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Vitamins for Dairy Cows: The U.S. Approach

Factorial Approach to Requirements

Inputs BW Days pregnant Age Milk yield Requirements Maintenance Gestation Growth Lactation

Bill Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Wooster, 44691

TAR

Moles of vitamin used by cells, accreted in fetus, secreted in milk, retained in new tissue

Vitamin Requirements: What do we measure ?

Classical deficiency disease ? Production ? Reproduction ? General health ? Immune function ?

For Vitamins Substantial uncertainty exists

- requirements - diet concentrations - rumen metabolism - absorption
You must evaluate: risk/reward If you are wrong does it cost more to over or underfeed???

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Cows that get mastitis are in lower vit status in late dry period

Health

LeBlanc et al., JDS 2004

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Vitamin A: NRC, 2001

All cows: 110 supplemental IU/kg BW 60,000 to 80,000 IU/day

Low-Med. Risk, Medium Reward

Vitamin A

Safety Factor: 1.1 to 2X

No data showing NRC is not adequate

Potential responses: RP Abortions Mastitis Milk

Potential Risks: Activity during storage Rumen breakdown Vit E absorption

- Toxicity

Fat Soluble Vitamin Activity During Storage

10

Vitamin A (retinyl acetate)

Activity Loss
9%/month Pelleting with TM

Loss of Activity, %/month

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Premix Inorg. TM Organic TM

Rumen Destruction
70 IV Rumen Loss, % 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BC 70% 50% Forage Forage

Retinol Shurson et al., 2011

Vit E

Vit D

Extra is justified to cover variable losses

Response compared with control

Alosilla et al. JAS 2007

750 lb steers and heifers Diet: ~80% oats 80,000 IU/d vit A

[Retinol] at 84 days

Vitamin D: NRC, 2001

30 supplemental IU/kg BW
No A A B C D E

2.5

d0

1.5

18,000 to 25,000 IU/day (outside cattle probably less)

Classical signs of deficiency: Rickets Milk fever No recent data evaluating requirements

0.5

Source of Vit A Matters

Plasma

Liver

What about other effects ?

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NRC does not maximize plasma D in dairy cows

25
Plasma 25-vit D, ng/ml

Vitamin D and Immune Response in Dairy Cows

LPS May Reduce Vit D Status
Cont Several effects of D on immunity in humans and lab animals have been shown

20 15 10

None 20,000 IU

LPS
5 0

Winter

Summer Pastured

Waldron et al 2003

Hymoller et al., 2009

Low-Med. Risk, Low-High Reward

Vitamin D

Low-Med. Risk, Med-High Reward

Lactating: ~500 IU/day (SF: 1 1.2 X) Dry: ~1000 IU/day (SF: 1 to 1.2X) ~1000 IU/day (SF:2 to 4X) Pre-fresh:

Vitamin E

Safety Factor: 1.1 to 2X

Potential benefits: Milk yield Immunity Potential Risk: - Calcification of soft tissue

Main risk: Cost Main benefit: Less disease

- ?????????

Periparturient Cows
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35

Vitamin E

Relative Value (all-rac vs RRR) Cows fed 2500 IU/d E

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Relative PMN Function, %

3.5 Plasma E, ug/ml 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -60 -30 0 30 60

RRR/All-rac

1.49 x 1.34 = 2

Calving day

Calving day

Kehrli, 2002

Weiss et al., 1990 Weiss et al., 2009

USP: 1.49X: Suggest 2.0X

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Vitamin E and Mastitis: Clinical Data

Clinical quarter/Total Quarters x 100

5 Studies: Improved mammary gland health 2 Studies: No effect 1 Study: Negative Various studies (all confined cattle) None vs. ~1000/500 None vs high at transition ~500 vs extra at transition High during dry period Both all-rac and RRR tocopherol

Fed during dry period: Mastitis first 100 d

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Farm A B C D E All

Clinical Mastitis and Vit E

3000 IU 130 IU

1.7X RR

Bouwstra et al., 2010

Vitamin E: Current Recommendations

Lactating: ~500 IU/day Dry: Prefresh: ~1000 IU/day 2000-5000 IU/day

Water soluble vitamins

- Biotin - Choline (?) - Folic acid - Niacin -Vitamin B-12 -Vitamin C - Riboflavin - Thiamin - Vitamin B6 - Pantothenic acid

Grazing cattle much less (or none)

Feeding about 20 mg of biotin/d for several months reduces hoof lesions and lameness - White line separation - Heel warts - Sole hemorrhage - Lameness

Biotin: Milk Response (meta-analysis) = 1.3 kg/d

(Lean and Rabiee, 2011)
100 90 80
Milk, lbs/day

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Au OH 1 WI FL UK OH 2 OH 2 Iran
Control 20 mg

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Short term response to biotin (20 mg/day)

120 Milk yield, lbs./day 100 80

Response (Meta-analysis) = 2 kg/d

(Sales et al., 2010)
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

RP-Choline and Milk Yield

* * *

Mid lactation cows (136 DIM)

Lbs/day

60 40 20 0 -7 0 7 14 21 28 Experimental day

Control RP choline

Late lactation cows (265 DIM)

Exp 1

Exp 2

Exp 3

Exp 4

Exp 5

Exp 6

Ferreira, 2006

Exp 1-3 from Donkin (2002), Exp 4 (Janivick et al., 2006); Exp 5 (Piepenbrink and Overton, 2003), Exp 6 (Pinotti et al., 2002)

RP-Choline and Fatty Liver

RPC reduced liver fat build up in cows with -NEB

Niacin and Ketosis (3-12 g/d)

No effect Reduced Increased

No effect

Reduced

18%

*
40%

9%

60%

In expt, RPC increase export of liver fat in cows in +NEB

Cooke et al., 2007

2nd

73%

NEFA, 11 studies

Ketones, 10 studies

Niacin and Milk Production

Schwab et al., 2005 Meta-analysis
3

Niacin Flow to Duodenum

(Estimated DMI = 50 lbs)
Supplemental Basal

~+5%

~+10%

6 g/d: No effect on production

g/day

2.5 2

12 g/d: + 0.5 kg/d milk + 26 g/d fat + 17 g/d protein

Profitability depends on milk price

1.5 1 0.5 0 0g +6 g +12 g

Santschi et al., 2005; Schwab et al., 2006

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Water Soluble Vitamins

Biotin: Low Risk/High Reward Feed 20 mg/d Niacin: Low Risk/Low Reward No

http://dairy.osu.e du

RP-Choline: High Risk-High Reward Risk: High cost Reward: More milk (~4 lbs) Maybe less ketosis