is 1.19 g/mL. MM of HCl = 36.46

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answers

12. 1 M HCl 16.1 m HCl

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iv. Ppm and ppb

Parts per million (ppm) =

mg/kg or mg/L

Parts per billion (ppb) = g/kg or g/L

iv. Ppm and ppb sample problems 1. A solution of Cu(NO3)2 contains 55.8 ppm of Cu+2. Convert this to ppb. What is the molarity of Cu+2 in this solution? 2. What is the ppm of K+ in a K3Fe(CN)6 solution with a molarity of 5.77x10-4? 3. Calculate the ppm of Ca in a 25.00 mL water sample that contains 82.4 mg of Ca.

answers
1. A solution of Cu(NO3)2 (MM = 155.57 g/mol) contains 55.8 ppm of Cu+2. Convert this to ppb. What is the molarity of Cu+2 in this solution?
ppb = 55.8 ppm*1000 = 55800 ppb Cu+2 M = 55.8 mg/L * 1g/1000mg * 1mol/63.55 g = 8.78

10-4 M Cu+2
2. 67.7 ppm

Convering ppb into molarity

1. The concentration of C29H60 in summer rainwater collected in Germany is 34 ppb. Find its molarity.

Answer = 8.3 x 10-8 M or 83 nM

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V. Ph and px

1. pH = -log

+] [H

2. pX = -log [X]

V. Ph and px SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. 2. 3. Calculate the molarity of Ag+ in a solution with a pAg of 6.372. What is the pH of a solution having [H+] = 1.0x10-7? Calculate the pNa+, pCl- and pOHin a solution that is 0.0335 M in NaCl and 0.0503 M in NaOH.

Ph

and px - exercise

1.

2.

Calculate the molarity of + in a solution with a pAg Ag -7 of 6.372. Ans: 4.25x10 What is the pH of a solution +] = 1.0x10-7? Ans: having [H 7.00

VI. Density and specific gravity

o o

DENSITY = g/mL SPEC GRAVITY =

Dsubstance / DH2O (at same Temp)

VI. Density and SG SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1.

2.

What is the density of a substance Y if its mass is 25.07 g and it occupies a volume of 17.88 cm3. Give the specific gravity of the substance Y if the density of H20 is 0.9973 g/mL.

ANSWERS
1. D = 25.07 g/17.88 mL =

1.402

g/mL
2. SG = 1.402 g/mL /0.9973 g/mL =

1.406

VII. NORMALITY
The Normality of a solution is the number of equivalents of solute dissolved per liter of solution. Unit = equivalents solute / liter solution Example: 1.0 N is read as 1.0 normal

VII. NORMALITY
N = h*M where h (eq/mol) depends upon the nature of the substance involved For acids, h = # of H+ given off For bases, h = # of OH- given off For substances in redox reactions, h = # of electrons in the redox reaction

VII. NORMALITY SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. What is the normality of a solution that is 0.454 M in H2SO4? 2. Give the molarity of 0.0879 - solution (5 e-s). N MnO4

ANSWERS

1. N = 2 eq/mol* 0.454 mol/L = 0.908 N or eq/L 2. M = N/h = 0.0879 eq/L / 5 eq/mol = 0.0176 eq/L

STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS
Iron from a dietary supplement tablet can be measured by dissolving it and then converting the Fe into Fe2O3. Gravimetric Analysis steps:
Tablet (FeC4H2O4) mixed with HCl. Filter. Oxidize Fe+2 into Fe+3 with H2O2 NH4OH added. Heat in a furnace to form Fe2O3
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HOMEWORK
1-18 1-21 1-28 1-33 1-35

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