General Academic Chemistry Mr.

Eckstrom Unit 1: Numbers and Measurement; Heat and Temperature The Nature of Data o Quantity tells us ____ _______ in a piece of data. o The _______ tells us of what? in a piece of data. o Numeric data is ______________ information that includes a number and a ____________. Measurement units for Science o Systeme International is ____ for short This system is based on the ____________ number system. Uses many of the same units as the ______________ system. Not commonly used in the US.

o Fundamental units: Defined by a _____________, ______________, _____________ phenomenon. Length: the extent of ______ between two points SI unit: ________ (m) (about ___ inches)

Mass: the quantity of _________ possessed by an object SI unit: ___________ (kg) (about the mass of ____ lbs) Time: The continuum of experience in which events pass

from the _______ through the _______ to the ______. SI unit: ________ (s) (about the same as we use everyday)

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Temperature: The degree of ________ or ________ of an

object (related to ___________ activity) SI unit: ____________ (K) (the same size as a _____, but starts at absolute zero) The equation that relates oF to oC is: The equation that relates oC to K is:

o Derived units: Defined by a _____________ of ____________ units Area: the flat surface enclosed by a __________________. SI unit: _______________ ____________ (m2)

Volume: the _______ occupied by an object SI unit: ___________ meter (m3) We will usually use the ________ (L), which is

______ m3 Density: the ratio of a materials _____ to its ___________. SI unit: ______________ per cubic meter ( kg m3 )

g We will usually use _______ per _______ ( mL )

Speed: The ratio of the _______ moved to the ____ it took to move SI unit _________ per _________ ( m s ) Acceleration: The ratio of the change in _____ to the time it took to change speed SI unit meters per ________ second ( m s 2 ) Force: What it takes to change an objects _________ This is related by the equation __________

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SI unit: _________ ( kg m s 2 )

Energy: What it takes to sustain ______ over a

_____________ This is related by the equation ____________ SI unit: __________ (N.m)

Power: How fast _______ gets spent SI unit: ____ ( J s )

o Prefixes for SI units Prefixes that make a ________ unit: G M k Prefixes that make a ________ unit

centimillimicronano Working it out: A meter is approximately 39 inches long. Which of the following units would be appropriate for measuring the length of a sparrow? meter(m) megameter(Mm) centimeter(cm) nanometer(nm)

Working it out: A kilogram is about the mass in 2.2 pounds. Which of the following units would be appropriate for measuring the mass of a star? gram(g) megagram (Mg) milligram (mg) nanogram(ng)

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 Working it out: A meter is approximately 39 inches long. Which of the following units would be appropriate for measuring the distance between two towns? meter(m) megameter(Mm) centimeter(cm) nanometer(nm)

Working it out: Which of the following units would be appropriate for measuring the time it takes for a bullet to travel 10 meters? second(s) megasecond(Ms) millisecond(ms) gigasecond(Gs)

Working it out: A liter is about the same volume as a quart. Which of the following units would be appropriate for measuring a dose of cough medicine? Liter(L) nanoliter(nL) megaliter(ML) milliliter(mL)

Accuracy and precision o Accuracy: How close the average of your measurements are to a ______ or __________ value. o Precision: How well your measurements ______ _______ each other. Another word to describe this is ____________.

This rifle is: accurate precise

This rifle is: accurate precise

This rifle is: accurate precise

Working it out: If the true value is 10, which of the following sets shows greater accuracy? Which shows greater precision? 2.0, 1.5, 2.5, 2.2, 1.3, 2.9

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2.00, 2.01, 2.00, 1.99, 1.98, 2.01 8,10,12,9,11,10

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Reporting precision: ______________ _____________ o When reading an instrument, report all the digits you know _____ ______, plus one thats an _____________. o The digits you report this way are called the ______________ __________ for that measurement.

For the thermometer on the right: For sure: Estimate: Report: Sig. Figs. Tens place is _____ Ones place is _____ ______ ______
60 70

For the thermometer on the left: For sure: Tens place is _____; ones place is ______
70

Estimate: Report:

Tenths place is _____ ______

60

Sig. Figs. ______

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For the thermometer on the right: For sure: Tens place is _____; ones place is _____; Tenths place is _______ Estimate: Report: Sig. Figs. Hundredths place is _____ ______ ______ o Reading and writing significant figures All zeros to the _____ of the first ___-______ digit are not significant. 0.00010 has ____ sig. figs. All zeros to the _____ of a non-zero digit, but just to the
67 68

_____ of an _______ decimal point are not significant. 1200 has ____ sig. figs.

Working it out:

1200. has ____ sig. figs. All other digits are significant. How many sig. figs. are in each of the following: 202 pounds 0.002 meters 0.0200 grams_____ 200 yards 200. degrees _____ _____ _____ _____

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o Calculations with sig. figs. When adding or subtracting, round the answer to the ________ ______ of the ______ precise measurement in the problem. 219.4539 + 12 =____________ When multiplying or dividing, round the answer to the ____ ______ of the least precise measurement in the problem. 13.0 x 1.2 = ______ 120.0 = ______ 12 Counting numbers or exact numbers have __________

________ sig. figs. 3.653 pounds 10chickens = _________ chicken Working it out: Write your answer to the correct number of sig. figs.

3.65 feet 12inches foot = Working it out: Write your answer to the correct number of sig. figs.

$20,000 + $5.25 =

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Working with very ____ and very ______ numbers: Scientific notation. o Every number can be written in the form Mx10 n M is called the _____________ ______ < M < ______ n is called the _________ of ________ n = 1,2,3, . . .

o 1.9 x 104 is ___________________ o 1.3 x 10-3 is ___________________ o Writing numbers in scientific notation: 1. Find M by moving the decimal point until __________ one digit remains to its left. 2. Record all the ________ _______ as M. 3. The absolute value of n is the number of places the

_________ _________ moved. If the number is > 10, n is __________________ If the number is < 1, n is __________________ 4. Write as M x 10n Write 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 in scientific notation Write 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 9 in Write 750 in scientific notation Write 9000 in scientific notation Write 9000.0 in scientific notation Write 0.019 in scientific notation Write 0.0002 in scientific notation

Working it out: Working it out: scientific notation Working it out: Working it out: Working it out: Working it out: Working it out:

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 Working it out: Working it out: Working it out: Working it out: Working it out: Working it out:

Write 0.00020 in scientific notation Write 0.01305 in scientific notation Write 7 x 104 in long form Write 2.31 x 10-7 in long form Write 1.50 x 10-2 in long form Why is it impossible to write 1.50 x 103 in long form?

o Arithmetic with Scientific notation To multiply: First, ________ the Ms e.g.: in (4.9 x 108)(3.7 x 1016), multiplying the Ms gives (4.9)(3.7) = Then, _________ the ns

e.g.: in (4.9 x 108)(3.7 x 1016) adding the ns gives 108+16 = so (4.9 x 108)(3.7 x 1016) = Working it out: (6.626 x 10-34)(4.00 x 10-7) = To divide: First, divide the _________ M by the __________ M

e.g.: in

7.7 7.7 x10 12 = , dividing the Ms gives 5 2.5 2.5 x10 Then, subtract the denominator n from the numerator n

7.7 x10 12 10 12 = 10 12 5 = e.g.: in , subtracting the ns gives 5 5 2.5 x10 10 7.7 x10 12 so = 2.5 x10 5

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 Working it out:

6.81x1010 = 1.2 x10 4 To add or subtract: First, change the ns so that each number has the

n of the ___________ number. e.g.: + 2.9 x 103 1.6 x 104 becomes + 0.29 x 104 1.6 x 104

Then, ___ or ______ the Ms and the ns stay the

_____. So + 0.29 x 104 1.6 x 104 2.79 x 107 6.1 x 105 =

Working it out:

A scientific calculator makes this much easier. Find out how to use yours. Temperature and Energy o Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of an object Related to the __________ kinetic energy of its particles

o (Heat) energy: The energy stored in the _______, _________ movements of the particles that make up an object. If an object gains heat energy, its temperature will be _________, but heat and temperature are ____ the same thing. e.g.: a forest fire and a match have the same ____________, but release

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different amounts of __________.

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o Units of heat energy calorie: the amount of energy that must be transferred to 1 _____ of water to raise its temperature by __ oC. Calorie (kilocalorie): _____ calories.

Joule: _______ J = 1 calorie o Heat capacity: The relationship between how much ____ an object absorbs and how much its ______________ changes. Object with ______ heat capacity absorb or release large amounts of heat with little temperature change. q HC = T where q = and T =

Working it out: If a bucket of water from Lake Superior absorbs 1,000,000. Joules of energy, its temperature goes up by 12.0 oC. What is the heat capacity of the bucket of water?

Working it out: If Lake Superior absorbs 1,000,000. Joules of energy, its temperature goes up by 1.99 x 10-15 oC. What is the heat capacity of Lake Superior?

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o Specific heat, c: The relationship between how much heat a certain _________ of a substance absorbs and its ________________ change. Substances with high specific heats can absorb lots of _____ with little temperature change. q c= m T where m = mass

Working it out: If a bucket of water from Lake Superior that has a mass of 20,000 g absorbs 1,000,000. Joules of energy, its temperature goes up by 12.0 o C. What is the specific heat of the bucket of water?

Working it out: If Lake Superior, which has a mass of 1.21 x 1020 g absorbs 1,000,000. Joules of energy, its temperature goes up by 1.99 x 10-15 oC. What is the specific heat of Lake Superior?

Specific heat is independent of _______.

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 Working it out: A 4.0 g piece of glass was heated from 0.0 oC to 41.0 oC as it absorbed 32 J of heat energy. What is the specific heat of this glass?

Working it out: How much heat would have to be added to 2.0 g of the glass in the last problem for it to increase in temperature from 41.0 oC to 70.0 oC?

Working it out: If 50. J of heat energy was added to a piece of the glass, and its temperature went up from 20.0 oC to 25.1 oC, what was its mass?

Problem-solving tools o The APCE method A is for __________________ What do I _____________? What do I need to ______________?

e.g.: 2500. mL of water is put on a stove and its temperature goes up from 25.0 o C to 100.0 oC. How much energy was transferred from the stove to the water? (The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g oC and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL.) We know:

We need to find: P is for __________ Is there an equation that links what I ______ to what I need to ____________? Can I get there with _____ than one equation?

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e.g.: In the problem above: q is linked to c and T by: Since I need q, I arrange the equation as: But I still need to have m so solve my problem. m is linked to V by: So my plan is first I find m, using the density equation, then I find q using the specific heat equation. C is for __________________ Plug in the known ________ and calculate Watch to see if your ________ work. Watch ___________ figures.

e.g.: For the problem above,: m= so q = E is for ______________________ Are the _________ right for the quantity Im finding? Does the answer make ____________?

Working it out: 20. mL of a piece of gold absorbed 5000. J of energy and its temperature increased by 184 oC. If the specific heat of gold is 0.129 J/goC, what is the density of gold?

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o Dimensional analysis (sometimes called the factorlabel method) Often used to change ________ Operates on 2 facts Dividing anything by itself equals ________ Multiplying any number by _____ doesnt change the number.

e.g.:

15seconds 1minute 60seconds = 15seconds 1minute 1hour 60seconds 60minutes =

e.g.:

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e.g.:

15seconds 1minute 1hour 1day 1year 60seconds 60minutes 24hours 365days = How far is 2.0 m in inches? How fast is 13.0 meters per second in miles per hour? How fast is 90. miles per hour in meters per second?

Working it out: Working it out: Working it out:

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