Slide 1

C. Quantum Numbers
1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )
Energy level Positive nonzero integers like 1, 2, 3,

C. Quantum Numbers
2. Angular Momentum Quantum # ( l )
Energy sublevel (s, p, d or f)
sharp, principal, diffuse, fundamental

l=n1 Shape of the orbital

Size of orbital n2 = number of orbitals in the energy level

s
Slide 2

C. Quantum Numbers

C. Quantum Numbers
3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml )
Orientation of the atomic orbital in space Specifies the exact orbital within each sublevel ml = 2l + 1

n = number of sublevels per energy level n2 = number of orbitals per energy level
Sublevel sets: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f

Slide 3

C. Quantum Numbers

C. Quantum Numbers
Orbitals combine to form a spherical shape.

2px
px py pz

2s
2pz

2py

Slide 4

C. Quantum Numbers
4. Electron Spin Quantum Number ( ms )
Electron spin + or - An orbital can hold 2 electrons that spin in opposite directions.

C. Quantum Numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers.
Each electron has a unique address:

1. n 2. l 3. ml 4. ms

energy level sublevel (s,p,d,f) orbital electron

Slide 5

Types of Atomic Orbitals

The most probable area to find these electrons takes on a shape So far, we have 4 shapes. They are named s, p, d, and f. No more than 2 electrons assigned to an orbital one spins clockwise, one spins counterclockwise

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital

Slide 6

Relative sizes of s - orbital

p Orbitals
p sublevel has 3 orbitals
These are called x, y, and z There is a PLANAR
NODE thru the nucleus, which is an area of zero probability of finding an electron

3py orbital

Slide 7

p Orbitals

d Orbitals
d sublevel has 5 orbitals

The three p orbitals lie 90o apart in space

Slide 8

f Orbitals
Shapes of the five 3d orbitals
f sublevel has 7 orbitals

Slide 9

A. General Rules
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.

A. General Rules
Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. Building Up Principle

Slide 10
s
px py pz

dxy

dxz

dyz

dz2 dx2-y2

fxz2

fyz2

fxyz fz(x2-y2) fx(x2-3y2) fy(3y2-x2) fz3

Slide 11

A. General Rules
0
-1 0 +1 Hunds Rule
Within a sublevel, place one

electron per orbital before

-2

-1

+1

+2

pairing them.

-3

-2

-1

+1

+2

+3

WRONG

RIGHT

Slide 12

B. Notation
Orbital Diagram/Box (Electronic Structure)

B. Notation
Longhand Configuration

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
Electron Configuration

S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Core/Kernel Electrons Valence Electrons (Kernel Shell) (Valence Shell) Abbreviated/Shorthand/Noble Gas
Configuration S 16e-

1s2 2s2 2p4

[Ne] 3s2 3p4

Slide 13

Electron Configuration and Quantum Numbers

Ne 10e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

O 8e-

1s2 2s2
0

2p4

Ne S 16e- [Ne] 3s2 3p4

Identify the four quantum numbers of the third electron.

2s2

Slide 14

Electron Configuration and Quantum Numbers

Identify the electron configuration of the atom if its last electron in the valence shell has the following set of quantum numbers.

C. Periodic Patterns
s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

p d (n-1)

1 1s2 2s2
-1

-1 2p1
0 +1

f (n-2)

6 7
1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Slide 15

C. Periodic Patterns
Period/Series number
energy level (subtract for d & f)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Hydrogen

Group number (A/B Family)

total number of valence electrons

Column within sublevel block

number of electrons in sublevel

1s1
Period 1

Group 1

s-block

Slide 16

C. Periodic Patterns
Shorthand Configuration
Core electrons: Go up one row and over to the Noble Gas. Valence electrons: On the next row, fill in the number of electrons in each sublevel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C. Periodic Patterns
Example - Germanium

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2

Slide 17

D. Stability
Fully filled energy level
Fully filled sublevel (s, p, d, f) Half-filled sublevel
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D. Stability
Electron Configuration Exceptions Copper
EXPECTED:
ACTUAL:

[Ar] 4s2 3d9

[Ar] 4s1 3d10

Copper gains stability with a fully filled d-sublevel.

Slide 18

D. Stability
Electron Configuration Exceptions Ion Formation

D. Stability
Atoms gain or lose electrons to become more stable. Isoelectronic with the Noble Gases.

Chromium
EXPECTED: ACTUAL:

[Ar] 4s2 3d4 [Ar] 4s1 3d5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chromium gains stability with a halffilled d-sublevel.

Slide 19

D. Stability
Ion Electron Configuration
Write the electron configuration for the closest Noble Gas

D. Stability
Ex: Lithium ion Li+ He

Ex: Oxygen ion O2- Ne

O2-

10e-

[He] 2s2 2p6

Li+

2e-

1s2

Slide 20