INTERNATIONAL EDITION BASIC MO GRAMMAR Third Edition mith Answer Key Totaanya ectoel io weV Aly Stacy A. HagenDear ESL/EFL colleagues, Tonce met a teacher who had recently used one of my texts in her students said to her, “Thank you for teaching me the secrets of English.” lass. At the end of the term, one of her 1 still smile when I think of that comment. Of course, we know there are no “secrets,” but I think I understand what the student meant—that it's sometimes helpful to understand what's going on underneath the surface of a language. A second language can seem so dizzying and random. A little information about its patterns can help students make sense of it and give them a foundation for language growth. The first book in the Azar series was published in 1981. It was the blue book, Understanding and Using English Grammar, which grew out of many years of creating my own materials for my own classes. T then wrote two other texts, the red and the black, creating The Azar Grammar Series. All of the texts have undergone revisions over the years with many evolutionary changes, especially in the use of more interactive and communicative activities. But throughout this time, the original vision remains as stated in the very first book: the goal is the development of all usage skills from a grammar base by giving clear grammar information and employing a variety of practice modes, from controlled response to open communicative interaction, ‘When I published the first book, I hoped maybe a few other teachers might find the textbook useful, too, In all honesty, I never imagined there were so many teachers like myself who found a grammar-based skills approach to be effective and appropriate for their students. It turns out we are legion. During the naturatist approach heyday in the 80s and into the 90s, when advocates of zero grammar held sway, grammar instruction largely disappeared from school curricula for native speakers of English. But because of teacher support for grammar-based materials like mine, grammar teaching did not disappear from curricula for second language learners, Because of you, grammar is today a viable and vigorous component in the ESL/EFL classroom—much to our students’ benefit. A great deal of current research shows that many if not most of our students benefit greatly from a grammar component blended with other approaches in a well-balanced program of second language instruction. Together we have served our students well. My hat is off to you, Betty Azar Whidbey Island, Washington 2006BASIC Eineuisu GRAMMAR Third Edition @ with Answer Key Betty Schrampfer Azar Stacy A. HagenBasic English Grammar, Third Edition with Answer Key Copyright © 2006, 1996, 1984 by Betty Schrampfer Azar Alll rights reserved. ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, ‘without the prior permission of the publisher. Azar Associates Shelley Hartle, Editor Susan Van Etten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Editorial manager: Pam Fishman Project manager: Margo Grant Development editor: Janet Johnston Production supervisor: Melissa Leyva Senior production editor: Robert Ruvo Director of manufacturing: Patrice Fraccio ‘Senior manufacturing buyer: Nancy Flaggman Cover design: Pat Woscayke ‘Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Led. ‘Text font: 11/13 Plantin Ilustrations: Don Martinerti Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941- Basic English grammar / Betty Schrampfer Azar. 3rd ed. pcm. ISBN 0-13-184937-9 (pbk.) — ISBN 0-13-184412-1 (pbk) 0-13-195734-1 (pbk,) ~ ISBN 0-13-195733-3 (pbk.) — ISBN 0-13-195436-9 (POI) ~ ISBN 0-13-195350-8 (pbk) ~ ISBN 0-13-184939-5 (pbk) ~ ISBN 0-13-184940-9 (pbk) 1. English language-~Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language--Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc, 1. Title PE1128.A96 2005, 428.2'4--de22 ISBN 2005014671 ISBN: 0-13-184937-9 789 10-CRK-09 08 ASBN: 0-13-195734-1 (International Edition with audio CDs) 789 10-CRK-09 08 ISBN: 0-13-195436-9 (International Edition) 3.456789 10-CRK-09 08 07 06(oe) NSN Preface to the Third Edition . Acknowledgment Chapter 1 USING BE 1-1 Noun + és + noun: singular 1-2. Noun + are + noun: plural 1-3. Pronoun + be + noun . 1-4 Contractions with be 1-5 Negative with be . 1-6 Be + adjective 1-7 Betaplace ...........00ceeeee 1-8 Summary: basic sentence patterns with be Chapter 2 USING BE AND HAVE 2-1 Yes/no questions with be 2-2 Short answers to yes/no questions . 2-3 Questions with be: using where 2-4 Using have and has........ 2-5 Using my, your, his, her, our, their 33 2-6 Using this and that . +38 2-7 Using these and those . 40 2-8 Asking questions with what and who + be . +42 Chapter 3 USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT 3-1 Form and basic meaning of the simple present tense 3-2 Using frequency adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never . 3-3. Other frequency expressions 3-4 Using frequency adverbs with be . 3-5 Spelling and pronunciation of final -es 3-6 Adding final ~s/~es to words that end in -y .. 3-7 Irregular singular verbs: has, does, goes 3-8 Spelling and pronunciation of final -s/-es 3-9 The simple present: negative . .Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 vi CONTENTS 3-10 3-1 3-12 3-13 The simple present: yes/no questions . The simple present: asking information questions with where ‘The simple present: asking information questions with when and what time ....... migitsimeKasatesses Summary: information questions with be and do sewn - 80 82 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 4-1 Be + ~ing: the present progressive tense .. . 4-2 Spelling of -ing : 4-3. The present progressive: negatives. : 4-4 The present progressive: questions . -- 102 4-5 The simple present vs. the present progressive - 106 4-6 Nonaction verbs not used in the present progressive Wi 4-7 See, look at, watch, hear, and listen to . 114 4-8 Think about and think that ........ -u7 TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT 5-1 Using it to talkabout time 0.0.2... 6. ceee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - 121 5-2 Prepositions of time ......... nena ice 12S 5-3 Using it to talk about the weather . svateotaaitel Os 5-4 There + be - 128 5-5 There + be: yes/no questions . s wes 130 5-6 There + be: asking questions with how many joonae dS 5-7 Prepositions of place . cee - 134 5-8 Some prepositions of place: alist 135 5-9 Need and want + a noun or an infinitive 143 5-10 Would like . wate - 146 5-11 Would like vs. like ........ - 148 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 6-1 Nouns: subjects and objects .. 158 6-2 Adjective + noun .. -161 6-3 Subject pronouns and object pronouns . - 164 6-4 Nouns: singular and plural. . veces e168 6-5 Nouns: irregular plural forms ©... 0.00... ccc eee eeeeeeeeee eves 173 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS Tl 7-2 13 1-4 1-5 7-6 17 18 Nouns: count and noncount . . Using anvs.d sees eeee ees Using alan vs.some ...... ‘Measurements with noncount nouns . Using many, much, a few, a little Using the . Z Using © (no article) to make generalizations . . Using some and any ....Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 1 8-1 Using be: past time +213. 8-2 .-214 8-3 tee . 216 8-4 The simple past tense: using -ed ..... 221 8-5 Past time words: yesterday, last, and ago 225 8-6 The simple past: 227 8-7 The simple past: i 231 8-8 The simple past: yes/no questions . 234 8-9 Irregular verbs (Group 2) panes 238 8-10 Irregular verbs (Group 3) 7 2 241 8-11 Irregular verbs (Group 4) siaina wna mraminet arene EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 2 9-1 The simple past: using where, when, what time, and why ..........252 9-2 Questions with what . 257 9-3 Questions with who . +260 9-4 Irregular verbs (Group 5) - 264 9-5 Irregular verbs (Group 6) 266 9-6 Irregular verbs (Group 7) . . 269 9-7 Before and after in time clauses... 273 9-8 When in time clauses wee oe 0 TG 9-9 The present progressive and the past progressive - 278 9-10 Using while with the past progressive 281 9-11 While vs. when in past time clauses . een 9-12 Simple past vs. past progressive . . os 284 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME, PART 1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 Future time: using be going to....... se eeeee Using the present progressive to express furure time... Words used for past time and future time . .. Using a couple of or a few with ago (past) and in (future) Using today, tonight, and this + morning, afternoon, evening, week, month, year .. Future time: using will ........... Asking questions with will . Verb summary: present, past, and future . Verb summary: forms of be . 294 299 -301 305 307 310 -312 -316 318 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME, PART 2 1-1 11-2 113 11-4 11-5 11-6 May/Might vs. will Maybe (one word) vs. may Be (two words) . : Future time clauses with before, after, and when . Clauses with if dwaekorimenemarerns 336 Expressing habitual present with time clauses and clauses . .. 339 Using what + aform of do ........00e0eeee aistimseue iran See 325 327 334 ‘CONTENTS