Thermochemistry:

The Law of Conservation of Energy energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to the other form. Exothermic reaction ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Endothermic reaction ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Heat of reaction the heat change when the number of moles of reactants in the chemical equation reacts to form products in standard conditions. Standard conditions: temperature (25C / 298 K), pressure (1 atm), concentration of solution (1.0 mol dm-3), reactants and products are at their normal physical states.

Example of Physical Processes: Freezing process Condensation process Dissolving an alkali in water Dissolving an concentrated acid in water

Endothermic reaction
Heat energy Chemical energy The heat is absorbed from the surrounding. Temperature of the surrounding decreases. Surrounding @ container become colder Example of Chemical Reactions: Photosynthesis Decomposition of nitrate salts Decompositon of carbonates salts Reaction between acid with hydrogen carbonates Example of Physical Processes: Melting process Boiling process Sublimation process Dissolving of ammonium salts in water Dissolving of potassium salts in water Dissolving of thiosulphate in water

Exothermic reaction
Chemical energy Heat energy The heat energy is transferred to the surrounding. Temperature of the surrounding increases. Surrounding @ container become hot Example of Chemical Reactions: Respiration Burning of metal Reaction of an alkaline metals (Group 1) with water Reaction of a reactive metal with acid Neutralisation reaction between acid and alkali Reaction of a carbonate with acid Combustion of carbon compound Displacement reaction of metals Rusting of iron

Heat of Reaction
Enthalpy (H) absolute energy content of a substance. Change in energy content (H) absolute energy content cannot be determined, but H can be determined when the reactants are converted to the products. 1 kJ (kilojoule) = 1000 J The unit H is kJ H = Hproduct - Hreactant

Energy Level Diagram

Theres two type of energy level diagram 1. Exothermic reaction

Bond breaking ( Eb) Usually chemical bonds of the reactant. Heat energy is absorbed. Bond forming ( Ef) Usually new chemical bonds of the product. Heat energy is given out. Eg.

H = Hproduct - Hreactant = negative value. Therefore Hreactants Hproduct . The negative value is because the heat is release out Eg CH4(g) + 2O2(g) > CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -890 kJ

Energy level Reactants H = -ve value products

2. Endothermic reaction H = Hproduct Hreactant = positive value. Therefore Hproducts Hreactants The positive value is because the heat is absorbs in Eg N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) > 2NH3 (g) H = +91.8kJ

energy level

Applications of Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction in Everyday Life

1. Hot pack

Energy Change during Formation and Breaking of Bonds H = Ebreaking Eforming

Contains of anhydrous calcium chloride / anhydrous magnesium sulphate / wet iron powder and sodium chloride / calcium oxide. Uses: reduce swelling and mucles or joint sprain. 2. Cold pack or Ice pack Contains of ammonium nitrate / potassium nitrate / sodium thiosulphate. Uses: reduce swelling, muscles or joint sprain and reduce fever.

Heat of Precipitation (Form 4, Chapter 8 Salts)

Heat of precipitation ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Precipitation reaction = double decomposition which is used to prepare insoluble salts. Heat change of a solution =

Heat of Neutralisation (Form 4, Chapter 7 Acids and Bases)

Heat of neutralisation ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Neutralisation a reaction between an acid reacts with a base (alkali) to form a salt and water. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l) Neutralisation reaction gives out heat and always exothermic reaction. Eg

mc Joule

[m = mass of the solution (g), c = specific heat capacity of the solution (J g-1C-1), = temperature change in the solution (C)] Heat change in a reaction,

mc = n x H

Heat of reaction / Heat of precipitation, Eg

Heat of Displacement (Form 4, Chapter 6 Electrochemistry & Form 5,

Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction)

Heat of Combustion (Form 5, Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds)

Heat of combustion ____________________________________

Heat of displacement __________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Heat change of the reaction mixture / Heat energy released / Heat given out in the reaction = mc Joule Heat change in a reaction,

_____________________________________________________ Combustion redox reaction between substance (fuel) reacts rapidly with oxygen with the production of heat energy. Combustion reaction gives out heat and always an exothermic reaction. Heat evolved in combustion of fuel = Heat absorbed by water. Bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heat of combustion. The more carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecules in a fuel, the more heat that is released when 1 mol of fuel combusts.

mc = n x H

Heat of reaction / Heat of displacement, Eg