41

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ISSN 1392 1215 2011. No. 3(109)
ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA


ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
T 190
ELEKTROS ININERIJA


Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Induction Motor Performance under
Unbalanced Supply using Simulation and Experimental Results

I. Temiz, C. Akuner

Marmara Universty Technical Education Faculty Electrical Education Department,
Goztepee, Istanbul, e-mails: itemiz@marmara.edu.tr, akuner@marmara.edu.tr
H. Calik

Istanbul University Vocational School of Technical Sciences Electrical Program,
Avcilar, Istanbul, e-mail: hcalik@istanbul.edu.tr


Introduction1

Unbalanced voltage is one of the most frequent
disturbances in electrical systems. An induction motor
supplied by unbalanced three-phase power system has been
investigated to obtain its quantities by resolving into the
balanced three-phase components. This is called as
symmetrical components method. The circuit quantities of
three-phase squirrel cage induction motors fed from
unbalanced three-phase system cannot be determined by
classical methods, whereas the symmetrical components
method should be used. This method introduced by
Fortescue is widely utilized for rotating electrical
machines. In this method, an unbalanced supply can be
defined as combination of zero, forward and reverse
sequence components similar to that of a balanced system
[15].
In this work, A squirrel cage induction motor with
short-circuited rotor and the plate values of P = 1.5 kW,
380 V, 3.9 A Y, n= 1470 min
-1
, f=50 Hz, cos=0.8 is
used. This machine has been supplied by balanced and
unbalanced power systems respectively for both
experimental and modeling methods. Their voltage,
current and power parameters are subsequently measured
with their harmonic values. The comparisons have been
also made for both analysis techniques [16].

Symmetrical components of balanced alternating
current machines

If the voltages applied to the motor stator windings
are unbalanced, the motor characteristics may vary
considerably. The three-phase unbalanced voltages (V
1
,
V
2
, V
3
) can be resolved into forward (V
d
, a
2
V
d
, aV
d
),
reverse (V
t
, aV
t
, a
2
V
t
) and (V
0
, V
0
, V
0
) zero three-phase
balanced components with the aid of symmetrical
components transformation. [36]
In general, symmetrical components transformation
can be defined as follows

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

3
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
3
V
V
V
a a
a a
o
1
v
v
v
t
d
. (1)

In steady-state sinusoidal operation:

+ =
+ =
+ =
). cos( ) (
), cos( ) (
), cos( ) (
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
e
e
e
t V t v
t V t v
t V t v

(2)
If the equations below are defined as follows
| |
t d
V V V V + + =
0 1
,
| |
t d
a a V V V V + + =
2
0 2
,
| |
t d
a a V V V V
2
0 3
+ + = ,
| |
3 2 1 0
3
1
V V V V + + =
, (3)
| |
3
2
2 1
3
1
V V V V a a
d
+ + =
,
| |
3 2
2
1
3
1
V V V V a a
t
+ + =
.
In matrix form

(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

-
-
-

t
d
jwt
t
d
jwt
t
d
0
e e
v
v
v
V
V
V
V
V
V 0
0
2 2
. (4)
In equations (3), V
o
, V
d
and V
t
represent zero,
forward and reverse components respectively. Matricial
Equation (4) gives the relation between symmetrical
components phasors and their instantaneous values. An
42

unbalanced three-phase system can be resolved into
balanced forward, reverse and zero sequence components
by using the above relations and unbalanced phasors. The
forward component induces currents that are balanced and
in the same phase sequence of the three-phase supply
currents. The reverse component generates currents
balanced as well but in the opposite phase sequence due to
the voltages in reverse phase sequence in the stator. The
phasors of the zero sequence are in equal amplitudes and
the same phase for all phase sequences of a three-phase
power supply.

The equivalent circuit of an induction motor
for unbalanced supplies

Lets consider that the rotor speed in rpm and the slip
of a motor operating from unbalanced voltage supply are n,
respectively. Since the phase sequence of forward
component is identical to that of the supply, this
component induces a magnetic field which rotates in the
same direction of the motor shaft. The per phase equivalent
circuit for the rotating field is the normal equivalent circuit
of an induction motor where the slip in this circuit is .
The reverse component produces a magnetic field that
rotates in the opposite direction with respect to the rotor,
whereas the slip is 2-. Generally, the reverse magnetic
field should be at minimum amplitude, because it causes a
large amount of power loss in the motor. If the amplitude
of reverse magnetic field is less than that of 5% of the
forward component, such a three-phase power system can
be supposed as symmetrical in practice. No rotating field is
induced by zero component currents, because they are in
the same direction for each phase. Any torque is not
therefore produced since the resultant field is zero.
However a motor fed from V
1
, V
2
, V
3
unbalanced voltage
supply can be considered to consist of two motors
operating individually. The first motor operates from
forward component of balanced system at V
d1
, V
d2
, Vd
3

voltages with slip in normal rotation direction. The
second motor operates from reverse component of
balanced system at Vt
1
, Vt
2
, Vt
3
voltages with 2- slip in
opposite direction. The main and two separate motors are
shown in Fig. 1. The per phase equivalent circuit for the
forward component is obtained by placing as the slip,
sd
I as the stator current and
rd
I' as the rotor current in the
equivalent circuit of symmetrical components of an
induction motor operating at unbalanced supply. Similarly,
the equivalent circuit for the reverse component can be
derived, where 2-,
st
I ,
rt
I' represent the slip, the stator
current and the rotor current respectively as illustrated in
Fig. 1, a and Fig. 1, b.

a)

b)
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit: a for forward component; b For
reverse component

Obtaining circuit parameters of the induction motor by
experimental tests

The stator winding parameters of the motor used in
this study obtained by the measurements are given in Table
1. The short-circuited impedance, equivalent resistance and
reactance referred to the stator side, rotor resistance and
leakage reactance of the motor have been obtained by
using the quantities provided from the short-circuited
experiment. The equivalent circuit parameters calculated
by using the data in Table 1 and Table 2 are shown in
Table 3, Table 4.

Table 1. No load -circuited test (experimental values)
Values for No Load Test
P
0

( W)
U
1h

(V)
I
10

(A)
0
cos

P
sv

(W)
n
0

(min-1)
330 386,27 3 0,16 10 1495

Table 2. Short-circuited test (experimental values)
Values for Short-Circuited Test
P
k
( W) U
1Kh
(V) I1K (A)
K
cos
472,104 90,118 4,066 0,7431

Table 3. Equivalent circuit parameters
Z
1K ()
Z
1K ()
R
2

()
X

1K ()

22,1638 12,811 0,865 6,405

Table 4. Equivalent circuit parameters
R
1 () Z
1o ()
X
1o ()
R
1K ()

5,676 12,335 10,952 1,73

The Matlab / Simulink Model

The Matlab/Simulink model in Fig. 2. has been
constituted by using equations 5-8 where flux linkage-
current relations and mechanical system equations are
written for the machine.
Flux linkage-current relations:

s s
s
s s
M
dt
d
I R V e

+ + =
s
, (5)

( )
r m k
r
r r
M
dt
d
I R V e e

+ + =
r
, (6)
43


(

=
0 1
1 0
M
. (7)

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
.
,
,
,
rl m r
r m r r r
sl m s
s m s s s
L L L
I L I L
L L L
I L I L

(8)
Mechanical system equations are:

L mec m
mec
T B
dt
d
j T + + = e
e
e
, (9)

m mec
p
e e
2
= , (10)

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s r
m L
p
T
'
1
2 2
3
e
, (11)

m
m L L
o
o

=
1
'
, (12)

LsLr
L
m
2
1 = o
, (13)

where V voltage space vector; i current space vector;;
R resistance; flux linkage space vector; L
inductance;
s
base frequency;
k
speed of dq frame;

m
rotor speed; T
e
electromagnetic torque; T
L
load
torque; J moment of inertia, p number of poles; M
rotational operator, subscripts: s stator; r rotor; d
direct axis; q quadrature axis.

Fig. 2. Matlab/Simulink model of the system

A comparison of performances of the induction
machine fed from balanced and unbalanced supplies

If balanced 3-phase alternating current machines are
fed from balanced three phase power systems, symmetrical
phase voltages and currents are provided. In case of
operating at unbalanced voltage system, in order to obtain
the amplitude of any phase current, the effects of currents
in the other phases to that phase should be known. The
voltage and current value of the motor 10 Nm load under
experiment fed from the balanced voltages and current
value are: V V
0
1
0 225Z = , V V
0
2
120 224 Z = ,
V V
0
3
240 223 Z = , A I
0
1
21 3 . 4 Z = , A I
0
2
295 3 Z = ,
A I
0
3
295 4 . 5 Z = .
However if the unbalanced voltage and current
systems are resolved into the symmetrical components,
two circle diagrams can be obtained where they are for the
forward and the reverse. Zero component does not exist
since the neutral point of the motor is not grounded in
normal operation [1]
The phasor values of the applied voltages
unbalanced in experimental tests are: V V
0
1
0 225 Z = ,
V V
0
2
247 213 Z = , V V
0
3
126 236 Z = , A I
0
1
21 3 . 4 Z = ,
A I
0
2
295 3 Z = , A I
0
3
167 4 . 5 Z = measured.

The voltage sources are identical in the experiment
and the model. The current values have been measured
while supplying the motor by the voltages shown in The
voltage waveforms applied to the model in
Matlab/Simulink are also given in Fig. 3.

0.55 0.555 0.56 0.565 0.57 0.575 0.58 0.585 0.59 0.595 0.6
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time ( s )
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s



(

V

)


V1
V2
V3

Fig. 3. Voltage for unbalanced power supply (Model)

The electrical and mechanical torque variations at 10
Nm load under unbalanced conditions are shown in Fig. 4.
Under this load, the speed variation of the motor is also
illustrated in Fig. 5. The all results obtained by modeling
and experiments can be seen in Fig. 4 Fig. 9.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
0
10
20
T
E





(

N
m

)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
0
10
20
Time ( s )
T
L



(

N
m

)

Fig. 4. Electrical and load torque at unbalanced power supply

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Time ( s )
S
p
e
e
d


(
1
/
m
in
)

Fig. 5. Speed waveform for unbalanced power supply

K*u
speed
Is_dq
thetak
Iab
dq2ab
V_ab
thetak
V_dq
ab2dq
K*u
ab2ABC
Torque_Speed
Tl =10 Nm
v s_dq
ws
w_mec
Te
is
INDUCTION
MOTOR
Tl
Te
wmec
MECHANICAL
SYSTEM
1
s
Currennts
K*u
ABC2ab
V_ABC
Ws
3
Phase
Source
i_ab i_ABC
w_mec
i_dq
Te
v_dq
v _dq
44

The current waves of the motor in experiments and
the currents of balanced power supply for the simulation
are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. In both
analyses, the peak value of motor current is 4 A
approximately. It means the simulation results are in
accordance with the measurement values.


Fig. 6. Motor Current for balanced power supply (experimental)

0.55 0.555 0.56 0.565 0.57 0.575 0.58 0.585
-5
0
5
Time ( s )
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s





(

I

)


I1
I2
I3

Fig. 7. Motor current at balanced power supply (model)

Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show the motor current vs. time
curves under unbalanced power supply. As can be seen
from the curves, the unbalanced supply generates over
distortions in the currents drawn from the source. This
circumstance causes harmonics; therefore the current
harmonics of I
1
phase of the motor have been measured.


Fig. 8. Currents for unbalanced power supply (experiment)
0.56 0.565 0.57 0.575 0.58 0.585 0.59 0.595 0.6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Time ( s )
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s



(


I

)


I1
I2
I3

Fig. 9. Currents for unbalanced power supply (model)

The current harmonic values measured in I
1
phase are
completely shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. As can be seen
from the figures, the harmonic contents differ in balanced
and unbalanced systems.


Fig. 10. Current harmonic spectrum for balanced power supply


Fig. 11. Current harmonic spectrum for Unbalanced power
supply

Table 5. Harmonic values

Balanced
Supply
Unbalanced
Supply
Difference
I
1
(A)%
H3 0,60 1,80 1,20
H5 2,70 3,20 0,50
H7 0,70 0,50 -0,20
I
2
(A)%
H3 0,50 1,50 1,00
H5 2,50 2,20 -0,30
H7 0,70 0,30 -0,40
I
3
(A)%
H3 0,80 1,40 0,60
H5 2,70 2,40 -0,30
H7 1,00 0,50 -0,05
Current% THD 3,40 4,10 0,70

Table 6. Data at balanced and unbalanced power supplies
Operation
Status
Balanced Unbalanced
U
1
(V) 225.1Z0 224.9Z0
U
2
(V) 224Z-120 213Z-247
U
3
(V) 223.3Z-240 236.2Z-126
I
1
(A) 4,10 4,30
I
2
(A) 4,10 3,00
I
3
(A) 4,00 5,40
P
1
(kW) 0,70 0,91
45

Operation
Status
Balanced Unbalanced
P
2
(kW) 0,74 0,42
P
3
(kW) 0,71 0,95
Cos1 0,83 0,93
Cos2 0,82 0,67
Cos3 0,82 0,75


A comparison of performances of the induction
machine fed from balanced and unbalanced supplies

If balanced 3-phase alternating current machines are
fed from balanced three phase power systems, symmetrical
In case of balanced supply, harmonics (11, 15, 19) do not
exist obviously but the 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonics have
influence in unbalanced operation. This result increases
the total harmonic distortion and aggravates the quality of
energy.

Conclusions

The unbalanced operation regime of a three phase
supply is determined by quantities such as emf, potential
difference and current. In this article, the specific
equivalent circuits of an induction machine are obtained by
resolving the mentioned quantities into symmetrical
components. In these equivalent circuits, the opposite
rotating torque occurs due to the reverse components of
currents. Therefore the motor needs drawing more current
from the supply to maintain the demanded mechanical
power. As a result, the copper losses and the heat in the
machine increase.
This result has been also seen by loading the machine
at 10 Nm torque in both simulation and experimental
measurements. In addition, the harmonics generated during
unbalanced operation are observed as electromagnetic
noise in the machine. This noise appears as pulsations in
motor bearings as well. This event may cause bearing
faults for-long term operations from unbalanced supply. It
is clearly observed that the simulation and the
experimental results are in well accordance with each
other. The parameters of an induction machine operating
from unbalanced supply can be obtained by the proposed
model in Matlab/Simulink environment without the need
for any equipment.

References

1. Buknaitis J. Methods for Determination of Winding Factors
of Alternating-Current Electric Machines // Electronics and
Electrical Engineering. Kaunas: Technologija, 2009. No.
1 (89). P. 8386.
2. Bounadja M., Belmadani B., Belarbi A. W. A Combined
Stator Vector Control SVM-Direct Torque Control for High
Performance Induction Machine Drives // Electronics and
Electrical Engineering. Kaunas: Technologija, 2009. No.
8(96). P. 5154.
3. Kersting W. H. Phase Frame Analysis of the Effects of
Voltage Unbalance on Induction Machines // IEEE
Transaction on Indutry Aplications, 1997. Vol. 33. - No. 2.
4. Pillay P., Hofmann P., Manyage M. Deratingof Induction
Motors Operating With a Combination of Unbalanced
Voltages And Over or Undervoltages // IEEE Transaction on
Energy Conversion, 2002. Vol. 17. No. 4.
5. Stankovic A. M., Sanders S. R., Aydin T. Dynamic Phasors
in Modeling and Analysis of Unbalanced Polyphase AC
Machines // IEEE, Transaction on Energy Conversion, 2002.
Vol. 17. No. 1.
6. Romakeviius O., ioinys M., Virbalis J. A. The
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Received 2010 10 12

I. Temiz, C. Akuner, H. Calik. Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Induction Motor Performance under Unbalanced Supply
using Simulation and Experimental Results // Electronics and Electrical Engineering. Kaunas: Technologija, 2011. No.
3(109). P. 4145.
Induction motors are known to affect the electrical power system in terms of harmonics. Induction motors fed by unbalanced power
systems produce additional current harmonics. These harmonics cause additional power losses in the machine. The method of
symmetrical components is often used in this kind of unbalanced operation analysis. In this study, the performance of a three phase
induction motor supplied by unbalanced power system due to the various causes has been examined using both experimental method
and Matlab/Simulink model. Ill. 11, bibl. 6, tabl. 6 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).


I. Temiz, C. Akuner, H. Calik. Balansinio trifazio asinchroninio elektros variklio naumo modeliavimas ir eksperimentinis
tyrimas nebalanso slygomis // Elektronika ir elektrotechnika. Kaunas: Technologija, 2011. Nr. 3(109). P. 4145.
Asinchroniniai varikliai yra veikiami srovs harmonik. Parazitini srovs harmonik gali atsirasti, kai asinchroninis variklis
maitinamas i nesubalansuotos maitinimo sistemos. Dl parazitini harmonik patiriama galios nuostoli. Simetrini komponent
metodas danai taikomas nebalanso slygoms tirti. Atliktas balansinio trifazio asinchroninio elektros variklio naumo modeliavimas
program paketu Matlab ir eksperimentinis tyrimas nebalanso slygoms. Il. 11, bibl. 6, lent. 6 (angl kalba; santraukos angl ir lietuvi
k.).