10/2/2009

Gambar Teknik ?

Sectional Views (Pandangan Potongan)

Nazrul Effendy, ST MT. PhD. Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

Mendukung Skill Untuk:

Bekerja di Industri Menjadi Peneliti/Dosen Studi Lanjut Menjadi Pengusaha

Nazrul Effendy, UGM

Gambar Teknik - Pengantar

Gambar Teknik - Pengantar

Gambar Teknik - Pengantar

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Gambar Teknik - Pengantar

Gambar Teknik - Pengantar

Contoh Pembuatan Mur dan Baut

Learning Pyramid

Lecture Reading Audio Visual Demonstration Discussion Group Practice by Doing

Daya Ingat Rata-rata 5% 10 % 20 % 30 % 50 % 70 % 90 %

Teach Others / Immediate Use

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PROJECTION METHOD

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Oblique

Parallel Orthographic

Axonometric

Multiview

PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

Line of sight

is an imaginary ray of light between an

observers eye and an object. There are 2 types of LOS :parallel and converge

Parallel projection
The projection theory is based on two variables: 1) Line of sight 2) Plane of projection ( ) l f (image plane or picture plane) l l )
Line of sight

Perspective projection
Line of sight

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Sejarah proyeksi orthogonal

Abad ke-18: Gaspard Monge (1746-1818) ikut terlibat pada perancangan gudang senjata. senjata Dia mengembangkan suatu sistem menggunakan 2 bdg proyeksi yg saling tegak lurus utk mendeskripsikan benda padat proyeksi orthogonal

Orthographic View

Nazrul Effendy, UGM

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Nazrul Effendy, UGM

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Orthographic Projection

Contents
Section Vi S i Views Third Angle Projection Two View Drawings Auxiliary Views

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Sections Views, Nazrul Effendy, UGM

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Cutting Plane
The sight arrows at g the end of the cutting plane are always perpendicular to the cutting plane. Line thickness of the cutting plane is the same as the visible object line. The direction of the arrow indicates the line of sight.

CUTTING PLANE LINE

Section Views
A A
Section views are used to clarify internal detail and to avoid dimensioning to hidden lines They are established by referencing a cutting plane f l Cutting planes depict the exact location on the part from which the section view will be projected, and should have associated arrowheads, indicating the direction from which the section view will be observed observed. Cutting planes are constructed as an integral feature of the parent view, and cutting plane arrowheads always indicate the direction for the observers line of sight.

SECTION

A-A

0.7mm 0.35mm

the hatching lines are equally spaced and drawn at an angle of 45 to the principal centre line in each example. jk materialnya adalah steel

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Purpose of Sections
Show internal detail Replace complex orthographic views Describe materials in an assembly Depict assembly of parts

Sectioning Practices
Different parts at different angles p g Hatch spacing of about 1/16-1/8 (1.59-3.18 mm) Cutting plane line .020 ( = 1 mm) wide (bold) 007 Section or hatch lines -- thin .007 (0.18 mm) Visible lines -- wide .015 (0.38 mm) Not parallel or perpendicular to boundary

Sectioning Practices
When sectioning an assembly of several parts, draw section lines at varying angles to distinguish separate parts. t t

A bush is shown in the above Fig. in a housing. There are two adjacent parts and each is cross hatched in opposite directions. It is customary to reduce the pitch between hatching lines for the smaller part.

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Most common ANSI Material Patterns

ANSI No. Name Pattern
ANSI 31 -- Cast Iron, General Iron ANSI 32 -- Steel ANSI 33 -- Brass, Bronze, Copper ANSI 38 -- M Magnesium, i Aluminum Earth

What is ANSI?

Available Hatch Patterns in AutoCAD

Types of Sections
Full section Half section Offset section Revolved section Removed section Broken-out section

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in Plan (A), the sectional plan gives clearly the exact outline along the horizontal axis where the casting has assumed t h d to have been cut. b t This contrasts with the confusion in Plan (B) which obviously results from attempting to include all the detail by inserting the appropriate dotted lines.

Wh Where th location of a single the l ti f i l cutting plane is obvious, no indication of its position or identification is required.

Individual Exercise (7 min)

Sketch a full section of the object shown below

Individual Exercise (7 min)

Were you correct ? What material (hatch pattern) did you use?

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Half section:

CUTTING PLANE LINE

Half Sections

A quarter of assembly removed Half of view is cross-hatched

ALL hidden lines may be omitted Center line divides halves Center line remains only if associated feature is sectioned

Symmetrical parts may be drawn half in section and half in outside view.

Offset section:
Pandangan potongan Dapat dibuat dengan bukan garis lurus aris

CUTTING PLANE LINE

Bend the cutting plane to show more features

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Offset section:

CUTTING PLANE LINE

Sectional view does not denote location of offset

Pandangan potongan dapat dibuat dengan bukan garis lurus

Removed section:
Removed sections are offset from the object.

Potongan sebagian
R.05

SECT D-D

SECT E-E .92 .2 (4)

.82 E F

SECT F-F E F

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Projected Section Views

A

Revolved section:
Show cross- sections by rotating sections 90o The section view stays on the object.

Without breaks
A SECTION

AA

ROTATED 30 CLOCKWISE

With breaks

Broken out section:

Used to section a small portion of the object Does not modify the rest of the view

Third Angle Projection

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Multiview Projection Proper number of Views

It may not, be necessary to show all six views to completely describe the object object. In fact, the minimum number of views is preferable. How many views are necessary to completely describe this plate? 1? 2? 3? 4?

Multiview Projection Two View Drawings

The answer is 2!

Sectional Views
We have covered the basic method of representing an object by projecting views. This allows us to see the external features of an object. Often times it is necessary to view the internal features, this is accomplished by slicing through the object and producing a sectional or section view
Section view is always placed BEHIND arrows Object being sectioned Section Line Always a phantom Line type

Sectional Views
Sectional views are extremely useful in minimizing the number ofprojected views. How many views does this object require?

View Arrow With Label

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Sectional Views
Section views provide clear and unambiguous representation of internal features

Sectional Views
Sectional views can reduced the number of views of many axisymmetric parts to a single view

Auxiliary Views
Inclined planes and oblique (neither parallel nor perpendicular)lines appear foreshortened when projected to the principle planes of projection. To obtain a true size view, auxiliary views are created using similar techniques as for creating standard views, unfolding about an axis i

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