CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of the Study Language is means of communication of one person to another, to express

ones personal reaction, emotions, and thought as well as to share information in daily social life. Communication is the most important and complex aspects of human life. Our daily lives are strongly affected by our own communication with other while transferring messages from people to peoples. People use language not only to exchange sounds, words, or sentences, but also to bring meanings. When meaning is conveyed through language, people use language to interact and establish relation to influence and to express their experience to the world. One of the examples of this condition is debating. Debate is where two peoples or more talked about something that made pro and contra and sometimes they become enemy to one each other. Debating is a more formal way of communicating. It builds confidence and self esteem in people.There are some definitions of debate. First, debate is an argument to decide good or not a specific proposal which supported by a part which is called supporter or affirmative, dab rejected denied by others, which is called deniers or negative (Tarigan, 1984: 86). Second, debate is a process of oral communication

declared with a language to defense an argument (Dispodjojo, 1984: 47). Third, According to Indonesias Big Dictionary (2003: 242) Debate is the discussion and exchange of opinion on a matter by giving each other reasons to maintain their opinion. Fourth, According to Dori Wuwur in his book Rhetoric (1991: 120) debate is another argument between individuals or between groups of humans with the aim of achieving a victory for one party. Last, According To Kamdhi (1995:24-26) Debate is discussion an exchange of opinion on a subject matter which each participant gives reason to defend his opinion. Furthermore, nation is an organization in one region that has absolute power and followed by the citizen. Then power is someones or groups ability in influencing behavior of somebody or group as the willingness of the actor. Even decision making is the taking of decision collectively and tying all communities. Next, public policy is the decision that had already taken as the way to reach the purpose. Last, distribution is the allocation of values in society. Refer to description above, the analysis focuses on direct and indirect speech which uttered by four future candidates who will change Obamas position in Presidents chair in United States. The debate between four of future candidates in Republican Party is chosen because they are who can appreciate their utterance to audience and who dare compete in front of the audience and who has taken the attention of public. According to Yule (1996: p.48), in speech act, there are three kinds of act, they are: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act

is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistics expression. In the other words, the speaker only informs something to hearer. Illocutionary act is the performance of an act is saying something or speaker intention. Last, Perlocutionary act is speech act that has an effect on the feelings of the speaker or the listener. In the other words, it is the effect of what the speaker says. Thus, beside that, according to Austins original exposition in How to Do Things with Word, an Illocutionary act is an act for the performance of which I must make it clear to some other person that the act is performed. For example: (1) Father: can you see your watch?, what time is it? Son: Im really sorry Dad, Im late to going home. This conversation from two peoples who talking each other between father and his son. When a son came late and his father asked him can you see your watch?, what time is it? and a son answers with Im really sorry dad, Im late to going home. The conversation here state that the father not only asking the time but may also mean that son comes too late to going home.

1.2

Identification of the Problem As being stated above, debate is a speaking form which used to dialogue

and strong statement each other so that statement can accepted by all side. Therefore, the research questions that the writer would like to answer are as formulated below:

1. What are the types of illocutionary acts used by Republican Party in Presidential Debates? 2. What the factors causes trigger the use of the illocutionary act in Presidential Debate?

1.3

Objective of the Study Based on the research questions, as the object of the study, this research is

conducted to observe all participants utterances in using type of illocutionary act which occurred in Republican Presidential Debate. This purpose of the study will be formulated as follows: 1. The types of illocutionary act which are found in the Republican Presidential Debate, either representative, declaration, commissive, directive, or expressive. 2. The factors causes trigger the use of the illocutionary act.

1.4

Scope of the Study This study is conducted in analyzing the types of illocutionary act which

are found in the debate of four future candidate of Republican Party. Beside, the writer also pays attention to the context of the utterance. In analyzing the data, the writer applies theory proposed by Searle, and completed by other related theories to identify the types and looking for the factor of illocutionary act that occurs in the data. However, the research will be limited on half copied of the Republican

Presidential debates transcript because in transcript data, the pages until 61 pages.

1.5

Method of the Research The data were taken from debate between fourth Florida Republicans

Presidential in transcripts video released at January 26nd 2012. Why the writer took the utterances in debate between fourth Florida Republicans Presidential candidates as the data because they are due to pragmatic form are found in dialogue of video, especially illocutionary acts. This transcript talks about the problem which is confront them.

1.5.1

Method and Technique of Collecting Data In collecting the data, the writer applied non participant observation

method (Sudaryanto, 1993:134) where writer did not join directly with that debates, but only collect the data and begin to analyze it. In this method, the video of Florida Republicans Presidential Debate in Jacksonville, North Florida on January, 26nd 2012 is taken from youtube and watches it for several times. The video is downloaded to show their expression to support the transcript and took the transcript as well in

http://www.archives.cnn.comTRANSCRIPTS120126se.05.html to get more valid data. Indeed, the transcript is suited with the video of Fourth candidates of

Republican Presidential speech. The similar data which occur in the speech are omitted and only several data are used. Then, the note is being taken from the sample of the data.

1.5.2

Method and Technique of Analyzing Data In analyzing the data, two theories are applied that proposed by Searle (in

Leech: 1983) who has the application of types of illocutionary acts and also helped by the application of context proposed by Hymes (1972). The analysis is begun from analyzing speech debate which is been in the transcripts video debate. These speech debates occurring in every sentence would give the perspective of what types of illocutionary act from members of debating. The after that, the writer selects the utterances to classify into types based on Searles theory. And when the writer finished his analyzing with Searles theory, continued with Hymess theory to knowing the factor trigger the use of illocutionary act in presidential debate.

1.5.3

Method and Technique of Presenting The Result of Analysis The result of analysis will be explained with formal and informal way.

Formal way using table where used to present the overall result and Informal way using words where used to explain the result of analysis.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1

Review of Related Studies Actually, speech acts has been analyzed by many researchers, especially in

Illocutionary acts. A few of them is Vandervaken, Tomoyuki Yamada, and last is Anna Rcov & Jn Horeck. First, Vandervaken (1994), speakers perform their illocutionary acts within entire conversations where they are most often in verbal interaction with other speakers who reply to them and perform in turn their own speech acts with the same collective intention to pursue with success a certain type of discourse. Thus, above all, the use of language is a social form of linguistic behavior. It consists, in general, of ordered sequences of utterances made by several speakers who tend by their verbal interaction to achieve a common discursive goals such as discussing, consulting, or more simply to exchange greetings and talk for its own sake. For terminological convenience, I will call such ordered sequences of speech acts conversations. Second, Yamada (2008,) his study provides illocutionary acts of commanding will be differentiated from perlocutionary acts that affect preferences of addresses in a new dynamic logic which combines the preferences upgrade introduced in DEUL (Dynamic Epistemic Upgrade Logic) by Van

Benthem and Liu with the deontic update introduced in ECL II (Eliminative

Command Logic II) by Yamada. The title of his research is Logical Dynamics of some speech acts that affect obligations and Preference. His research shows that the resulting logic will incorporate J.L. Austins distinction between illocutionary acts as acts having mere conventional effects and perlocutionary acts as acts having real effects upon attitudes and action of agents and help to understand why saying so can make it so in explicit performative utterances. Last, Rcov & Jn Horeck (2006). This paper describes the syntactic structure of Slovak Carpathian Romany on the basis of the theory of illocutionary acts, i.e. acts by which something is uttered about reality and which carry the content of the utterance as a basic communicative sign. Besides their form and content, illocutionary acts have special functions that reveal the intention of the speaker, such as the informational illocutionary act functions to provide information, the cogitative illocutionary act both introduces new illocutionary act and expresses ones attitude toward them, the directive illocutionary act requires a reaction from the addressee, and the phatic illocutionary act performs the social function of involving others in the communication process. In the result of analysis, they demonstrate that in illocutionary acts, people formulate illocutionary act with state of their linguistic consciousness and its activity. Nevertheless, even illocutionary act cannot by themselves represent the linguistic conscience. That is why within discursive activity people formulate more complex units from them. These complex units are denoted as texts. However,

their more detailed analysis does not constitute an object of syntax but of stylistics and rhetoric. From three researchers above, it can conclude that their researches are different from this study, but what they talked about is same. The researchers focus on illocutionary acts. The first research focuses on the use of language is a social form of linguistic behavior. It means that they use illocutionary acts within entire conversations where they are most often in verbal interaction with other speakers who reply to them and perform in turn their own speech acts with the same collective intention to pursue with success a certain type of discourse. In that way, it can makes verbal interaction to get a goal, such as discussing, consulting, or more simply to exchange greetings and talk for its own sake. Second research is a logical dynamics of some speech acts that affect obligations and preference. He wanted to prove that his research show combining from J.L Austins perspective between Illocutionary acts and Perlocutionary acts. Third research is observing the syntactic structure of Slovak Carpathian Romany on the basis of the theory of illocutionary acts. It shows that in illocutionary acts, people formulate illocutionary act with state of their linguistic consciousness and its activity.

2.2

Definition of Key Terms There are 2 key terms used in this study. They are illocutionary act and

debate.

Illocutionary Acts is an attempt to communicate, which they analyze as the expression of an attitude (Bach & Harnish, 1979) Debate is contention in argument, dispute, controversy, and discussion, especially the discussion of questions of public interest in Parliament or in any assembly.

2.3

Theoretical Framework The analysis of this writing is based on some related theories. They are

speech acts, illocutionary acts, and context. The writer has tried to find those theories in several books and pdf, but the writer only uses certain theories that are used to help his research and answer his curiosity. Therefore, not all theories of speech acts, illocutionary acts and context are written here.

2.3.1

Speech acts According to Yule (1996: 47), actions performed via utterances are

generally called speech acts. In other words, speakers are attempting to accomplish an act with word performing speech acts. Actually, speech act is firstly proposed by Austin. A speech acts is a theory where the effect of an utterance is analyzed in relationship to the speaker and listeners behavior. Speech acts treats an utterance as an act performed by a speaker in a context with respect to the addressee (Austin in Truggott and Pratt, 1980: 229). According to

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quotation, Austin classified three kinds of acts in speech act, they are: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and perlocutionary. Locutionary act is the act of simple uttering sentences from a languages, it is description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expression and a predicting expression. It is a linguistic expression of what the speaker has in mind. For example, the utterance my watch is broken. The referring expression is my watch and the predicting expression is is broken (Austin in Parker, 1946:15). This is an act of saying something. Illocutionary act is an act what the speaker intends to do by uttering a sentence. It includes stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, predicting, ordering and requesting. For example, mother says to her child take your feet of the table. The illocutionary performed by mother is ordering (Austin in Parker, 1986: 15). In other word, this is an act of doing something. Perlocutionary act is the effect on the hearer of what the speaker says. This effect can involve feeling, thinking, or action of the hearer. Perlocutionary acts include such effect as persuading, embarrassing, intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer. Example of this is when a husband says to his wife ten times in five minutes Hurry up, dear; we are going to be late for the party. In this case, the perlocutionary act is likely to be one of irritating (Austin in Parker, 1986: 16). The three kinds of theory of speech acts focus on the question of what they are doing when they use language. It treats an utterance as it is performed by

11

a speaker in a context respecting to an addressee. In other words, speech act theory is related to the role of utterance.

2.3.2

Illocutionary Act This study focuses on the illocutionary act. In one utterance there may

some illocutions the same time. Illocution includes explicit and implicit. Explicit illocution means that the utterance has the explicit performative, where it is expressed directly. Implicit illocution means that the utterance has the implicit performative expressed indirectly. Searle (1983) states that there are five types of illocutionary act. Each type is very important in communication because in every function the speakers always expect the hearer to recognize the meaning and the act as a response to the utterance that they make. The five types of illocutionary act are:

1.

Assertive Assertive describes some states of affairs. Speaker conveys his beliefs that

some propositions is true or commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as: asserting, stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming, informing, warning, and reporting. The utterance I went to the party, for example, is one type of assertive, which is an informing act.

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2.

Directives Directives are intended to produce some effects through action by the

hearer. By uttering directives, the speaker attempts to get the listener to do something, such as: ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, asking, threatening, concluding, allowing, forbidding, persuading, and recommending. What the speaker says in this utterance, could you do the research? Is the example of directives, which is the speaker requesting the hearer do the research.

3.

Commisive Commisive is the statement that has a function as promises or refusals for

action. Commit the speaker to a greater or lesser degree to some future action, such as: committing, promising, vowing, offering, and praying. As an example, when a speaker promises to come to his friends party, he can uses one of these utterances dont worry, I will come tomorrow, do you think Id miss the party?

4.

Expressive Expressive has the function of expressing or making known, the speakers

psychological attitude toward a state of affair which the locution presupposes, such as: thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, apologizing, praising, condoling, deriding, and scorning. The utterance thank you for coming, for

13

example, is one type of expressive which is the speaker says a thanking to the hearer. 5. Declarations Declarations are illocution of successful performance brings about the correspondence between the proportional content and reality, such as: resigning, refusing, christening, absolving, naming, and marrying.

2.3.3

Ethnography of SPEAKING Hymes (1972) developed a valuable model to assist the identification and

labeling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. The model had sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse: message form; message content; setting; scene; speaker/sender; addressor;

hearer/receiver/audience; addressee; purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals); key; channels; forms of speech; norms of interaction; norms of interpretation; and genres. Hymes constructed the acronym SPEAKING, under which he grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions:

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Setting and Scene

Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances. The living room in the grandparents' home might be a setting for a family story. Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness. The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative.

Participants

Speaker and audience. Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers. At the family reunion, an aunt might tell a story to the young female relatives, but males, although not addressed, might also hear the narrative.

Ends

Purposes, goals, and outcomes. The aunt may tell a story about the grandmother to entertain the audience, teach the young women, and honor the grandmother.

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Act Sequence

Form and order of the event. The aunt's story might begin as a response to a toast to the grandmother. The story's plot and development would have a sequence structured by the aunt. Possibly there would be a collaborative interruption during the telling. Finally, the group might applaud the tale and move onto another subject or activity.

Key

Clues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act. The aunt might imitate the grandmother's voice and gestures in a playful way, or she might address the group in a serious voice emphasizing the sincerity and respect of the praise the story expresses.

Instrumentalities

Forms and styles of speech. The aunt might speak in a casual register with many dialect features or might use a more formal register and careful grammatically "standard" forms.

Norms

Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction. In a playful story by the aunt, the norms might allow many audience interruptions

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and collaboration, or possibly those interruptions might be limited to participation by older females. A serious, formal story by the aunt might call for attention to her and no interruptions as norms.

Genre

The kind of speech act or event; for the example used here, the kind of story. The aunt might tell a character anecdote about the grandmother for entertainment, or an exemplum as moral instruction. Different disciplines develop terms for kinds of speech acts, and speech communities sometimes have their own terms for types.

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CHAPTER 3

THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT USED IN REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES

3.1

Introduction This chapter tells about 4 members of Florida Republican Party

who want to compete with President Barack Obama who still standing in the chair of President of United States until right now. So, this chapter deals with analysis of illocutionary acts reflected in their sentences as seen in Transcript of CNN Florida Republican Presidential Debate. In the show of debate, there are some people who fill the debates show; the peoples are Wolf Blitzer as Moderator, Congressman Ron Paul, Governor Mitt Romney, The Former Speaker of the House, Newt Gingrich, and The Former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, Rick Santorum. This debates show held in University of North Florida in Jacksonville and aired January 26, 2012. They were talked about pro and contra in America continent. The analysis of the data arranged based on randomly of the sentences. There are some data to be analyzed.

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3.2

The Analysis of Data

Datum 1

Rick Santorum

: Im Rick Santorum, and Im thrilled to campus of North Florida

be here on the

(Laughter) (Applause) Rick Santorum : And Im especially thrilled because Im here with a North Florida Resident who lives right down the beach from Jacksonville, my mom, who is 93 years old, who is with me here tonight. (Applause) Rick Santorum : I better just stop right there

This conversation is held in one of the building in University of North Florida in Jacksonville in January 26, 2012 at 20:00 pm. In this building, there are many people watching this debate, included 4 candidates among Ron Paul, Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum who will challenge with Barack Obama to take a chair of President in next period. Beside that, they use formal sentence to take attention from the audiences. When Wolf Blitzer as moderator begins the show, firstly Blitzer invites Rick Santorum to introduce his self in front of the public in this building. First sentence he said was Im Rick Santorum, and Im thrilled to be here on the campus of North Florida. He said like that with

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head upright, bold and with smile on his lip, after that, he continues his sentence with his smile with And Im especially thrilled because Im here with a North Florida Resident who lives right down the beach from Jacksonville, my mom, who is 93 years old, who is with me here tonight. Actually, after he introduces his self in front of the peoples who watching him, he wants to introduce his family too and make his mother proud of him. Perhaps he does not to take along his introducing and he does not know what sentences he wants to speak in front of the audiences, so he says I better just stop right there. In this case, the utterance is produced by Rick Santorum I better just stop right there viewed from the context, this utterance belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into representative with the proposition of statement. It is categorized into representative with the proposition of statement because Rick Santorum feels it will become waste time when he wants to talk so long and he feels nervous of that show. Although Rick Santorum says with I better just stop right there but Rick Santorum knows that it will take so long this conversation.

Datum 2

Audience

: Hello. Can you tell me what specific actions youll take to address the costly consequences of illegal immigration

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while preserving the rights of those who seek to immigrate legally? : All right. Senator Santorum, lets take that question. But also, in the course of that question, express your opinion on what we heard from Governor Romney, that selfdeportation, or illegal immigrants leaving the country voluntarily, is a possible solution. Rick Santorum : Well, the possible solution is

Blitzer

This conversation happens when after 4 candidates introduce their self in front of the audiences and moderator invites one of the audiences to ask about the problems that occur at this time. One of the audiences who do not mention her name asks to Rick Santorum about his action for illegal immigration. The audience asks Can you tell me what specific actions youll take to address the costly consequences of illegal immigration while preserving the rights of those who seek to immigrate legally? after an audience ask to Rick Santorum, Blitzer as moderator take over the question and adding a statement by Mitt Romney about self deportation and moderator orders Rick Santorum to express his opinion about it. So, Rick Santorum gives his opinion to the audience who watching him with Well, the possible solution is.. This sentence states that Rick Santorum believes that his opinion is right.

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In this case, the utterance is produced by Rick Santorum Well, the possible solution is. viewed from the context, this utterance belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into representative with the proposition of hypotheses. It is categorized into representative with the proposition of hypotheses because after the audience gives him a question and Blitzer as moderator adding a statement from Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum directly answer the audiences question with his opinion.

Datum 3

Blitzer

: Speaker Gingrich, youve suggested that self- deportation

as advocated by Governor Romney is in your words, An Obama level fantasy. Why?

Gingrich

: Well look, I think that first of all, you should control the
border, which I have pledged to do by January 1, 2014. You should fix legal immigration in terms of visas so people can come and go easily more easily than doing it illegally. You should also make deportation easier so when you deport people who shouldnt be here. The 13 gang members, for example. It should be very quick and very clear.

This conversation occurs when after Rick Santorum finished his answer about possible solution of self-deportation or illegal immigration from the

22

audience and added from Blitzer which is ever heard from Mitt Romney and after that Blitzer tries to asking to Newt Gingrich about self deportation which is he ever suggested. He asks Speaker Gingrich, youve suggested that self- deportation
as advocated by Governor Romney is in your words, An Obama level fantasy. Why?.

Viewed from the context, this utterance Speaker Gingrich, youve

suggested that self- deportation as advocated by Governor Romney is in your words, An Obama level fantasy. Why? belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is

categorized into directive with the proposition of question. It is categorized into directive with the proposition of question because Blitzer wants to know about Gingrich opinion about self-deportation or illegal immigration which is ever said by Mitt Romney and he wants to know the meaning of An Obama level fantasy it self.

Datum 4

Mitt Romney

: Lets focus our attention on how to make legal immigration immigration. work and stop and stop illegal

This conversation occurs when Rick Santorum and Newt Gingrich are finished talk about their opinion about self deportation or illegal immigration

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which is they support the concept of it. After they talked about self deportation or illegal immigration, Blitzer takes over conversation and he asks to Mitt Romney about how to make the program could work. When Blitzer finished ask to Mitt Romney, Mitt Romney answers with his explanation about illegal immigration and how to overcome it, and the final sentence he says Lets focus our attention on how to make legal immigration work and stop and stop illegal immigration. In this case, the utterance is produced by Mitt Romney Lets focus our attention on how to make legal immigration work and stop and stop illegal immigration viewed from the context, this utterance belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into directive with the proposition of invitation. It is categorized into directive with the proposition of invitation because after Mitt Romney was explained about self deportation and how to overcome it, he invites the audiences or who watching him to make legal immigration, and not to make illegal immigration because it makes the country is really slumped.

Datum 5

Blitzer

: Speaker Gingrich, you had an ad, but you pulled it his week, in which you described Governor Romney as the most anti-immigrant candidate. Why did you do that?

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Gingrich

: Why did we describe him that way? Because, in the original conversations about deportation, the position I took, which he attacked pretty ferociously, was that grandmothers and grandfathers arent going to be successfully deported.

This conversation is taking place when Ron Paul finished explaining his explanation about opinion from Mitt Romney about self-deportation and after that Blitzer takes over the conversation and he asks to Newt Gingrich such as Speaker Gingrich, you had an ad, but you pulled it his week, in which you described Governor Romney as the most anti-immigrant candidate. Why did you do that?. After he asked him like that, and Newt Gingrich replied Blitzer question and he says Why did we describe him that way?, when he finished replied what Blitzer asked to him, directly Newt Gingrich tries to answer his question with Because, in the original conversations about deportation, the position I took, which he attacked pretty ferociously, was that grandmothers and grandfathers arent going to be successfully deported. Viewed from the context, this utterance Because, in the original conversations about deportation, the position I took, which he attacked pretty ferociously, was that grandmothers and grandfathers arent going to be successfully deported. belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into representative with the proposition of hypotheses. It is categorized into representative with the proposition of hypotheses because Newt

25

Gingrich tries to give an opinion about what Blitzer asked before about why he described Mitt Romney as the most anti-immigrant candidate.

Datum 6

Blitzer

: I just want to make sure I understand. Is he still the most anti-immigrant candidate?

Gingrich

: I think, of the four of us, yes.

Blitzer

: Go ahead, Governor. : Thats simply inexcusable. Thats inexcusable. And, actually, Senator Marco Rubio came to my defense and said that ad was inexcusable and inflammatory and inappropriate. Mr. Speaker, Im not anti-immigrant.

Romney

This conversation taking place when after Newt Gingrich was explained that Mitt Romney is as the most anti-immigrant candidate there, and Blitzer wants to make him believe it more, so, he asks him again with say I just want to make sure I understand. Is he still the most anti-immigrant candidate?. Gingrich directly answer what Blitzer questioned with I think, of the four of us, yes. After

26

that, Mitt Romney denied about what Newt Gingrich said and he says to Newt Gingrich with Thats simply inexcusable. Thats inexcusable. And, actually, Senator Marco Rubio came to my defense and said that ad was inexcusable and inflammatory and inappropriate. Mr. Speaker, Im not anti-immigrant. In this case, the utterance is produced by Mitt Romney Im not antiimmigrant viewed from the context; this utterance belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into representative with the proposition of assertions. It is categorized into representative with the proposition of assertions because he disagree with what Newt Gingrich said and he tries to defend oneself with try to explain why he rejected to said he is anti immigrant.

Datum 7

Gingrich (Applause)

: Ill tell you what

Ill give you an opportunity to self-describe. You tell me what language you would use to describe somebody who thinks that deporting a grandmother or a grandfather from their family just tell me the language. Im perfectly happy for you to explain what language youd use.

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This conversation begins from Mitt Romney convinces to Newt Gingrich that he is not anti-immigrant and he explains in detail why he is not anti immigrant. But here, Newt Gingrich back to attacking Mitt Romney after he convinced to Newt Gingrich and the audiences who saw that debate with his opinion. First sentence he says Ill tell you what and he continues attack him with the sentences Ill give you an opportunity to self-describe. You tell me what language you would use to describe somebody who thinks that deporting a grandmother or a grandfather from their family just tell me the language. Im perfectly happy for you to explain what language youd use. Viewed from the context, this utterance Ill give you an opportunity to self-describe. You tell me what language you would use to describe somebody who thinks that deporting a grandmother or a grandfather from their family just tell me the language. Im perfectly happy for you to explain what language youd use. belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into commisive with the proposition of offers. It is categorized into commisive with the proposition of offers because Newt Gingrich wants to know more about Mitt Romneys language which he did use to describe somebody thinks that deporting a grandmother and grandfather from their family.

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Datum 8

Romney

: You know, our problem is not 11 million grandmothers. Our problem isall right.

(Applause) : ... Its people getting free health care because we are required under the law to provide that health care. And the real concern is the people who want to come here legally. Lets let legal immigrants come here. Lets stop illegal immigration.

Romney

This conversation occurs when Mitt Romney has been convinced his self that he is not the people who anti immigrant side. After that, Gingrich says his opinion that he is disagree with what Mitt Romney said before. His disagree described like The idea that you are going to push them out in some form by simply saying they cant go get a job I think the grandmother is still going to be here. In this sentences state that Newt Gingrich pro immigrant. When Newt Gingrich finished his opinion, Mitt Romney defends his self with what Newt Gingrich said is wrong. So, Mitt Romney says You know, our problem is not 11 million grandmothers and he gives his opinion to all of the peoples who watching him like Its people getting free health care because we are required under the law to provide that health care. And the real concern is the people who want to come here legally. When he already said like that, he invites all of them

29

to make legal immigrants like he says Lets let legal immigrants come here. Lets stop illegal immigration. In this case, the utterance is produced by Mitt Romney Lets let legal immigrants come here. Lets stop illegal immigration. viewed from the context; this utterance belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into directive with the proposition of invitation. It is categorized into directive with the proposition of invitation because Mitt Romney tries to persuade audiences to take legal immigration, not illegal immigration. He does it because he wants to bringing the peoples come here and he want to raise their visa.

Datum 9

(Applause) Blitzer : The rhetoric on immigration, Governor, has been intense, as you well know, as all four of you know, and anyone who watches television knows. You had an ad running saying that Speaker Gingrich called Spanish the language of the ghetto. What do you mean by that? : I havent seen the ad, so Im sorry. I dont get to see all the TV ads. Did he say that? Blitzer : Did you say that?

Romney

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Gingrich

: No. What I said was, we want everybody to teach English because we dont - and I didnt use the word Spanish.

This conversation happens when Blitzer talks about ad which is come from Mitt Romney. Mitt Romney makes an ad who tell about Newt Gingrich is Spanish the language of the ghetto. Blitzer said like You had an ad running saying that Speaker Gingrich called Spanish the language of the ghetto. but here, Mitt Romney dodges questioning of what Blitzer said to him, and he tries to ask back with question Did he say that?. After Mitt Romney asking him back, Blitzer tries to ask Newt Gingrich with question Did you say that?. So, Newt Gingrich trying to straighten out what actually happened. He says No. What I said was, we want everybody to teach English because we dont - and I didnt use the word Spanish. Viewed from the context, this utterance I havent seen the ad, so Im sorry. belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into expressive with the proposition of apologies. It is categorized into expressive with the proposition of apologies because Mitt Romney here feels he did not see the ad which Blitzer accused to him. So, Mitt Romney reveals his expression with sentence I havent seen the ad, so Im sorry.

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Datum 10

Blitzer

: I want to bring Congressman Paul and Senator Santorum into this. But lets take this question from Miami. CNN en Espanols Juan Carlos Lopez has a guest there.

Lopez

: Hola, wolf Were at the viewing party for the Hispanic Leadership Network, and it really is a party. They are holding their yearly conference, a meeting of Hispanic Republican leaders. And Im joined by Raquel Rodriguez. Shes an attorney in Miami. She practices business and international law, and she has a question for the candidates.

Rodriguez

: Yes, good evening.

This conversation occurs when Blitzer as moderator cutting the conversation and directly takes a question from an audience, but here, not Blitzer is taking a question but Lopez as CNNs reporter is taking a question from an audience from Miami. Before that, Lopes is introducing the peoples who were there and an audience wholl want to ask them, he says Were at the viewing party for the Hispanic Leadership Network, and it really is a party. They are holding their yearly conference, a meeting of Hispanic Republican leaders. And Im joined by Raquel Rodriguez. Shes an attorney in Miami. She practices business and international law, and she has a question for the candidates. After Lopez introduced the peoples there, an audience will ask 4 candidates, but before she asks them, she greetings them with Yes, good evening.

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Viewed from the context, this utterance Yes, good evening. belongs to the type of illocutionary act which is categorized into expressive with the proposition of greetings It is categorized into expressive with the proposition of greetings because Rodriquez as an audience tries to be polite to them.

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3.3

The table of data classification Representative Commisive Directive Expressive

Data

state

hypo

Assert

offers

invite questi

apolo

greet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Note state hypo assert offers invite questi apolo greet

: statement : hypotheses : assertion : offers : invitation : question : apologies : greeting

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The result of research question number 1 are found, the writer has been finding out the types of illocutionary act and mostly occur is representative, and it followed by directives, expressives and the last is commisives. The type of illocutionary act which categorized to representative dominantly occurs in all of the data. It because the member presidential debate much using statement, opinion, and assertion to attract the attention of the audience.

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CHAPTER 4 THE FACTOR CAUSES TRIGGERS THE USE OF THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

4.1

Introduction This chapter tells about the factors that cause occur in illocutionary act

which the data contained in the "Presidential Debate". Analyzed using theory previously proposed by Searle. That theory used to know the types of the illocutionary act. Now to figure out what factors are used by the speaker to the audience, they use the theory developed by Hymes, the theory names is SPEAKING. It names has a meaning such as S is setting, where it means it refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances. P is participant, where it means speaker and audience. E is ends, where it means purpose, goal, and outcomes. A is act sequence, where it means form and order of the event. K is key, where it means clues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act. I is instrumentalities, where it means forms and styles of speech. N is norms, where it means social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction. G is genre, where it means the kind of speech act or event; for the example used here, the kind of story.

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4.2

Analysis Data

Datum 1 Setting

Rick Santorum

: Im Rick Santorum, and Im thrilled to be here on the campus of North Florida

(Laughter) (Applause) Rick Santorum : And Im especially thrilled because Im here with a North Florida Resident who lives right down the beach from Jacksonville, my mom, who is 93 years old, who is with me here tonight. (Applause) Rick Santorum : I better just stop right there

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize S or Setting. As writer known that setting is refers to the time and place of a speech act, and in general, to the physical circumstance. So, It includes in categorize setting is caused that debate presidents show held in one of the building in University of North Florida in Jacksonville, where in that building filled with many audience and some of them are parents from candidate of president. At that time too, 4 candidate of president from Florida introducing themselves and one of them is Rick Santorum.

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Datum 5 Participants

Blitzer

: Speaker Gingrich, you had an ad, but you pulled it his week, in which you described Governor Romney as the most anti-immigrant candidate. Why did you do that?

Gingrich

: Why did we describe him that way? Because, in the original conversations about deportation, the position I took, which he attacked pretty ferociously, was that grandmothers and grandfathers arent going to be successfully deported.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize P or participants. As writer known that participants is speaker and audience. So, it includes in categorize participants is caused by opinion which said by Newt Gingrich to audiences but not only audiences who been in that place, but also audiences who been outside on television broadcast. Because of that, that opinion can listen by anyone who sees them too.

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Datum 4 Ends

Mitt Romney

: Lets focus our attention on how to make legal immigration work and stop illegal immigration.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize E or ends. As writer known that ends is purpose, goals, and outcomes. So, It includes in categorize ends caused by Mitt Romney wants to give a direction to audiences who been there and audiences who been in home to perform what Mitt Romney said, and Mitt Romney wants to join with U.S society to do not illegal immigration, but to do legal immigration.

Datum 2 Act Sequences

Audience

: Hello. Can you tell me what specific actions youll take to address the costly consequences of illegal immigration while preserving the rights of those who seek to immigrate legally?

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Blitzer

: All right. Senator Santorum, lets take that question. But also, in the course of that question, express your opinion on what we heard from Governor Romney, that selfdeportation, or illegal immigrants leaving the country voluntarily, is a possible solution.

Rick Santorum

: Well, the possible solution is

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize A or act sequences. As writer known that act sequences is form and order of the event. It includes in categorize act sequences is caused when Rick Santorum gave the answer or his opinion to public who watched the debate between 4 candidates of president, and after Rick Santorum finished that answer, Blitzer directing the question to Newt Gingrich.

Datum 6 Key

Blitzer

: I just want to make sure I understand. Is he still the most anti-immigrant candidate?

Gingrich

: I think, of the four of us, yes.

Blitzer

: Go ahead, Governor.

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Romney

: Thats simply inexcusable. Thats inexcusable. And, actually, Senator Marco Rubio came to my defense and said that ad was inexcusable and inflammatory and inappropriate. Mr. Speaker, Im not anti-immigrant.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize K or key. As writer known that key is clues that establish the tone, manner, and spirit of the speech act. It includes in categorize key is caused by angry expression which is doing by Mitt Romney to Newt Gingrich, at that time Mitt Romney said that he is not anti immigrant; he uses high tone and showing face expression which quite disappointed to Newt Gingrich.

Datum 7 Instrumentalities

Gingrich (Applause)

: Ill tell you what

Ill give you an opportunity to self-describe. You tell me what language you would use to describe somebody who thinks that deporting a grandmother or a grandfather from

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their family just tell me the language. Im perfectly happy for you to explain what language youd use.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize I or instrumentalities. As writer known that instrumentalities is form and style of speech. It includes in categorize instrumentalities is caused by Newt Gingrich wants to show that what language Mitt Romney used. Beside that, Newt Gingrich wants to try persuading him to speaking Spain in front of the audiences.

Datum 3 Norms

Blitzer

: Speaker

Gingrich,

youve

suggested

that

self-

deportation as advocated by Governor Romney is in your words, An Obama level fantasy. Why? Gingrich : Well look, I think that first of all, you should control the border, which I have pledged to do by January 1, 2014. You should fix legal immigration in terms of visas so people can come and go easily more easily than doing it illegally. You should also make deportation easier so

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when you deport people who shouldnt be here. The 13 gang members, for example. It should be very quick and very clear.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize N or norms. As writer known that Norms is Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction. So here, why this data can include to Norms, because when Blitzer asks to Newt Gingrich about self deportation, he will thinks that question will trigger the audiences to make reaction about the question and it will raise a action from the audiences.

Datum 8 Genre

Romney

: You know, our problem is not 11 million grandmothers. Our problem isall right.

(Applause) : ... Its people getting free health care because we are required under the law to provide that health care. And the real concern is the people who want to come here

Romney

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legally. Lets let legal immigrants come here. Lets stop illegal immigration.

These data can be concluded that it includes in categorize G or genre. As writer known that Genre is the kind of speech act or event. So here, why this data can include to Genre, it caused by the four of them as president candidates would like to do their own ways to be able to take care of the audience who are watching their clashing arguments about immigration that has engulfed their country.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

After analyzed the data which is contained in Presidential Candidate Debate, the writer can conclude that in analyzing the data, there are 4 type of illocutionary acts which appear to the title Presidential Candidate Debate. The most dominant type of illocutionary acts in chapter 3 analysis is Representative, second is directive, third is expressive, and the last is commisives. But here, in every analyzing the data, it supported by context too to completing an analysis of the data. Based on analyzing the data from 10 utterances of data, the writer can conclude from description below. 10 from many data of presidential candidate debate which has been spoken by 4 peoples candidate of president, it has some categories, such as statement, hypotheses, questioning, invitation, assertion, offers, apologies, and greetings. Every category can conclude that type of illocutionary acts which the most dominantly is representative, it caused representative gets 4 points, it can sees from the data number 1, 2, 5, and 6. Next are directives which only get 3 points, it can sees from the data number 3, 4, and 8. Expressive only get 2 points, it can sees from the data number 9 and 10. Last is commisive, which only get 1 point, it can sees from the data number 7.

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