What is meant by CSPT? Completely Self Protected Transformer Why CSP?

Due to higher failure rate of secondary distribution transformers in power system, especially in developing countries like India What is the failure rate? Approximately 20% in India compared to 1-2% in advanced countries What CSP will do? It avoids major damages to the transformers by power system faults, by disconnecting the transformer (on either side) from faulty circuit What are the main reasons for failure? Changing weather conditions Lengthy low voltage lines Short circuit due to clashing of loosely string LV lines Overloading of transformers Lightning What is the remedy? Adopting CSPT is one of the options to reduce failure rate Proper maintenance Proper design by considering atmospheric conditions What are the major advantages of CSP technology? Enables a transformer to protect itself from faults Transformer is protected from resistant over loads not cleared by conventional protective gear Uneconomical over loading on a regular basis is avoided Protection from lightning is most effective (due to LA mounting) No scope of ingress of moisture Failure due to undue pressure rise will not be there What are the components of CSPT? Primary fuse expulsion fuse (high voltage fuse) Secondary CB: For overload secondary fault protection Signal light Emergency control magnetic trip Surge arrestor : for lightning protection Primary (High voltage fuse) Internally mounted (tamper proof) Rating determined such that it should not blow for secondary faults and exciting current surges Generally rate 12 times the full load current for 10m sec Connected in series with the HV winding It protects the transformer from its internal faults Protect the part of the electrical distribution system Secondary (Low voltage) circuit breaker

Central component of the CSP protection package Provides over current protection Mounted internally (tamper proof) CB is of thermally operated tape Responds to the secondary faults external to the transformer by tripping open If circuit breaker does trip in response to even a temporary secondary fault, service can be restored easily by clearing the fault and re-closing the circuit breaker Indication will be provided by the signal lamp for continuous overload and trip Surge arrester Surge arrester is directly mounted to the transformer tank The ground load length is effectively zero and max transformer protection Metal oxide type Lightning arresters are basically non-linear resistors i.e. acts as resistors at operating voltages and as conductor at higher voltages Pressure relief device It operates at pre-specified pressure Generally operates at 3.6 PSI for corrugated construction and at 10 PSI for radiator construction It releases the pressure at above value and protect the tank from excess pressure Constructional features: Circuit breaker is of simple construction It has following major elements: Temperature sensing Latching and tripping Current interrupter Temperature sensing function is accomplished through the use of Bimetallic strips, which are built into the breaker such that load current flows through them Bi-metallic strips responds thermally to the Temperature of transformer oil Temperature changes created by the flow of load current through them Latching and tripping function are carried out with an assembly of parts similar to those used in industrial type Other features that are built into the latching and tripping function The signal light latch The emergency control assembly The magnetic trip device Emergency control This device is provided when the power utility wants the facility of immediate restoration of service in our emergency by closing circuit breaker even when the preset over loading limit reached

Once the emergency control is activated, the circuit breaker is no longer thermally protecting the transformer Then the power utility should plan the change of transformer Other important points; Certain circuit breakers are furnished with magnetic trip, which increases the opening speed under high fault conditions There must be coordination between primary fuse element and secondary circuit breaker, such that for any fault on the load side the circuit breaker clears the circuit, before primary fuse melts