Pump and Hydraulic Calculation

Total Static Head (h, m) is different elevation between suction head and delivery head.

Hydraulic Efficiency ( ) or Manometric Efficiency (

mano

) is the ratio of actual head with theory head.

hyd

h = hd hs

hyd =
with actual power.
o

hm h

Overall Efficiency ( ) is the ration of theory power

o =

Ptheory Pactual

Qhm
P

Where =Specific Weight = g (N/m3) P = Drive power (W) Energy Equation (Bernoulis Equation) Suction Head (h , m) is elevation different from minimum possibility of water surface level to center line of suction pump. (- when reference point higher than suction pump, + when reference point lower than suction pump) Discharge Head or Delivery Head (h , m) is elevation different from maximum possibility of water surface level to center line of discharge pump. Absolute Static Head (h, m)
d s

P1

+ Z1 +

V12 P V2 + h p hL = 2 + Z 2 + 2 2g 2g

Where P = Pressure from 1st reference point (Pa) P = Pressure from 2nd reference point (Pa)
2 1

Z = water level from 1 reference point (m)

1 2

st

P ( pa) has = as g
Net Head (h , m) is power in term of water height. Manometric Head (h , m) is actual head which pump can create, by checking thought pressure gauge.
m net

Z = water level from 2 reference point (m) V = Decreasing velocity of 1 reference point (m/s)
1 2 st nd

nd

V = Increasing velocity of 2 reference point (m/s) h = Power receiving from pump (m) h = Power lose from piping and fitting (m)
L P

hm =
Which, normally h < h
m

Pout Pin g

(if either size of 1st reference or 2nd reference are larger than 10 times of pipe diameter, V and V can be negligible)
net 1 2

Net Head (h , m) under Bernoulis equation is the following.

Hydraulic Power (HP, W) is the theory power for liquid transportation.

HP = ghQ

Where Q = Flow Rate (m3/s) Break Power or Shaft Power (BP, W) is power input to pump which related with pump efficiency ( )
p

V 2 V 2 P P h p = 2 1 + (Z 2 Z1 ) + 2 1 + hL 2g 2g
Net Positive Suction Pressure (NPSH) is the net suction pressure after minus suction loss and vapour pressure. NPSH consist of NPSH and NPSH
A R

BP =

HP

P
D

Drive Power (DP, W) is power input to motor drive which related with motor efficiency ( )

DP =

BP

NPSH (available net positive suction head, m) can be calculated from the actual location.
A

Assume that pipe is in same elevation then Z = Z

1

P V22 NPSH A = + (Z1 Z 2 ) hL V 2g P1

Basis 1 reference point is bigger than suction pipe more than 10 times, V = 0 m/s and P must more than P to protect cavitation (P > P )
2 v 2 v 1 st

Flow rate is constant but velocity is related with pipe size. And pressure which can cause cavitation is

then

P2

= NPSH A +

PV

Where P = Vapour Pressure (Pa)

v

NPSH (Required net positive suction head, m) this value will get from manufacture but, anyway, roughly a calculation for expedition pump characteristic is;
R

vapour pressure. From Pv = Patm Then

+ Pgauge which Pgauge = P2

N Q(m 3 / min) 3 NPSH R = S

Where N = revolution (rpm)

P2 = PV Patm

Cavitation incase loss suction pump

rpm m 2 S = Specific suction velocity min

Recommendation NPSH for pump selection.

NPSH A 1.3 NPSH R

From Bernoulis equation

P1

V12 P2 V22 + Z1 + + h p hL = + Z 2 + 2g 2g
1 1 p

Assume that V = 0 m/s, Z = 0 m (reference point) and h is not available. Cavitation is main problem about pump such as abnormal sound, vibration, corrosion and less performance. Cavitation can be occurred generally two styles, one is throatting in pipe and the other one is loss suction pump. Cavitation in pipe (throatting) From Bernoulis equation Then

hs =

Patm

Pv

Vs2 h fs 2g

Where V = V = Suction velocity (m/s) h Suction Friction Loss (m) Note The result, h is the theory maximum allowable height (deep) for suction pipe. The other method for checking the height (deep) and pump are suitable properly, or not, by checking
s fs 2 s

P1

+ Z1 +

V12 P V2 + h p hL = 2 + Z 2 + 2 2g 2g

Thoma cavitation coefficient (). Thoma Cavitation Coefficient ()

(Patm PV )
=

V 2 s + hs + h fs 2g hm
c

and Critical Thoma Cavitation Coefficient ( )

c = 0.103

NS 1000

Criteria Cavitation will happen when

L f

<c

Friction loss (h or h , m) is loss from pipe length (main-loss) and any fitting (minor loss). Calculation method is found many formulas. - Equivalent pipe length and graph Williams-Hazen Using method graph Williams-Hazen. 1. Count all the fitting (ex. Valve, elbow, etc) 2. Mark the point on the graph, x-axial presented flow rate (m3/min) and y-axial present friction loss per 100 m. (h )
L

- Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Moody-Chart or Colebrook Equation or Haaland Equation) Using method Moody-Chart (for calculation mainloss) 1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation

hf = f

LV2 d 2g

Where f= Friction factor which can be found from MoodyChart or Colebrooks equation or Haalands equation. 2. Moody-Chart is presented the relation of Reynolds number (Re), Relative roughness (/d) and Friction factor. Where Re = Reynolds number =

Vd

or

vd

= Pipe roughness (ft, mm) Where = Dynamic Viscosity (kg/m.s, N.s/m2) = Kinematics Viscosity =

(m2/s)

4. Haalands Equation

1.11 1 d + 6.9 = 1.8 log 1 3.7 Re f 2

Appling method of Moody-Chart (for calculation main-loss and minor-loss) 4. Darcy-Weisbach Equation will become

L N V 2 h f = f + Ki d i 1 2 g
Where K = minor-loss coefficient V = Velocity (m/s) Because of minor-loss head from
i

h f (min or ) = K i
i =1

V2 2g

Pipe roughness (, ft or mm)

K-Value can be checked from Resistance coefficient chart as attachment. Minimum Required Flowrate (MF, m /hr) Min-flow is the required flow rate to pump for protection the liquid temperature increasing. (Assume temperature rises less than 15oC)
3

m3 QMF = 2.10 10 4 Q hr h(m)

3. Colebrooks equation

1 f
1 2

2.51 = 2 log + 3.7 d Re f 12

Which, normally, this value will be provided by manufacture.

But the Colebrooks equation has some difficulty about verify f-value by trial and error method.

Pump Specific Speed (N dimensionless) Pump specific speed is used for impeller selection or estimate pump efficiency (%)
s,

Ns =

N (rpm) Q l h 0.75

( min )

Viscosity Correction, This method is applied for high viscosity pump which can be predicted by multiply correlation factor with water pump. Where
' QP = Capacity of pump when use with water ' hP = Head of pump when use with water NPSH ' = NPSH of pump when use with water

= Water pump Efficiency The correlation equations are following.

' Q P = C Q QP ' hP = C H hP

' P

NPSH = C H NPSH '

' P = C P

Piping, General recommendations for good design practice. - Branches of suction pipe This is kind of manifold, to protect the interference the following criteria should be considered. 1. V = Manifold velocity 0.6 0.9 m/s 2. Suction length (L ) 10.D (suction diameter) 3. V = Suction Velocity 1.5 m/s
s s s m

Pump System consists of two type, parallel and series. - Parallel System Q Q +Q Q
T T 1

1.1Q1 (Depend on system loss)

- Suction sump WL = Water Level

- Series System H H +H
T 1 2

Sometime, total series flow more than parallel flow. It depends on system loss, mean downstream friction loss. The detail for calculation suction sump is presented by the other documents.

Affinity Law To safe the power consumption, adjusting revolution is the other choice except pipe loss reduction.

N Qn = Qo n N o

3 2

N Hn = Ho n N o N Pn = Po n N o
Where Subscribe n = New and o = Old

The other way to change pump performance is the cutting impeller. This method might use for reduce downstream pressure.

D Qn = Qo 2 n D 2o

D H n = H o 2n D 2o D Pn = Po 2 n D2 o
Where D = Diameter of impeller (mm)
2

Conclusion to get the higher flow Big pipe (low h ) Parallel is advantage. Small pipe (high h ) Series is advantage.
f f

System Loss Equation This formula is provided for head-loss-curve presentation which can be applied for checking the following. 1. Performance curve, operation point 2. Estimate total flow of parallel or series system

h f = 10.666 130

1.85

4.87

Q 60

1.85

Q = Flow rate (m3/min)

End of doc.--