Outline of the Water Resources Policy in Japan

18 May, 2012

Ai ISAYAMA Project Chief, Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy Unit

1

Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Review of Japanese Water Resources Policy 3. State of Water Use 4. Strategy for the Future

1. Introduction

Precipitation

Annual Average:

1,690mm
Temp.

Tokyo

Precipitation

(mm) 400 300 200 100 0

30
TOKYO

20 10 0 -10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month

Current State of Water Resources in Japan

Average annual precipitation is nearly 1,700mm = about double the world average of 800mm A large population in a small area precipitation per capita is about 1/3 the world average Rainfall is concentrated in 2 short periods: rainy season and typhoon season During heavy rainfalls, the rate of flow increases suddenly
Annual precipitation of urban areas Precipitation of world countries Tokyo
1,467mm (1971-2000)

161,213 109,616 196,157

Rivers in Japan
The Loire Joganji River 1000 The Durance The Garonne Colorado River

800

Kiso River Fuji River Nile River Mississippi River Amazon River The Rhone Mogami River Tone River Mekong River Yoshino River

Altitude (m)

600

Shinano River 400

1. Prepared by the MLITs Water Resources Department, based on AQUASTAT by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2. Values for water resource reserves are calculated by subtracting the amount lost by evapotranspiration from precipitation amounts, multiplying this by countrys area, and then adding input from other countries (or subtracting output to other counties). 3. The population of Japan is based on the 2005 Population Census, which was taken by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and the average precipitation and water resource reserves are the average from 1976 to 2005 as surveyed by the Water Resources Department, MLIT.

The Seine

200

200

400

600

800

1000

120 0

1400

Distance from estuary (km)

Rivers in Japan
(Source) Nihon no Kawa (Rivers in Japan) by SAKAGUCHI Yutaka, et al., 1986

 History of water use in Japan From the late 20th until now
Urgent issuesPost WW2 : national land conservation/development, increase of food production, expansion of industrial production, power development, etc.

Urbanization

f ic Paci e Zon Belt

Bombed Tokyo in 1945

Tokyo Nagoya Osaka

Three Metropolitan Areas

the side-effect of developmentland subsidence

wellGround level of 1938 when the was installed Installed in 1938

water resource development -

Water Pollution

Ground level of 1963 Ground level of 1970

6
Katsushika-ku, Tokyo Dirty foam in the Tama River

Water Resources Balance in Japan

1) Annual precipitation in Japan is approximately 640 billion m3, of which approximately 230 billion m3 is lost through evaporation. 2) The remaining 410 billion m3 is theoretically the maximum amount that can be used by human. i.e.water resources. 3) The amount of water actually used is approximately 83 billion m3.

Evaporation
total precipitation Amount of use 640 83 (13%) ( 100 % ) 230 ( 36% ) 327 ( 51% )

Unit: billion m3/year

Theoretically Water resources 410 ( 64% )

Agricultural use

Industrial Domestic use use

River Water 73

52 3 55

9 4 13

12 Groundwater 10 7

3 15

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

State of Water Use

(Only fresh water base, this chart doesnt count for, for example, recycled water)
1) Water use is approximately 83 billion m3 per year 2) A large proportion of water use is for the purpose of agriculture ( 2 / 3 of total)

(1083 /year) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

280 280 152 287 144 570 580 585 850 860 872

889

889

870

834

586

585

572

549

303 145

303 140

297 134

285 126

200 166 100

114

128

143

158

163

164

159 ()

0 1975 1980 1985 Domestic Industrial 1990 Agricultual 1995 Total 2000 2005
8

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

Japanese History
(Trends in Water Supply Agricultural Use is not included)
18

16

Quantity of water used (billion m3 / year)

Quantity of water used (billion m3 / year)

14

12

10

1940 40
W.W.II

50 50

60 60

70 70

80 80

90

2000 100
Present 9

Reference: 1946-1964: Annual Water Supply Quantity (Waterworks Statistics) 1965-2000: Annual Intake Quantity (Water Supply Statistics)

Domestic Water
(coverage of the water supply system)
135,000 130,000 125,000 120,000
116,962 87.6 122,560 120,096 93.3 91.5 94.7 95.8 96.6 97.2

100

124,122

90

80

115,000 110,000
106,914

112,881

70

105,000 100,000 95,000 90,000 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 Coverage (%) water supplied population 50

98,397

60

10

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

Water Resources Development

57 % of water source for urban water is secured by dams
Ratio of Development Water (RDW) (Rivers, Lakes and Marshes, etc.) in Domestic Water Use
Population: 1000 people) 100%
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

Population (2005) RDW

100% 50,000
45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

Natural Water 43%

Groundwater
25%

Development water from dams,etc 57%

10% 0%

Chugoku (Sanyo)

Kinki (in land)

Shikoku

Okinawa

Kinki (Coastal)

Kyushu (North)

Kyushu (South)

Hokkaido

Kanto (inland)

Tohoku

Hokuriku

Kanto (coastal)

Tokai

Chugoku (Japan see side)

River Water
75%

Especially, in the Kanto coastal area, 90 % of the domestic water from dams.
11

Total of Domestic water and Industrial water

Examples of Facilities, TONE River System

Water Source Facility Canal Facilities Water Users Agricultural and domestic water in GUNMA Prefecture

GUNMA Canal
TONE driving CanalTONE weir

YAGISAWA Dam

Agricultural water in SAITAMA and GUNMA prefectures

Domestic water in TOKYO prefecture

12 MUSASHI water canal ASAKA water purification plant

2. General Review of Japanese Water Resources Policy

(Based on Time-Series)

Postwar Reconstruction Period (1945 - 1960) High-Level Economic Growth Period (1960 - 1973) Period of Stable Growth and the "Bubble" Economy(1973 - 1990) 2-4. Post-"Bubble" Period (1990 -)

13

Japanese History
(Long-term trends in the total population in Japan)

Japanese total population reached its peak in 2005, and has begun to decrease.
140

Approximately one-third is estimated to be the elderly

Japanese total population

(2000) 127 million

120

100

End of World War II

Estimation 1 (High) Estimation 2 (Middle) Estimation 3 (Low)

2100 82 64 47

14 Refernece: Japanese history read from population Kito Hiroshi (until 1846), Analysis of the population growth Morita Yuzo, Nippon Hyoron Sha (1847- 1870) Our countrys population in from 1872 (1872-1919), National Census and Annual Report on Current Population Estimates (1920-2000), Statistics Bureau Picture: http://www.tsukudo.jp/hito-tayasu.html

Population (million people)

80

(1945) 72 million
Beginning of the Edo Shogunate Meiji Restoration

60

40

(1603) 12 million

(1716) 31 million

(1868) 33 million

Discussion From next page (After W.W.II)

Actual past record

20

High estimation Middle estimation Low estimation

0 1600 1700 1800

Year

1900

2000

2025

2100

Japanese History
(Percentage distribution of employed persons by industry) W.W.II

1953

39.8

24.3

35.8

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992

27.8 21.1 14.7 11.9 9.7 8.3 6.4

30.7 33.3 35.7 34.8 34.2 33.3 34.1 32.5

41.5 45.7 49.4 53.1 55.7 58.1 59.1 61.6 65.3

Primary Industry Secondary Industry Tertiary Industry

1997 5.3 2002 4.7

Present

29.1

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%
15

Primary Industry :Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery Secondary Industry: Manufacture, Construction, Electricity Industry Tertiary Industry: Service

Japanese History
(DID is the area over 4000 persons/km2) DID: Densely Inhabited District

W.W.II

Present 16

Postwar Reconstruction Period (1945 - 1960)

Tokyo area hit by Kathleen Typhoon in Sep. 1947

Bombed Tokyo in 1945

Urgent issues: national land conservation/development, increase of food production, expansion of industrial production, power development, etc.
17

Laws enacted in this Period (1945 - 1960)

Stable food supply to cope with the rapid increase in population Promotion of power development (hydroelectric power, etc.) Measures to cope with the increased demand for water for domestic use Measures to cope with the increased demand for industrial water Promotion of nationwide national land development Comprehensive implementation of flood control measures and measures to meet demand for municipal water and other new water uses

Land Improvement Law (1949) Electric Power Development Promotion Law (1952)

Waterworks Law (1957)

Industrial Water Supply Business Law (1958) Comprehensive National Development Law (1950) Specified Multipurpose Dam Law (1957)
18

High-Level Economic Growth Period (1960 - 1973)

SHINKANSEN Super Express Dam

Kashima Seaside Industrial Area

Issues: 1. Promotion of water resource development to meet the rapid increase of water demand 2. Response to New Issues : the sideeffects of development; water pollution, 19 ground subsidence etc

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1961/10/1 1961/12/1 1962/2/1 1962/4/1 1962/6/1 1962/8/1 1962/10/1 1962/12/1 1963/2/1 1963/4/1 1963/6/1 1963/8/1 1963/10/1 1963/12/1 1964/2/1 1964/4/1 1964/6/1 1964/8/1 1964/10/1 1964/12/1 1965/2/1 1965/4/1

Tokyo Desert

Restriction Ratio of Waterworks service(%)

Frequently Water Shortage

Oct. 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games

20

Picture: http://www.fujifilm.co.jp/history/dai3-03.html

Water Pollution

the side-effect of development~ Tokyo, 1970 ~

Because of wastewater into river, the river was extremely polluted.

Sumida River became The River of Death

Dirty foam in the Tama River

Photo: Environment Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

21

Ground Subsidence
Cumulative ground subsidence (cm)

the side-effect of development-

Changes Over Time in Ground Subsidence in Representative Regions UONUMA NIIGATA KUJYUKURI, CHIBA SAGA NAGASHIMA,MIE

-100

-200

KOSHIGAYA, SAITAMA

MOMOJIMA, OSAKA
-300

-400

KAMEIDO,TOKYO

-500 1892 1902 1912 1922 1932 1942 1952 1962 1972 1982 1992 2002 2012

22

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

Laws enacted in this Period (1960 - 1973) <1>

For:
Promotion of water resource development to meet the rapid increase of water demand

Promotion of water resource development

Legal and organizational mechanisms for promotion

two Water Laws Water Resources Development Promotion Law (1961) Water Resources Public Corporation Law (1961)
Mechanism to implement the rapid development of water resources in the areas with remarkable increase in water demand, such as Tokyo metropolitan area

Basic Plan for Water Resource Development (Full Plan)

Coordination with new water use Integrated river management between flood control and water use

For major 7 rivers

Revision of River Law (1964)

23

History of Enactment of the two Water Laws

Social trends
Post-war period (since 1950) - Remarkable industrial development - Increased standard of living - Dramatic increase and centralization of urban population

Metropolitan area (TONE River system {TOKYO), YODO River system OSAKA, etc.) - Dramatic increase in water demand - Serious water shortages

Needs Issues prior to establishment of the two laws

- Securing of a stable supply of water - Comprehensive and efficient development in river systems

Insufficient supply and difficulty in smooth achievement of consensus - Although the Law on Specially Designated Multipurpose Dams was enacted in 1957, supply was unable to keep up with demand for various uses in river systems extending over a wide area; moreover, coordination among stakeholders was difficult Insufficient funds for water resource development - As in the past, national funds were provided for flood control - During postwar reconstruction, in addition to expenditures of national funds, public corporations 24 and financial corporations were set up for residences and roads ; treasury loans and investment were also employed

( From the previous page )

Establishment of Water Resources Development Promotion Law (1961)

(Basis for streamlining the comprehensive development and use of water resources)

- Designation of important wide-area regions (designation of river systems extending over multiple prefectures) - The national government designates water use plans Full Plan for the entire river system and facilitates consensus-building among multiple stakeholders

Water Resources Public Corporation Law (1961)

(To supply water in an efficient manner to meet urgent needs)

- Up-front investment by the national government through treasury investment and loans - Promotion and operation of integrated projects in river systems

25

Full Plan
The Water Resources Development Basic Plan stipulates purpose-specific demand forecasts and supply targets for seven designated river systems on the basis of the Water Resources Development Promotion Act, following a Cabinet decision.

Area Total population Sum of industrial shipments KISO River system

16.7% 50.9% 46.6%

Full plam

83.3% 49.1% 53.4%

Other areas

YODO River system

areas The total area of the districts under the Water Resources Development Basic Plan (districts receiving water supply from the seven river systems) account for only 17% of the national land area, but about 50% of the population and industrial output are concentrated there

TONE and ARA River system TOYO River system

River system
CHIKUGO River system

YOSHINO

26

Long-Term Plans for Water Resources (Procedure for Enacting Full Plan)
Procedures for establishment of plans under the Water Resources Development Promotion Law
Relevant Stakeholders
Preparation of cabinet decision Discussion

Designation of river systems for water resources development

Deliberation by National Land Development Council

Basic study (water supply prediction survey, etc.)

Solicitation of views

Relevant prefectures
27

Cabinet decision

Governments Related to Water in Japan

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Water Supply for Domestic Use, Quality Preservation of Water Source, etc. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Water Supply for Agricultural Use, Forest Development for Headwaters Conservations, etc. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Water Supply for Industrial Use, Hydropower, etc. Ministry of the Environment Water Quality, Environmental Preservation, etc. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Sewerage, River Improvement for Flood Control and Environment, Reservoir Area Development, Water Supply and Demand Planning, etc.
28

Laws enacted in this Period (1960 - 1973) <2>

For:
Response to New Issues : the side-effects of development; water pollution, ground subsidence etc Measures to preserve water quality
Water Quality Conservation Law / Factory Effluent Control Law (1958) Water Pollution Control Law (1970) Revision of Sewerage Law (1970)

Basic Law for Environmental Pollution (1967) Revised in 1970

Measures to prevent ground subsidence

Industrial Water Law (1956) Building Water Law (1962) Restrictions on the pumping of groundwater for industrial water use in designated regions (by prefectural governor) Restrictions on the pumping of groundwater for building water use in designated regions (by prefectural governor)
29

Period of Stable Growth and Bubble Economy (1973 - 90) <1>

Thorough Oil Shock (1973, 1979), Japanese growth was changed. (High-Level Economic Growth Stable Growth) Issues:
Continuous increase of demand, need to develop water resource continuously (not urgent) Frequent occurrence of water shortages (drought) Need for a nationwide water demand and supply plan, based on a comprehensive, long-term perspective Long-Term Water Demand and Supply Plan (1978) Water Demand in the 21st Century (1982) Basic approach and prediction of water demand and supply in 1985 and 1990 with a view to 2000 Estimates of water demand and supply in 2000 and 2010 - 3 objectives: National Comprehensive Plan for Water Resources (1987) (Water Plan 2000)
(1) Creation of a stable water supply mechanism (2) Improvement of the safety level relating to water shortages (3) Creation of new water use society

- Prediction of water demand and supply with approximately 2000 as the target year

30

Period of Stable Growth and Bubble Economy (1973 - 90) <2>

Measures to deal with frequent water shortages
"Takamatsu Desert" (1973), Fukuoka Drought (1978), National Winter Drought (1984), Western Japan Winter Drought (1986), Tokyo Metropolitan Winter Drought (1987)

Frequent water shortages within a short period of time

Government Offices Conference on Water Shortages (1987)

Drought in Fukuoka, 1978

( Photo: Nishi-nihon Newspaper Company ) 31

Post-Bubble Period (1990-)

Tokyo Waterfront City

New issues: coping with diversification of public attitudes and socioeconomic changes - Economic globalization - Sluggish economic growth and reduced rate of population increase
Aichi EXPO, 2005
32

Laws enacted in this Period (1990 - )

Dealing with diverse needs Increased interest in the environment Interchange among water uses Effective use of existing facilities

<1>

Basic Environment Law (1993) Environment Impact Assessment Law (1997) Revision of the River Law (1997) New efforts to secure water resources - Optimization of facility management - Diversion of water use rights to different applications - Reuse of reclaimed water

Measures to meet new demand New National Comprehensive Plan Decreased safety level for water use due to medium for Water Resources and long-term fluctuations in climate conditions (Water Plan 21) (1999)
( Revise of Water Plan 2000 )

Aimed at constructing a sustainable water use system

33

Revision of the River Law

Flood Mitigation

Flood Mitigation

Water Use

Flood Mitigation

Water Use

Environment

Emergence of Institutional Frameworks for Rivers

Development of Institutional Frameworks for Rivers - River Basin Management - Regulations for Water Use

Establishment of Integrated Institutional Frameworks for Rivers

-Conservation of River Environment -Plans reflected by Public Opinions 34

We dont have fundamental law like Water Law River law puts its focus on the urban area

Laws enacted in this Period (1990 - )

<2>

Need for comprehensive efforts Government Offices Conference on the Establishment of a Healthy Hydrological Cycle (1999)

Interim report on basic matters regarding the approach to future efforts and cooperation, etc.

Others Law for the Focused Planning of Social Infrastructure Improvement (2003) Revision of Comprehensive National Land Development Law National Land Sustainable Plan Law (2005)

35

Environmental Regeneration

Elementary school children in the Tama River today

36 Tama River around 1970

Photo: Environment Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Environmental Regeneration
1.5 (%)

1.0

Pb CN Cd As PCB

Health Indicators

0.5 0

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

BOD of KANDA River 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

People Served Sewerage System (%)

BOD
1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(%) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70
37

3. State of Water Use

38

Long-Term Plans for Water Resources

(Minimizing the Gap between Demand and Supply (TONE-ARA River System))
250 Planned water supply volume Vested water volume (domestic water and industrial water) Predicted demand and target value for supply 200
Phase II Full Plan (1970 - 1975) TONE River system Phase IV Full Plan (1988 - 2000) TONE River system and ARA River system Phase III Full Plan (1976 - 1985) TONE River system and ARA River system

Water volume (m3 / s)

150
Phase 1 Full Plan (1963 - 1970) TONE River system

100

50

0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Year - Planned water supply volume: Volume of water developed by dams, etc. (not including facilities under construction and water diverted under agricultural rationalization projects in the winter.) - Vested water volume: sum of secured water rights and provisional water rights 39

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Changes of Water Storage Capacity and its Effectiveness

(100 million m3) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1915 Effective Storage Capacity (100 million m3/year) 900 850 800 750 700 Water Volume Used 650 600 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995

40

State of Water Use

(Water for Domestic Use)
1) Increase by roughly three times due to the population increase and expansion of economic activities. 2) Roughly doubled of the daily per capita amount of domestic water in the same time due to changes in the lifestyle (e.g. dissemination of flash toilets and baths in each family),

10 m /year Domestic water use(m3/year) 160 per capita(liter/day)

247 261 118 102 169 88 69 287 135 141 318 322 322 144

L/day 350
307

300
139

120

224

250 200 150 100 50

80

42

40

0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

0
41
Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

Changes of Water Supply and Its Effectiveness

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 Number of Waterborne Communicable Disease Patient Number of Cholera Patient

(%) People Served Water Supply (%)

20 100 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Infant Mortality Rate (%)

4 2 0

42

Domestic Water
(monthly change of domestic water usage)
million m / day 50 48 46 44 42 40 38
3

We use much in Summer

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Temp.

Tokyo

Precipitation

30 20 10 0

(mm) 400 300 200 100

36 34 32 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

43

Domestic Water
(monthly change of domestic water usage) Main proportion of households is baths, Toilets, Cooking and Landry

Hygiene, etc. 8% Laundry 17%

Toilets 28%

Domestic Water Use

Cooking 23% Baths 24%

44
Data from the survey by bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo gov.

State of Water Use

(Water for Industrial Use)
1) Increase roughly by three times due to expansion of economic activities 2) Due to advances in Water recycling, the amount of water, required to be newly taken in from rivers etc. has been decreasing or remained static in trend since 1973. 3) Proportion of recovery ratio per the amount of water for the recycling use of water is 79 %. () 700 78.6 78.7 77.2 80 75.9 74.6
73.6

600 500 Total Industrial Use

51.7

67.0 507 444 501

536

541

555 516

70 60 50 Recovery Ratio
45

400
36.3 310 297 161

Recovery Water
373 374 407 417 436 406

300 200 100

114 150 179 65

40 30 20

147

134

127

129

124

119

10
110

0 1965

Freshwater replenishment

0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

1970

1975

1980

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

State of Water Use

(Water for Agricultural Use)
In Japan, mainly used for Paddy (rice field)
(108 m3 /year)

Livestock 586

Dry field 585

Paddy (for rice) 572

Water Usage

600 570

580

585

549

500

400

300

200

100

0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Dry Field

Paddy (rice field)

It is the amount only taken from river : For agricultural use, purification is not necessary and rain can be used directly

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008) Photo : City of ASAHIKAWA,HOKKAIDO 46 http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/files/tosi_kei/ keikan/keikan-gallery03/ga102.htm

Decrease of acreage
(107 m2 )

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

1985

1990 Dry Field

1995 Rice Field

2000

2005 TOTAL
47

Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008)

Using Reclaimed Water

Number of facilities using reclaimed water
No. of facilities at which reclaimed water is introduced each year

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

44 Prior to 1965 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

Cumulative number of facilities

No. of facilities at which reclaimed water is introduced each year Cumulative number of facilities

2005

48
Reference: Survey (as of the end of fiscal 2005), Water Resources Department, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Using Reclaimed Water (Example in Japan, Tokyo)

To keep the environment of river well 85,000m3/day
MEGURO River

To flush the toilet 7,000m3/day

SHIODOME District

Reclaimed water
To wash the body of train :2,000m3/day To make stream in the park 40m3/day

49
YURIKAMOME

Sound Hydrological Cycles

- Water related issues in Japan Improving water quality in lake and sea Ensuring comfortable waterfront both for human and nature Promoting water related risk managements Efficiency of water utilization etc. - 5 ministries set liaison committee to make integrated measure in 1998. - Toward Drawing Up a Plan for Sound Hydrological Cycles released in 2003.

50

4. Strategy for the Future

51

Occurrence of Drought
Approximately 16 million people were affected when the nationwide severe drought occurred in 1994 Frequency of occurrence of [ Countermeasure ] drought in recently 20 years - Supply side Beneficial/efficient use of existing dam 0 Unit: 1 Promotion of recycling use of 23 Number 47 of Year sewerage-treated water 8 - Demand side Reference : Water Resources in Japan, Water Resources Department, MLIT (2008) Raising awareness about saving of water usage

Note) Nation map divided into 172 areas, where there are the frequency/times of suspension of domestic water supply for 20 years during year 1984 to 2003.

52

Influence of Climate Change

(notable characteristics of rainfall in recent years)
(mm)

Annual changes in rainfall volume in Japan (1900-2007)

2,100 2,000 1,900

Trend

Annual rainfall volume (mm)

1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1900

Margin of changes increasing

Annual rainfall volume

Drought years
1910 1920 1930 1940
Great Biwa Lake Drought (1939)

1950

1960
Tokyo Olympics Drought (1964)

1970
Nagasaki Drought (1967)

1980

1990
Archipelago Drought (1994)

2000
(Year)

National Winter Drought (1984) Western Japan Winter Drought (1986)

Takamatsu Drought (1973) Fukuoka Drought (1978)

53

(Note) Estimated by the Water Resources Department of MLIT based on data compiled by the Meteorological Agency.

Influence of Climate Change

(change in the incidence of short torrential rain and heavy rain in recent years)
Annual incidence of rainfall of more than 50 mm/h (per 100 locations) Annual incidence of rainfall of

23.2 times
/100 locations

more than 200 mm/day (per 100 locations) 18.5 times /100 locations

16.0 times
/100 locations

17.7 times
/100 locations

12.3 times

13.7 times

/100 locations

/100 locations

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Annual incidence of rainfall of more than 80 mm/h (per 100 locations)

Annual incidence of rainfall of

1.8 times
/100 locations

more than 400 mm/day (per 100 locations)

0.5 times
/100 locations

1.2 times
/100 locations

1.0 times
/100 locations

1.2 times
/100 locations

0.4 times
/100 locations

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

54 2006

[Source: Climate Change Monitoring Report for 2006, Meteorological Agency]

Influence of Climate Change

(notable characteristics of snowfall depth in TOYAMA in recent years)

Snowfall depth (cm)

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

TOYAMACity

Oct. 1

Oct. 31

Nov. 30

Dec. 30

Jan. 29

Feb. 28

March 29 April 28

May 28

Changes in snowfall depth in Toyama (Toyama City)

(Note) Compiled by the Water Resources Department of MLIT based on observation data collected by the Meteorological Agency.

55

Impacts of Climate Change (threats to water resources from global warming)

As a result of greenhouse gas emissions in bulk and their increased concentrations in the air amplifying heat absorption, temperatures have risen. This has also led to intensified precipitation variability and rising sea levels.

Increased evaporation

Rising temperature

Rising water temperature

Thermally expanded sea water

Intensified variability of annual precipitation and shifts in precipitation patterns Extreme drought events Increased frequency of heavy rainfall

Decreasing snow fall and quicker snow melt

Increased evaporations from rice paddies, rice, farming grounds, crops, etc.

Shifting rice farming season

Impaired water cycle at sources

Phytoplankton proliferation

Changing ecosyste ms

Rising sea levels Up to Max. 59cm

Increasing demand for drinking water, etc.

Heavy metals, nutrient salt flux

Unsavory odor or taste, filtration problems

Rising underground saltwater aquifers

Saltwater backflows into rivers

Decreasing river run-off

Soil erosion

Water quality degradation Water quality degradation from turbidity from turbidity

Decreasing river run-offs Decreasing river run-offs Earlier spring flows Earlier spring flows

Shifts in seasonal water demand Shifts in seasonal water demand Increased water demand Increased water demand

Water quality Water quality degradation degradation

Groundwater Groundwater saline saline contamination contamination

River water River water abstraction abstraction problem problem

56

56

Climate Change Prediction (Future changes in precipitation (RCM20: A2 Model))

To examine the second-lowest seasonal precipitation in two decades of 100 years hence, a decrease is expected in regions from east Japan through Kyushu in winter and in west Japan mainly in spring. Indicating increased scarcity risks where future natural climatic events are concerned.

Winter

Spring

* Rate of change: Future seasonal precipitation / Present seasonal precipitation 57 57

Climate Change Prediction (snowfall)

Snowfall will dramatically decrease in Japan Sea coast regions from Hokkaido to Sanin. In a 100 years time, the upstream catchments of the Tone River will have considerably less snow depth.

cm

300
Present

250
Converted equivalent rainfall (mm)

Future

200

Snow depth

150 100 50 0
Oct/1 Nov/1 Dec/1 Jan/1 Feb/1 31 Apr/1 May/1 101 111 121 11 21 Mar/1 41 51
Notes 1. 19922006 1. Present100Model:RCM20A2 1992 2006. 2. shows the averages of data for 2. Future shows predictions (model: RCM20, A2) for approximately 100 years hence. 3. Computed by the Water Resource Department, MLIT

Changes in annual snowfall

(Average of 2081 2100) (Average of 1981 2000)

Snow depth changes expected 100 years hence (Fujiwara)

58

(Source: Global warming projection vol. 6 (JMA))

58

Impacts of Climate Change (Schematized changes in river run-offs)

Decreasing run-offs during the peak demand season such as rice paddy preparation Anticipated deviation from traditional water use patterns Global warming
Snowfall: significant decrease Snow melt: earlier

State of river run-offs after global warming (estimated)

Decreasing river run-offs Earlier spring flooding

River run-off

Present Future Even if the rice paddy preparation season is advanced, available river run-offs in the demand season are insufficient.

Spring thaw: earlier When dams are full

River run-offs: lower

Wasteful discharges
(discharges not utilized effectively)

Wasteful discharges

Jan
Full

Apr

July Rice paddy preparation

Oct

If months with little rainfall continue in spring, Run-offs decrease in demand season (rice paddy preparation)

Water in storage

Empty dams

Unable to store

Present Future

Even if the rice paddy preparation is advanced

River flows in the demand season are insufficient. 59 Empty dams 59

Impacts of Climate Change (Schematic of impacts on water quality)

Global warming Use of fossil fuel, etc.
Shifts in precipitation patterns
Water temperature rise (remaining warm)

Temperature rise

Fixed Increase of thermocline E. coli position

Increase of pests

Decrease of winter ice cover (Increasing light transmission)

From urban areas Increased diffusion of nitrogen / phosphorus /

Changing nitrogen cycle in the atmosphere Flux into forests / soil (nitrogen saturation)

Landslide in Rain storm

Decreasing circulation in lakes

Phytoplankton proliferation Soil erosion

NO3-N leaking into rivers upstream Savory water Products of treatment Turbidity Smell / taste Leaking iron/ manganese Color

Risk of infectious diseases Increasing pesticide leaks with their increased use Water safety Decrease of river DO

Bottom sedimentation of remains

Increased turbidity

Decrease of bottom-layer DO

Leaking hazardous substances

Flux of hazardous substances

Water safety

(Note) Adapted by the Water Resource Dept. from Global warming and Japan, third report: Environment prediction for nature and people Hideo Harasawa, Shuzo Nishioka

60
60

Water Issues (Flow of International Discussion)

Contribution to the international efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) and water

efficiency plans by 2005

2004 To halve the proportion without access to basic sanitation by 2015

Water for Life Decade (20052015)

UN Secretary-Generals Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation

1992
< UN-Process > < Non-Un-Process > World Water Forum
1

2000

2002
20042005 2008
1

2012

RIO Summit
AGENDA21

Millennium Summit

WSSD
Johannesburg Summit

2003

2003

CSD12 CSD13

CSD16

CSD20

BONN
To Halve the proportion of the population without access to drinking water by 2015 Fresh Water Conference

G8 Evian TICAD Summit

Dushanbe Intl Forum

Next MDGs

1st WWF Morocco

2nd WWF Netherlands

3rd WWF Japan

4th WWF Mexico

5th WWF Turkey

6th WWF France

57h WWF Korea

2006 1997
2000

2009

2012

2015

The 1st World scale World Water conference organized by Vision etc non-UN organizations, regarding water issues

2003
Ministerial Conference, Portfolio of Water Actions (PWA)

The 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit 2007.12 in Japan

The 2nd Asia-Pacific Water Summit 2013 in Thailand

WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development

CSDCommission on Sustainable Development TICADTokyo International Conference on African Development

61

IWRM Policies Domestic water, industrial water, agricultural water, flood control, water environment, etc. should be considered. Elements Government, water user, regional society, civil society, etc. should be included. Process (Participation, Transparency etc)
Responsible and fair coordinators

Hydrological cycles including rain, surface water, ground water, etc. should be considered.
62

Direction of IWRM
High-growth period
Need to increase the water supply to a level sufficient to meet the rapid growth in demand in major cities Formulation of "Full Plan" for water resources development based on the Water Resources Development Promotion Act

Present
Diffusion of water- Improvement in the Decrease in the area Start of a population saving efforts recovery ratio of water size of paddy fields of decline for industrial use

Future

End of the situation in which water demand outpaces supply Increase in accident risk due to the aging of facilities and other factors Problems in the allocation and utilization of facilities in relation to the water system as a whole (inadequate supply and insufficient water quality) Flexible water utilization (lending/borrowing of water among users)
Increase in the possibility of a major earthquake occurring

From development to management

Increase in dangers related to natural disasters and accidents Risks related to water quality

Integrated water resource management

(Both supply- and demand-side measures)

Concentration of efforts on facility construction

Tasks

Securing of more stable water utilization

Uncertainty factors concerning water utilization

New risk factors

Increase in drought risk

Appropriate management of underground water Climate change

Supply-side changes (change in characteristics of rainfall)

Global warming forecast to continue in the future (IPCC)

Increase in the margin of changes in annual rainfall volume, change in rainfall patterns Decrease in snowfall volume, earlier arrival of the snow-melting season Demand-side changes (temperature rise) Earlier arrival of the paddy rice planting season Increase in volume of water evaporation from rice paddy fields, rice plants, etc. Increase in drinking water demand Change in water quality (rise in water temperature, frequent occurrence of floods)
Changes in the water circulation and the ecological system in water source areas, occurrence of muddy water

Decrease in the effectiveness of facilities

Decrease in river discharge volume, earlier arrival of the river discharge season

Timing change in the highdemand season Increase in demand

Deterioration of water quality

Impact on underground water (rise in the sea level) Saltification of groundwater Storm surge damage (increase in the size of typhoons) Risk of storm surge damage in sub-sea level areas Problems related to underground water Water supply cuts due to flooding

63

Era of resource development

Era of resource management

Thank you for your attention

64