SREE SAKTHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE COIMBATORE-641 104

QUESTION BANK ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

Year: III year Semester: V Semester

PART-A
1. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotating field system type? The following are the principal advantages of the rotating field system type construction The relatively small amount of power, about 2%, required for field system via slip-rings and brushes. For the same air gap dimensions, which is normally decided by the kVA rating, more space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more insulation to the system of conductors, especially for machines rated for 11kV or above.

It is easy to provide cooling arrangement for a stationary system of conductors. enable he machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500MVA.

2. Specify the condition beyond which the synchronous machine is said to be out-ofstep? Sudden change in prime-mover speed Failure of DC excitation 3. What is siginificance of having DC field rotating in synchronous machines? To generate the voltage To operate machine with lagging, leading and unity power factor. 4. What do you mean by the salient-pole type rotor? Salient - pole type rotor means a low and moderate speed rotor having large diameter and small axial length with projected poles coming out of the rotor frame the outer surface of which almost follows the inner cylindrical surface of the stator frame.

5. What are squirrel-cage windings of alternators? How and why are they used? Damper windings are squirrel cage windings of the alternators. This winding is placed in rotor pole shoes. 6. How is the armature winding in alternators different from those used in dc machines? The armature winding of the alternators is placed in the stator, but in case of dc machines, armature winding is placed in the rotor. 7. What are the advantages of having rotating field system? a. Better insulation b. Ease of current collection c. Increased armature tooth strength d. More rigid construction e. Reduced armature leakage reactance f. Lesser number of slip rings g. Lesser rotor weight & inertia h. Improved ventilation & heat dissipation. 8. Why is the field system of an alternator made as a rotor? The field system of an alternator is made rotating to avoid interaction of meachanical and electrical stresses. Also with rotating field system, it is easier to collect currents at very high voltages from stationary member. Due to low voltages on field side the insulation required is less The problem of sparking is avoided. The construction with rotating field is simple and only two slip rings are required to provide external dc supply. 9. State difference between salient pole and non-salient pole? Salient pole i. ii. iii. iv. v. Large diameter and short axial length Used for low speed alternators Has projecting pole Needs damper winding Windage loss is more i. ii. iii. iv. v. Non salient pole Small diameter and long axial length Used for high-speed turbo alternator No projecting pole Does not need damper windings Windage loss is less

10. How are alternators classified? Or what are the two types of synchronous generators? How they are used suitably? According to type of field system

 Stationary field system type Rotating field system type According to shape of field system Salient pole type or projected pole Smooth cylindrical type or non-salient pole Salient pole type used for low speed alternators with speeds ranging from 125 to 500 rpm. The non-salient pole types are used for high speed alternators with speed ranging from 1500 to 3000 rpm. 11. Name the types of Alternator based on their rotor construction. Alternators can be classified into the following two types according to its rotor construction are the following Smooth cylindrical type alternator Salient pole alternator 12. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines? Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds. The high speed operation of rotors tends to increase mechanical losses and so the rotors should have a smooth external surface. Hence, smooth cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial length are used for Synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4 poles. 13. Which type of Synchronous generators are used in Hydro-electric plants and why? As the speed of operation is low for hydro turbines use din Hydro-electric plants, salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilation and also have other advantages over smooth cylindrical type rotor. 14. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for Synchronous machines? Advantages of salient-pole type construction are: They allow better ventilation The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from the pole center to the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air-gap is sinusoidal in shape which will help the machine to generate sinusoidal emf Due to the variable reluctance the machine develops additional reluctance power which is independent of excitation 15. Why is the stator core of Alternator laminated? The stator core of Alternator is laminated to reduce eddy current loss. 16. What is speed range for which salient pole alternators are designed?mention an application where such alternators are adopted? Speed range: 120 rpm to 400 rpm Applications: Hydraulic turbines, diesel engines 17. What are functions of damping winding provided with alternators?

Reduce the hunting To make motor speed equal to synchronous speed.

18. Two alternators A and B, identical in all aspect are designed with different length of air gap, the gap length being more for alternator B. which of the two machine would require more copper for its field winding? Why? The alternator B requires more copper for field winding. More air-gap length, the flux linkages between stator and rotor is low. So the increases in flux linkages more copper requires for its field winding. 19. How is the armature windings in alternators different from those used in d.c machines? In d.c machines, the armature winding is placed on rotor and its rotating part of the machines. In alternators, the armature winding is placed on stator and is stationary part of the machines. In d.c. machines, the armature winding is lap type or wave type while in alternators the armature winding is three phase, generally short pitch, double layer and distributed type. 20. What are methods of reducing the space harmonics in a machine? Distribution of armature winding Chording of armature winding Using fractional winding Using skewing Using large length of air gap 21. Why stator core is laminated? The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current losses. Due to the laminated construction, the path for the flow of eddy currents is obstructed and thus reduces the eddy current circulation and corresponding losses. 22. What do you mean by single layer and double layer winding? In single layer winding, a slot consists of only one coil side. In double layer winding it consists of two coil sides arranged one over the other in two layers. 23. What are functions of damper winding provided with alternator? To reduce the overvoltage in abnormal conditions To reduce the subtransisent reactance of an alternator For damping the rotor oscillations. Tends to maintain balanced three phase voltages under unbalanced load conditions. 24. What is damper winding? The additional winding placed on the field pole faces in the form of short circuited conducting bars is called damper winding. The pole shoes are slotted to accomadate this damper winding.

25. Write the causes of harmonics in the voltage and current waves of electrical machinery? Nonsinusoidal waveform of field flux Due to slotted periphery of armature, the air gap reluctance is varying which causes the harmonics called slot harmonics.
26. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an Alternator? Frequency of emf induced in an Alternator, f, expressed in cycles per second or Hz, is given by the following equation F = (PN)/120 Hz, Where P- Number of poles N-Speed in rpm. 27. Write down the e.m.f equation of an alternator? The e.m.f equation of an alternator is,

Where, F = frequency = Flux per pole, = turns per phase

28. How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree? Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle between two points based on their mechanical or physical placement. Electrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating electrical machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical degree is accounted with reference to the magnetic field. 180 electrical degree is accounted as the angle between adjacent North and South poles.

29. What is distributed winding? When coil-sides belonging to each phase are housed or distributed in more than one slot under each pole region then the winding is called distributed winding. A full pitch coil has width of coil otherwise called coil-span as 180 - angle between adjacent slots in electrical degree and x= 1, 2, 3 30. Why is short pitch winding preferred over full-pitch winding? Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and distorting harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated. Conductor material, copper, is saved in the back and front end connections due to less coil-span. Fractional slot winding with fractional number of slots/phase can be used which in turn reduces the tooth ripples. s increased.

31. Define pitch factor or coil span factor? The ratio of resultant e.m.f when coil is short pitch to the resultant e.m.f when coil is full pitched. It is always less than one.

32. Write down the formula for distribution factor. The distribution factor is defined as the ratio of the resultant e.m.f when coils are distributed to the resultant e.m.f when coil are concentrated. It is always less than one.

33. Define winding factor. The winding factor Kd is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in all the coils belonging to each phase winding to their arithmetic addition. 34. Write down any four advantages of short-pitch winding in synchronous machines? It require less copper Due to less copper it is economical. It eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the sinusoidal nature of e.m.f. High frequency harmonics get eliminated eddy current and hysteresis losses which depend on frequency also get eliminated. It increases efficiency. 35. Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW? The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the insulation class. Apart from the constant loss incurred in Alternators is the copper loss, occurring in the 3 phase winding which depends on I2 R, the square of the current delivered by the generator. As the current is directly related to apparent power delivered by the generator, the Alternators have only their apparent power in VA/kVA/MVA as their power rating. 36. Write down the causes for reduction in terminal voltage of alternator from its no load value Eo to V for a lagging power factor. Voltage drop due to Armature resistance winding

 Drop due to leakage reactance Drop due to Armature reaction 37. State factors responsible for a change in synchronous generator terminal voltage while feeding isolated load? Armature resistance Armature leakage reactance Armature reaction 38. What is meant by armature reaction in Alternators? The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature and the main is defined as the armature reaction. 39. What do you mean by synchronous reactance? Synchronous reactance X s= (Xl + Xa) the value of leakage reactance Xl is constant for a machine based on its construction. Xa depends on saturating condition of the machine. It is the addition of Xa , which represent the armature reaction effect between two synchronously acting magnetic fields that makes the total reactance Xa to be called synchronous reactance. 40. What is meant by synchronous impedance of an Alternator? The complex addition of resistance, R and synchronous reactance, jXs can be represented together by single complex impedance Zs called synchronous impedance. In complex form Zs = (R + jXs) In polar form Zs = | Zs | < Where | Zs | = _52 + X2 s) 41. What is meant by load angle of an Alternator? The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor, E and terminal voltage phasor, U during the load condition of an Alternator is called load angle. 42. What are the conditions for parallel operation of an alternator? The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be same as that of busbars. The frequency of the incoming alternator must be same that of bus bars. The phase sequence of the voltage of incoming alternator must be same as that of bus bar voltage. 43. List the advantages of synchronizing lamps used for synchronizing? It provides sharp and accurate method for synchronization No extra device is required for synchronization which is not the case with method of synchroscope as phase sequence indicator is additionally required. All the conditions that are required for synchronization can be simultaneously checked with the use of lamps.

44. Name the various methods for predetermining the voltage regulation of 3-phase Alternator. The following are the three methods which are used to predetermine the voltage regulation of smooth cylindrical type Alternators Synchronous impedance or EMF method Ampere-turn or MMF method ZPF method 45. What are the advantages and disadvantages of estimating the voltage regulation of an Alternator by EMF method? Advantages: Simple no load tests (for obtaining OCC and SCC) are to be conducted Calculation procedure is much simpler Disadvantages: The value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always higher than the actual value 46. Why is the synchronous impedance method of estimating voltage regulation considered as pessimistic method? Compared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by the synchronous impedance method is always higher than the actual value and therefore this method is called the pessimistic method. 47. In what way does the ampere-turn method differ from synchronous impedance method? The ampere-turn /MMF method is the converse of the EMF method in the sense that instead of having the phasor addition of various voltage drops/EMFs, here the phasor addition of MMF required for the voltage drops are carried out. Further the effect of saturation is also taken care of. 48. What are the tests data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an Alternator by MMF method? Data required for MMF method are: Effective resistance per phase of the 3-phase winding R Open circuit characteristic (OCC) at rated speed/frequency Short circuit characteristic (SCC) at rated speed/frequency 49. Why is the MMF method of estimating the voltage regulation considered as the optimistic method? Compared to the EMF method, MMF method, involves more number of complex calculation steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes

care of saturation effect. As this method require more effort, the final result is very close to the actual value. Hence this method is called optimistic method. 50. How do the synchronizing lamps indicate the correctness of phase sequence between existing and incoming Alternators? The correctness of the phase sequence can be checked by looking at the three sets of lamps connected across the 3-pole of the synchronizing switch. If the lamps grow bright and dark in unison it is an indication of the correctness of the phase sequence. If on the other hand, they become bright and dark one after the other, connections to any two machine terminals have to be interchanged after shutting down the machine. 51. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three dark lamps method of synchronizing? Advantages: The synchronous switch using lamps is inexpensive. Checking for correctness of the phase sequence can be obtained in a simple manner which is essential especially when the Alternator is connected for the first time or for fresh operation after disconnection . Disadvantages: The rate of flickering of the lamps only indicates the frequency difference between the bus-bar and the incoming Alternator. The frequency of the incoming Alternator in relation to the bus-bar frequency is not available. 52. How synchronoscope is used for synchronizing Alternators? Synchronoscope can be used for permanently connected Alternators where the correctness of phase sequence is already checked by other means. Synchronoscope is capable of rotating in both directions. The rate of rotation of the pointer indicates the amount of frequency difference between the Alternators. The direction of rotation indicates whether incoming Alternator frequency is higher or lower than the existing Alternator. The TPST switch is closed to synchronize the incoming Alternator when the pointer faces the top thick line marking. 53. Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous reactance and negligible resistance? The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will resist or oppose their synchronous operation. More reactance in the generators can cause good reaction between the two and help the generators to remain in synchronism in spite of any disturbance occurring in any one of the generators. 54. List the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel operating generators? The total active and reactive power delivered to the load, connected across the common bus-bars, are shared among Synchronous generators, operating in parallel, based on the following three factors Prime-mover characteristic/input Excitation level and

Percentage synchronous impedance and its R/X ratio

55. How does the change in prime mover input affect the load sharing? An increase in prime-mover input to a particular generator causes the activepower shared by it to increase and a corresponding decrease in active-power shared by other generators. The change in reactive power sharing is less appreciable. The frequency of the bus-bar voltage will also subjected to slight increase in value. 56. How does change in excitation affects the load sharing? The decrease in excitation in one generator causes the reactive power shared by it to decrease and a corresponding increase in reactive-power shared by other generators. The change in active-power sharing is less appreciable. There will be a slight decrease in terminal voltage magnitude also. 57. What steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from parallel operation? The following steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from parallel operation, The prime-mover input of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that of other generators has to be increased and by this the entire active-power delivered by the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators. The excitation of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that of other generators have to be increased and by this the entire reactive-power delivered by the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators. After ensuring the current delivered by the outgoing generator is zero, it has to be disconnected from parallel operation. 58. Define voltage regulation of an alternator: The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field current and speed remaining the same. Percentage regulation =

= No load terminal voltage = Full load rated terminal voltage.

59. Why EMF method is called Pessimistic method? The value of voltage regulation obtained by EMF method is always more than the actual value; therefore it is called Pessimistic method. 60. Why MMF method is called Optimistic method?

The value of voltage regulation obtained by MMF method is less than the actual value; therefore it is called Optimistic method. 61. How is the armature winding in alternators different from those used in dc machines? The armature winding of the alternator is placed in the stator, but the in case of dc machines, armature winding is placed in rotor. 62. What are the methods by using zero p.f. lagging curve can be obtained? Zero power factor characteristic of an alternator gives the variation of terminal voltage with field current, when the alternator is delivering its full rated current to a zero power factor (lagging) load. This characteristic is obtained by running the machine at synchronous speed and connecting a purely inductive 3phase load to its terminals. The load is varied in steps and at each step the field current is adjusted, so that the armature current is equal to its rated value. 63. What are the experimental data required for potier method? The experimental data required for potier method is the data obtained after conducting open circuit test and zero power factor tests. In open circuit test a graph of If and Voci.e field current and open circuit voltage per phase is plotted. In zero power factor tests, there is no need to obtain number of points to obtain the curves.

Unit- II 1. What is hunting? How is hunting minimized? When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuating load, the rotor starts oscillating about its new position of equilibrium corresponding to the new load. This is called hunting or phase swinging. To prevent hunting, dampers (or) damping grids are employed. Damper windings are short circuited; copper bars are embedded in the faces of the field poles of the motor. 2. What are causes of hunting? Sudden change in the load A fault in the supply system A sudden change in the field current A load containing harmonics torques. 3. When is a synchronous motor said to receive 100% excitation? When Eb = V, synchronous motor receive 100% excitation. 4. Why is a synchronous motor not self-starting? If a three phase supply is given to the stator of a stationary synchronous machine with the rotor excited, no steady starting torque will be developed. Instead, a sinusoidally times varying torque is developed, the average value of which is zero and that is why synchronous motor is not self stating. 5. How synchronous machine is different from an induction machine? Synchronous machine i. ii. iii. iv. Machine speed is constant by varying the load DC excitation is required Not self starting machine High cost i. ii. iii. iv. Induction machine Machine speed is not constant by varying the load DC excitation is not required Self starting machines Low cost

6. What is a synchronous capacitor? An over excited synchronous motor, running without any mechanical load, used specifically for power factor correction is known as synchronous capacitor. 7. When is a synchronous motor said to be under - excited? What will be the p.f at this condition? Excitation emf Eb less than supply voltage Eb < V Lagging power factor.

8. List any two characteristics features of synchronous motor? They run only at synchronous speed The power factor of motor can be adjusted by varying its excitation Can be used as a power factor correction device. They are not self starting and requires additional facility to make itself stating. Under no load and over excited condition, it can be used as a synchronous condenser. 9. What are the inherent disadvantages of synchronous motor? Higher cost Necessity of a dc excitation source Greater initial cost High maintenance cost 10. Mention four applications of synchronous motor? Power factor correction Constant speed, constant load drives Voltage regulation of transmission lines. 11. What is the role of synchronous motor in a transmission line? How? Synchronous motor acts as a voltage regulator in a transmission line.When line voltage decreases due to inductive load, motor excitation is increased thereby increasing its power factor which compensates for the line voltage drop. When the line voltage increases due to line capacitive effect, synchronous motor excitation is decreased, thereby making its power factor lagging which helps to the maintain the transmission line voltage at its normal value. 12. Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous motor. Advantages of Synchronous Motors: The speed is constant and independent of load. These motors usually operate at higher efficiencies. Electromagnetic power varies linearly with the voltage. These motors can be constructed with wider air gaps than induction motors, which make them better mechanically. An Over excited synchronous motor having a leading power factor can be operated in parallel with induction motors. Disadvantages of Synchronous Motor: It cannot be started under load. It requires dc excitation which must be supplied from external source. It has a tendency to hunt. It cannot be used for variable speed jobs as there is no possibility of speed adjustment 'Collector rings and brushes are required. 13. What is meant by torque angle?

When the synchronous motor is loaded, the rotor field axis falls back with respect to the stator axis by an angle called torque angle denoted as . The torque produced by the synchronous motor depends on this angle .

14. Define pullout torque in synchronous motor? The maximum torque which the motor can develop without pulling out of step or synchronism is called the pull out torque. 15. What is meant by break out torque? The torque developed by the motor when full voltage is applied to its stator at start is called starting torque which is sometimes called breakout torque away torque. 16. What is synchronous condenser? Synchronous motor is operating at an over excited condition is called synchronous condenser. The synchronous condensers having leading power factor are widely used for improving power factor of those power systems which employ a large number of induction motors and other lagging power factor loads. 17. Define pull in torque in synchronous motor: It pertains to the ability of the machine to pull into synchronism when changing from induction to synchronous motor operation. 18. What is meant by V curves of synchronous motor? The V-curves show the relation that exists between the armature curren: and field current for different constant power input. 19. Give the expression for the gross mechanical power developed by synchronous motor.

Eb = excitation emf, V = Supply voltage, xs = synchronous reactance, = load angle. 20. Name the important characteristics of a synchronous motor not found in an induction motor. The essential features of synchronous machine are The rotor speed is synchronous with stator rotating field, The power factor can be easily varied by varying its field current, It is used for constant speed operation. 21. What is the common starting method used for synchronous motor? Starting with the help of damper winding. Starting with the help of separate small induction motor.

Starting by using an ac motor coupled to the synchronous, motor

22. Why does the synchronous motor always run at synchronous speed? A synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed because of the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor poles.

23. What is meant by infinite bus-bars? The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency are called infinite bus-bars. The source lines are said to have zero source impedance and infinite rotational inertia. 24. How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to infinite bus-bars affect this operation? Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will effectively increase the reactive component of the current supplied by the generator and hence the active power delivered. 25. Upon what factors does the load angle depend? Angle is positive during generator operation and negative during motor operation. 26. An Alternator is found to have its terminal voltage on load condition more than that on no load. What is the nature of the load connected? The nature of the load is of leading power factor , load consisting of resistance and capacitive reactance. 27. State the characteristic features of synchronous motor. the motor is not inherently self starting The speed of operation is always in synchronous with the supply frequency irrespective of load conditions The motor is capable of operating at any power factor. 28. In what way synchronous motor is different from other motors? All dc and ac motors work on the same principle. Synchronous motor operates due to magnetic locking taking place between stator and rotor magnetic fields. 29. Name any two methods of starting synchronous motors By an extra 3 phase cage induction motor By providing damper winding in pole phases exciter as a dc motor 30. What is the effect on speed if the load is increased on a 3 phase synchronous motor? The speed of operation remains constant from no load to maximum load in the motor operating at constant frequency bus bars. 31. Why a synchronous motor is a constant speed motor?

Synchronous motor work on the principle of force developed due to the magnetic attraction established between the rotating magnetic field and the main pole feed. Since the speed of rotating magnetic field is directly proportional to frequency the motor operates at constant speed. 32. What is the phasor relation between induced emf and terminal voltage of a 3 phase Synchronous motor? The rotating magnetic field is initially established by the prime source of supply V. The main field then causes an emf e to get induced in the 3 phase winding. Hence when the machine operates as a synchronous motor the emf phasor always lags the terminal voltage phasor by the load/torque 33. What are V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor? The variation of magnitude of line current with respect to the field current is called V curve. The variation of power factor with respect to the field current is called inverted V curve. 34. What happens when the field current of a synchronous motor is increased beyond the normal value at constant input? Increase in emf causes the motor to have reactive current in the leading direction. The additional leading reactive current causes the magnitude of line current, accompanied by the decrease in power factor. 35. Distinguish between synchronous phase modifier and synchronous condenser A synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power factor in the supply lines is called synchronous phase modifier. A synchronous motor operated at no load with over excitation condition to draw large leading reactive current and power is called a synchronous condenser. 36. How the synchronous motor can be used as s synchronous condenser? Synchronous motor is operated on over excitation so as to draw leading reactive current and power from the supply lines. This compensates the lagging current and power requirement of the load making the system power factor to become unity. The motor does the job of capacitors and hence called as synchronous condenser. 37. What is hunting how can it be prevented? When a sync motor is used for driving a fluctuating load, the rotor starts oscillating about its new position of equilibrium corresponding to the new load. This is called hunting or phase swinging. To prevent hunting dampers are damping grids are employed.

UNIT-III
1. State the principle of induction motor? When a three phase supply is given to the stator winding rotating magnetic field is developed which rotates at synchronous speed. The rotor at rest cuts this rotating magnetic field and e.m.f is induced in the rotor conductors. As rotor is short circuited, the rotor current is established. Due to this, rotor produces its own flux called rotor flux. This rotor flux interacts with stator rotating magnetic field to produce necessary torque due to which the induction motor rotates. The initial rotor induced e.m.f is due to induction principle hence the motor is called induction motor. 2. What is the function of slip ring in 3 phase induction motor? Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to internal 2 M rotating circuit. Hence, in induction motor, the external resistances can be added with the help of brushes and slip-ring arrangement in series with each phase of rotor winding. 3. Under what condition the slip in an induction motor is? A) Negative B) Greater than 1 a) Negative: When rotor is running at a speed above the synchronous speed slip of the motor is negative. b) Positive: When motor is rotated in opposite direction to that of rotating field slip is greater than 1. When slip is greater than one, the machine works in breaking mode.

4. What are the 2 fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field? The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 has constant amplitude of 1.5 m, where m is maximum amplitude of an individual flux due to any phase. The resultant always keeps on rotating with a certain speed in space. 5. What is the function of slip-ring in 3-phase induction motor? The slip rings are used in the three phase induction motor for connecting external resistance in the rotor winding to control the various parameters of the motor. 6. What is induction generator? When the slip of the induction motor is negative the induction motor that runs faster than synchronous speed. The induction motor runs as a generator is called induction generator. 7. What are the purposes that could be served by external resistors connected in the rotor Circuit of phase wound induction motor? Increasing starting torque.

For speed control Limiting starting current.

8. How can the reversal of rotation of polyphase induction motor be attained? The direction of rotation of polyphase induction motor can be reversed by reversing the direction of rotation of rotating magnetic field produced by the stator. This is achieved by interchanging any two supply terminals while connecting to the stator. 9. Write the advantages of slip ring induction motor. External resistance can be added in the rotor circuit. Starting torque can be controlled Starting current can be limited Speed control from the rotor side is possible Due to the external resistance, the maximum torque at low speeds can be achieved. 10. Name the types of rotor of induction motors? Squirrel cage rotor Wound or slip ring rotor 11. Write down the advantages of double cage rotor induction motor over single squirrel cage rotor? High starting torque Excellent running performance Low starting current With the proper choice of inner and outer cage parameters, wide range of torque-slip characteristics can be obtained. 12. What is locked rotor torque? The minimum amount of torque which an electric motor develops at all angular positions of rotor, when rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to its at start its called locked rotor torque. 13. Why slots on the rotor of induction motor are skewed? A magnetic hum i.e. noise gets reduced due to skewing hence skewing makes the motor operation quiter. It makes the motor operation smooth The stator and rotor teeth may get magnetically locked. It increases the effective transformation ratio between stator and rotor 14. Why the stator core of induction motor made of silicon content steel stamping? For reducing the hysteresis loss the material the core must be high grade silicon content steel while the laminated construction using the stampings is used to reduce the eddy current loss. 15. What is slip of an induction motor? State its expression.

The slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed of rotor i.e. motor (N) expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed (Ns). The percentage slip is expressed as,

100
16. What is the slip at start? How slip affects the rotor frequency? At start the speed of the induction motor is zero hence the slip is unity. Due to the slip the rotor frequency is much less than the supply frequency. The relation between the two is given by, fr = s f Thus frequency of rotor induced e.m.f in running condition (fr) is slip times the supply frequency (f). 17. What is the speed of the rotor field in space? The speed of rotor field is . Thus it is slip times the synchronous speed. 18. State the effect of rotor resistance on starting torque? As the rotor resistance at start increases, the starting torque increases. The starting torque can be maximum when R2 = X2. 19. Which of the two ac motors has more efficiency? Name the type of rotors of induction motors? Two rotors are slip and squirrel cage type. The squirrel cage a.c. motor is more efficient as copper losses are more in slip ring type. 20. What are the merits of inner and outer cage of double cage induction motor? Merits of inner cage Leakage reactance is high. Resistance is small. Merits of outer cage Has high starting torque. Resistance is high. 21. Define Synchronous speed in a 3 phase I.M? The speed at which the revolving flux rotates is called synchronous speed Ns and is given by Ns =120f / P Where f Supply Frequency P- Number of poles on the stator 22. What is the effect of change in input voltage on starting torque of induction motor?

The starting torque is directly proportional to the input voltage. As Tst and E2 input voltage increases, starting torque increases and as input voltage decreases, starting torque decreases.

23. What are the types of induction motor? Split type induction motor. Capacitor start induction motor. Shaded pole induction motor. Deep bar rotor induction motors---etc. 24. What are the losses in induction motor? constant losses variable losses 25. What is crawling in I.M? The tendency of the motor to run stably at speeds as low as one seventh of its synchronous speed with a low pitched howling sound is called crawling. 26. What is cogging in induction motor? How can it be overcome? When the number of rotor slots is equal to the stator slots, preciously the same order harmonics are strongly produced, all rotating at corresponding speeds in both stator and rotor. Thus, harmonics of every order would try to exert synchronous torques at their corresponding synchronous speeds and the motor would refuse to start. i.e., magnetic locking between the stator and rotor slots. This is known as cogging or magnetic locking. 27. What are the applications of 3 phase I.M motors? driving fans Blowers. lathes lifts---etc. 28. What are the characteristics of double squirrel cage motor, compared to a squirrel cage motor? High starting torque Excellent running performance 29. Name the tests to be conducted for predetermining the performance of 3-phase induction machine. No load test Blocked rotor test 30. List out the salient characteristic features of double squirrel-cage motor. Good starting torque

Good running performance

31. What are the purposes that could be served by external resistors connected in the rotor circuit of phase wound induction motor? Smooth and wide range of speed control Starting torques can be improved High line power factor Availability of full-rated torque at starting. 32. What are the information obtained from no-load test in a 3-phase I M? No load input current per phase,Io No load power factor and hence no load phase angle Iron and mechanical losses together elements of equivalent circuit shunt branch 33. What are the informations obtained from blocked rotor test in a 3-phase I M? Blocked rotor input current per phase at normal voltage Blocked rotor power factor and hence phase angle Total resistance and leakage reactance per phase of the motor as refered to the stator 34. What is circle diagram of an IM? When an I M operates on constant voltage and constant frequency source,the loci of stator current phasor is found to fall on a circle. This circle diagram is used to predict the performance of the machine at different loading conditions as well as mode of operation. 35. What are the advantages and disadvantages of circle diagram method of predetermining the performance of 3 phase I M? The prediction can be carried out when any of the following information is available The input line current., the input power factor, The active power input, The reactive power input, The apparent power input, The output power , The slip of operation, The torque developed, The equivalent rotor current per phase, Maximum output power, Maximum torque developed. The only disadvantage is, being a geometrical solution, errors made during measurements will affect the accuracy of the result. 36. What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct load test for 3 phase I M? Advantages: Direct measurement of input and output parameters yield accurate Results Aside from the usual performance other performances like mechanical Vibration, noise etc can be studied. By operating the motor at full load for a continuous period, the final steady temperature can be measured. Disadvantages:

Testing involves large amount of power and the input energy and the entire energy delivered is wasted Loading arrangement cannot be provided for motors of large power rating

37. What type of single phase induction motor would you use for the following applications? Ceiling fan Wet grinder Ceiling fan capacitor start and run motor Wet grinder capacitor start motor 38. After servicing a single phase fan it was found to run in reverse direction. What could be the reason? The connection to the starting/ auxiliary winding would have reversed. 39. What will be the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase induction motor? The motor rotates in the direction specified by the unshaded to shaded region in the pole phase

UNIT-IV
1. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of 3 phase? The direction of 3 phase can be reversed by interchanging any 2 terminals of 3 phase winding. 2. State two advantages of speed control of induction motor by injecting a emf in the rotor circuit. It need any speed, within the working range can be obtained. If the rotary is over excited, it will take a leading current which compensate for the logging current drawn by SRIM and hence improves the power factor of the system. 3. Pont out the disadvantages of rotor rheostat control to obtain variable speed of induction motor? Reduced efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in the rotor circuit resistance Speed changes vary widely with load variation Unbalance in voltage and current if rotor circuit resistances are not equal. 4. Give the functions performed by induction motor starters? To limit the starting current To start the motor To protect from over load condition and low voltage condition 5. Why is stator necessary to start a three phase induction motor? When a three phase induction motor is switched on at normal supply voltage, heavy current will flow through the motor because at the time of starting, there is no back emf. An induction motor, when directly switched on, takes five to seven times its full load current and its develops only 1.5 to 2.5 times full load torque. 6. What are the different speed control methods of squirrel cage induction motors? supply frequency control Supply voltage control. Controlling number of stator poles. Adding rheostats in stator. 7. What are the types of starters? stator resistance starter Autotransformer starter. Star delta starter. Rotor resistance starter. Direct to line starter.

8. How the stator poles can be changed? Consequent poles method. Multiple stator winding method. Pole amplitude modulation method. 9. What is stator voltage control? The induction motor speed can be controlled by varying the stator voltage. This method of speed control is known as stator voltage control. Here, the supply frequency is constant. The stator voltage can be controlled by two methods. 10. What is the purpose of adding external resistance in the rotor circuit? Starting torques can be improved Starting current will be reduced Motor speed can be controlled 11. What is the effect of change in input voltage on starting torque of induction motor? There is no change in starting torque due to change in input voltage. The motor reacts by drawing more current at lower speeds to keep the same torque. 12. What are the definitions associated with stepping motor? Holding torque. detent torque Step angle. Critical torque. Eliminating torque. Slewing rate. 13. What is meant by Slip power recovery Scheme? This slip power can be returned to the supply source and can be used to supply an additional motor which is mechanically coupled to the main motor. This type of drive is known as a slip power recovery system and improves the overall efficiency of the system. 14. What are the various methods of speed control of 3 phase induction motor? stator voltage control stator frequency control V/f method pole changing method slip power recovery 15. In what respect does a 1-phase Induction motor differ from a 3-phase Induction motor? Construction wise a plain 1-phase Induction motor is more or less similar to a 3phase squirrel-cage Induction motor except that its stator is provided with only 1-phase winding.

16. What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase Induction motor A plain 1-phase Induction motor is not used in practice due to the following inherent characteristics A plain 1-phase Induction motor does not have any starting torque However, if the rotor is initially given a starting torque, by some means, the motor can pick up its speed in a direction at which the initial torque is given and deliver the required output. 17. Name the two different theories with which principle of 1-phase induction motors are explained. The two different theories are Double revolving field theory Cross field theory 18. State double revolving field theory. Double revolving theory, formulated by Ferrari, states that a single pulsating synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the pulsating field. 19. How the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor is be reversed? The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either the main winding or the starting winding 20. State the principle of 3 phase IM? While starting, rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic field and so an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction. This induced emf produces a current if the circuit is closed. This current opposes the cause by Lenzs law and hence the rotor starts revolving in the same direction as that of the magnetic field. 21. What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting torque? The additional external resistance reduces the rotor current and hence the current drawn from the supply. It improves the starting torque developed by improving the power factor in high proportion to the decrease in rotor current. 22. What is slip of an induction motor? The slip speed expressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined as slip. Percentage slip S=Ns-N/Ns*100 23. Why is not possible for the rotor speed of an IM to be equal to the speed of its rotating magnetic field? The machine will not be able to develop any mechanical torque to run as a motor.

UNIT-V
1. What are the classifications of single-phase induction motor based on the mwthod of starting? Resistance start(split-phase) induction motor Capacitor-start induction motor Capacitor-run induction motor Capacitor-start capacitor run induction motor Shaded pole induction 2. Compare performance and applications of resistance split phase and permanent capacitor single phase induction motors. Features Split phase induction motor Parmanent capacitor induction motor i. Starting torque Low or medium High ii. Power factor low High iii. Efficiency low High iv. Applications Fans, blowers Compressors, pumps conveyors,refrigerator 3. What is the function of capacitor in a single phase induction motor? Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor connected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a leading current which increases the split phase angle _ between two currents Im and Ist . 4. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor? In shaded pole motors the necessary phase splitting is produced by induction. These motors have salient poles on stator and a squirrel cage type rotor. The poles are shaded ie each pole carries a copper band one of its unequally divided part is called shading band. When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding due to shading provided to the poles a rotating magnetic field is generated. 5. Why capacitor start induction motors advantageous? In capacitor start induction motors capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. When speed of the motor approaches to 75 to80%of the synchronous speed the starting winding gets disconnected due to the operation of the centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains in the circuit only at start. the starting torque is proportional to phase angle _ and hence such motors produce very high starting torque. 6. List out 4 applications of shaded pole induction motor? Shaded pole motors have very low starting torque

Low power factor and low efficiency. The motors are commonly used for small fans , toy motors ,advertising displays , film projectors , record players , gramophones ,hair dryers , photocopying machines etc 7. What are the drawbacks of the presence of the backward rotating field in a single phase induction motor? Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in the rotor which circulates rotor current .the rotor current produces rotor flux . This flux interacts with forward component to produce a torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts with backward component to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. so if anti clock wise torque is positive then clockwise torque is negative thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start . 8. Explain how to start the single phage induction motor? Or why single phase induction motor has two windings on its stator? The single phase induction motor is not self starting due to absence of rotating magnetic field. Hence in addition to the field winding, an additional winding called auxiliary winding is provided which is highly capacitive or resistive. The main winding is reactive. Due to this there exists a phase difference between the main winding current and auxiliary winding current. The resultant of the fluxes produced due to these currents is rotating magnetic field. Due to this, emf gets induced in the rotor which in turn produces rotor current and rotor flux which interacts with the main flux to produce the unidirectional torque and motor starts. 9. Is single phase induction motor self starting? Why? Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in the rotor which circulates rotor current .the rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward component _f to produce a torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts with backward component to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. So if anti clock wise torque is positive then clockwise torque is negative thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start. Hence net torque experienced by rotor is zero at start and so single phase induction motors are not self starting. 10. Mention the application of hysteresis motor? Electric clocks Timing devices Tape-decks Tum tables Other precision equipment 11. Why is hysteresis motor free from mechanical and magnetic vibrations? The stator of hysteresis motor carries main and auxiliary windings to produce rotating magnetic field or of shaded pole type also. The rotor is smooth cylindrical type made up of hard magnetic material. The torque in this motor is constant at all speeds it runs at synchronous speed. There is not relative motion between stator and rotor field so the torque due to eddy current vanishes only hysteresis torque is present which keeps

rotor running at synchronous speeds .the high retentivity ensures continuous magnetic locking between stator and rotor. Hence it is free from magnetic vibrations

12. What types of motor is used in computer drives and wet grinders? For computer drives permanent magnet dc motors are used while in wet grinders universal motor may be used. 13. Give two advantages and two applications of stepper motor. Advantages: These motors are compatible with digital equipments and are flexible in operation. The dynamic response is fast Applications: Stepper motors are widely used in computer peripherals such as serial printers tape drives, floppy disk drivers. They are also used in control of machine tools. Robotics. 14. List some applications of linear induction motor? They are used in machine tool industry and in robotics .They are used in trains operated on magnetic levitation; reciprocating compressors can also be driven by linear motors. 15. What are the specific characteristic features of the repulsion motor? Repulsion motors give excellent performance characteristics. A very high starting torque of about 300 to350% of full load can be obtained with starting currents of about 3 to 4 times the full load current. Thus it has got very good operating characteristics. The speed of the motor changes with load .with compensated type of repulsion motor the motor runs with improved power factor as the quadrature drop in the field winding is neutralized. Also the leakage between armature and field is reduced which gives better regulation. 16. Discuss characteristics of single phase series motor To reduce the eddy current losses ,yoke and pole core construction is laminated The power factor can be improved by reducing the number of turns. But this reduces the field flux. But this reduction in flux increases the speed and reducing the torque. To keep the torque same it is necessary to increase the armature turns proportionately. This increases the armature inductance. 17. What is repulsion motor? Repulsion motors are similar to series motors expect that the rotor and the stator windings are inductively coupled i.e., the rotor current is obtained by transformer action from the stator. 18. What are different types of repulsion motor? Compensated repulsion motor Repulsion induction motor

19. What are the demerits of repulsion motor? very expensive speed changes with load on no load speed is very high causing sparking at brushes low power factor on no load 20. What is reluctance motor? It is a single-phase synchronous motor which does not require d.c excitation to the rotor. It is also known as synchronous reluctance motor. 21. List four applications of reluctance motors? This motor is used in signalling devices, control apparatus, automatic regulators, recording instruments, clocks and all kinds of timing devices, teleprinters, gramophones. 22. What are different torqueses of a sync motor? Starting torque Running torque Pull-in torque Pull-out torque 23. Define step angle? It is defined as angle through which the stepper motor shaft rotates for each command pulse. It is denoted as , i)=[(Ns-Nr)/ Ns.Nr]x360 Where Ns = no. of stator poles or stator teeth Nr = no. of rotor poles or rotor teeth ii) = 3600/mNr Where m= no. of stator poles 24. What is a stepper motor? A stepper motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of programmed energization of the stator windings and whose output is in the form of discrete angular rotation. 25. What are different types of stepper motor? Variable reluctance (VR) motor Permanent magnet (PM) stepper motor Hybrid stepper motor 26. What is the advantage in using stepper motor? it can drive open loop without feedback It requires little or no maintenance. 27. Give the applications of stepper motor? Robotics

Computer peripherals Facsimile machine Aerospace

28. What are the advantage of reluctance m/c? Motor speed is constant Simple construction 29. What is universal motor? A universal motor is specially designed series wound motor, that operates at approximately the same speed and output on either dc or ac of approximately same voltage.