Symmetrical faults

Short Circuit Capacity(SCC) / Fault Level of Bus

SCC is defined by the product of the magnitude of pre-fault voltage and the post fault current For a solid fault, Zf= 0 Say, pre-fault voltage, Vf Fault current, |If |= |Vf |/ XT ; XT = Total impedance in the faulted circuit 2 SCC= |Vf | *|If |= |Vf | * |Vf |/ XT = |Vf | / XT For, Vf 1 p.u.; SCC= 1/ XT p.u. (If all the values are given in p.u) SCC= 1/ XT MVA (If all the values are given in actual values)

Strength of a Bus
A symmetrical fault occurs at bus-3. Say, the pre-fault voltage at bus-3 is 1.0 p.u. and just after the fault this voltage will be reduced to almost zero. The reduction in voltage of various buses indicate the strength of the network. So, the strength of a bus is the ability of the bus to maintain its voltage when a fault takes place at other bus Strength of a bus related to SCC. The higher the SCC of the bus, the more it will be able to maintain its voltage in the case of fault on any other bus If XT =0 then SCC= . For this case the bus is known as Infinite Strong Bus

Symmetrical faults
Example-8
A small generating station has a bus-bar divided into three sections. Each section is through a reactor rated at 5MVA, 0.1 p.u. A generator of 8MVA. 0.15p.u. is connected to each section of the bas bar. Determine the SCC of the bus if a 3- fault takes place on one of the section of the sections of bus-bar.

Note: The bus is chosen arbitrarily. The answer will be same regardless which is selected as the faulty bus. Let the base: 8MVA in the generator circuit. Xg= 0.15p.u. So the reactors reactance at 8MVA, XT = 0.1*8/5 = 0.16p.u. So the diagram becomes as follows: j0.15 and j(0.16+0.155) is parallel to each with respect to the fault bus bar.

SCC = 1/Xeq =1/j0.1016 = -j9.86 p.u. Considering only the magnitude SCC = 9.86p.u. = 9.86p.u. * 8MVA = 78.73MVA.

Example-9
Two generating station having 1200MVA and 800MVA respectively and operating at 11kV are linked with an inter-connected cable having reactance of 0.5 per phase. Determine SCC of each station. [Xg1=Xg2= 0.1 p.u] Let the base: 1200MVA, 11kV in the generator circuit. Xg1= 0.1p.u. Xg2= 0.1*(1200/800)=0.15p.u. Base impedance= (11)2 /1200 Cable = 0.5/[(11)2 /1200] = 4.96p.u 2

Symmetrical faults
Say fault at the terminal of generator-1:

SCC= 1/Xeq =1/j0.098 = -j10.2 Considering only the magnitude; SCC = 10.2p.u. = 10.2*1200 = 12,234MVA

Say fault at the terminal of generator-2:

SCC= 1/Xeq =1/j0.085 = -j11.73 Considering only the magnitude; SCC = 11.73p.u. = 11.73*1200=14,072 MVA

Symmetrical faults

Symmetrical faults