Harmonic Tutorial

Adjustable Frequency Drives Input Harmonic Mitigation
Matrix Filters
and
IEEE 519
120 V - 69,000 V
Wayne Walcott March 5, 2009
Matrix Filters
2009 MTE Corporation
Harmonic Current Formula
THID = I1 Where:
(Ih)2 h x 100%
h=2
Ih = magnitude of individual harmonic content (RMS amps) h = harmonic order I1 = fundamental current (RMS amps)
Matrix Filters
What are Harmonics
Matrix Filters
Harmonic voltage distortion from nonlinear Harmonic current loads
Matrix Filters
Results of Harmonic currents
Matrix Filters
Where do harmonics come from
Matrix Filters
3 phase six pulse bridge bus supply
Matrix Filters
Why does a 6 pulse bridge produce odd harmonics?
Matrix Filters
Displacement power factor:
Matrix Filters
True power factor watts
Matrix Filters
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THID: Total Harmonic (I) current Distortion
Matrix Filters
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THVD: Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion
Matrix Filters
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TDD: Total Demand Distortion (IEEE-519:1992)
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IEEE-519
Current Distortion (THID) limits for General Distribution Systems

120 V 6900 V (Table 10.3 under Recommended Practices for Individual Consumers)
ISC/IL <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000
<11 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0
11h<17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0
17h<23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0
23h<35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
35h 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4
TDD 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0
TDD = THID for more than 15 min. or 30 min. I = maximum short circuit current at PCC
SC L
I = maximum fundamental load current at PCC
*
Matrix Filters
Limit for all power generation equipment
15
IEEE-519
PCC
At point of metering Point where nonlinear load meets linear loads
TDD
THID for 15 or 30 minutes
THD
Instantaneous value of harmonic distortion THVD Instantaneous value of harmonic Voltage distortion THID Instantaneous value of harmonic current distortion
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Techniques to reduce VFD Harmonics
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Matrix Harmonic Filters

TM
The High Performance Low Cost Alternative to 12-pulse and 18pulse Drives
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Harmonic Filters

A Matrix Harmonic Filter feeding a 6-pulse drive provides better performance than 12-pulse and 18pulse drives
Lower cost Smaller size
Help VFDs meet international power quality standards for harmonic distortion
IEEE- 519, G5/4, AS2279 EN 61000-3-2, EN 61000-3-4
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Matrix Filters Offer

Guaranteed THID levels of 5% High Efficiency Superior harmonic mitigation performance
Better than 12-pulse drives Better than 18pulse drives Better than tuned harmonic trap filters
No power system resonance problems No extensive harmonic studies IEEE 519 compliance
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filter Suitability

Diode or SCR front end
Including phase control Including SCR pre-charge circuits
AC or DC drives VFD w/ DC link choke or AC line reactor Constant or Variable Torque
Application Notes available for special applications
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filters Achieve the Cleanest Input Power

150HP, 12% M atrix Filter at Rated Output Current
350 300 250 200
Magnitude [Amperes]
150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 -350 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Output 33.86% THiD
0.045
0.05
Time [seconds]
With Matrix Filter
Standard 6-pulse
Without Matrix Filter
VFD
Matrix Theyre LOW PASS harmonic filters so they filter all harmonic frequencies
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration
Input Power
6-pulse VFD
< 8% THID
@ FULL LOAD
Standard Matrix Filter
Matrix Filters
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5% Matrix Filters reduce input current Harmonic Distortion even better than 18-pulse drives
Input current
Standard 6-pulse
VFD
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
11
13
17
19
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Harmonic Current Spectrum 5% Matrix Filter
5% Matrix Filter Harmonic Spectrum 100% Load

3.5 3.0
Harmonic Current, %
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Harmonic orde r
Typical Worst Case
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5% Matrix Filter Typical Harmonic Voltage Distortion 6% Source Impedance

Source Impedance 6% THVD=0.85% (worst case) THVD=0.59% (typical) Full Load
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 300 420
1020
1140
1380
1500
Worst Case
Typical
IEEE-519 limits are 3% Individual, 5% THVD

Matrix Filters
1740
660
780
26
5% Matrix Filter Typical Harmonic Voltage Distortion 1.5% Source Impedance

Source Impedance 1.5% THVD=0.61% (worst case) THVD=0.17% (typical) Full Load
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 300 420
660
780
1020
1140
1380
1500
Worst Case
Typical
IEEE-519 limits are 3% Individual, 5% THVD

Matrix Filters
1740
27
IEEE - 519 Voltage Distortion Limits

(Table 10.2 under Recommended Practices for Individual Consumers/Limits on Commutation Notches)
Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits Special Applications* Notch Depth THD (Voltage) Notch Area (AN) 10% 3% 16400 General System 20% 5% 22,800 Dedicated System 50% 10% 36500
NOTE: The Value AN for other than 480 V systems should be multiplied by V/480 * Special applications include hospitals and airports. A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to converter load. In volt-microseconds at rated voltage and current.
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IEEE - 519 Voltage Distortion Limits (Table 11.2 under Recommended Practices for Utilities)
Voltage Distortion Limits Bus Voltage at PCC 69kV and below 69.001 kV through 161 kV 161.001 kV and above Individual Voltage Distortion % 3.0 1.5 1.0 Total Voltage Distortion THD (%) 5.0 2.5 1.5
NOTE: High-voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause is an HVDC terminal that will be attenuated by the time it is tapped for a user.
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Harmonic Voltage Distortion
THVD = V1 Where:
(Vh)2 h 100%
h=2
Vh = magnitude of individual harmonic content (RMS volts) h = harmonic order V1 = fundamental Voltage (RMS )
Matrix Filters
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and Ohms Law works
THVD = V1
Where:
(hX1Ih)2 h
100%
h=2
Ih = magnitude of individual harmonic content (RMS amps) h = harmonic order X1 = fundamental reactance V1 = fundamental voltage (RMS)
Matrix Filters
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Which can be reduced to:
THVD = Isc
Where:
(hIh)2 h
100%
h=2
Ih = magnitude of individual harmonic content (RMS amps) h = harmonic order V1 = fundamental current (RMS amps)
Matrix Filters
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Voltage Unbalance..
ANSI Standard C84.1-1989 Reports that at the PCC:
98% of power systems are within 0 - 3% 66% of power systems are within 0 - 1% 34% of systems are 1% to 3% unbalanced Load unbalance within the building power distribution system adds to the utility unbalance at the point of utilization.
Matrix Filters
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6-pulse VFD with 5% Matrix Filter performs better than 18-pulse drive under normal operating conditions (0% to 100% load, with voltage unbalance)
18 Pulse Drive vs. 6-pulse VFD with Matrix Filter
100
90
Total Harmonic Current Distortion THID, %
80
18-Pulse Drive
3% Line Unbalance
70
60
2% Line Unbalance 1% Line Unbalance
50
40
Balanced Lines
30
Matrix Filter
3% Unbalance 2% Unbalance 1% Unbalance Balanced Line
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Load, %
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5% Matrix Filters are even better than 18-pulse VFD with additional reactors
100
18-Pulse Drives 3% Line Voltage Unbalance

100
90
Total Harmonic Current Distortion THID, %
Total Harm onic Current Distortion, THID, %
80
90
18-Pulse Drive 18-Pulse Drive
80
3% Line Unbalance
70
70
18-Pulse Drive with 5% Line Reactors for Each Rectifier
60
60
2% Line Unbalance 1% Line Unbalance
50
50
40
30
Balanced Lines
40
20
30
10 8% Matrix Filter
20
3% Unbalance 0 0 2% Unbalance 1% Unbalance Balanced Line
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Load, %
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Load, %
Matrix (from previous chart)

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IEEE 519 Solutions

Desired % THID at PCC (IEEE-519) 3% Line Reactor 5% line Reactor 5% Line + 3% DC Reactors 8% Matrix Filter (M8) 5% Matrix Filter (M5)
% Maximum AFD Load if all AFDs use same Harmonic Mitigation Method
5 8 12 15 20
11 18 27 34 45
14 23 34 43 57
18 29 43 54 71
62 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100
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Matrix Filters produce cleaner input current waveforms than multipulse drives
20 00 80 60 40
THiD = 7.54%
Matrix Filter
20 0 20 40 60 80 00 20 0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05
18-pulse
00 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 00
12-Pulse
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5th Harmonic Trap Input Current

50.00 L5.I = f(...
25.00
Input Current THID: 24.35%
-25.00
-50.00 379.5m 425.0m 450.0m 492.5m
Load: 100% Input Voltage: balanced
Line Impedance: 0.25%
Input Reactor: 5% Output Reactor: None

Matrix Filters
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Input Current Enhanced 5th Harmonic Trap (w/AFD input reactor)

50.00 L5.I...
25.00
Input Current THID: 23.07%
422.5m
450.0m
466.7m
500.0m
Load: 100% Input Voltage: balanced Line Impedance: 0.25% Input Reactor: 5% Output Reactor: 1.5%
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filters are better than other Low Pass Filters

Guaranteed performance levels Better current waveform to the drive Use with or without SCRs, input reactors & bus chokes
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filters deliver better VFD input current waveform than Competitors Low Pass Filter
VFD input current waveforms
Matrix Filter
Competitor
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Harmonic Filters 6 1200 Amps Standard 208 690 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Matrix Filters
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Enclosure Options for Outdoor and Marine Environments
Matrix Filters
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Custom Engineered Matrix Harmonic Filters
Any Voltage, any Frequency, Any package thru 1800 Amps

Matrix Filters
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Visit MTE online www.mtecorp.com and try CLICK find for product selections and data
Matrix Filters
45
UseCLICK find for Matrix Filters selection, price, CAD, user manuals and brochures
Matrix Filters
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Matrix Filters
47

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Adjustable Frequency Drives Input Harmonic Mitigation

Wayne Walcott March 5, 2009

Harmonic Current Formula

What are Harmonics

Harmonic voltage distortion from nonlinear Harmonic current loads

Results of Harmonic currents

Where do harmonics come from

3 phase six pulse bridge bus supply

Why does a 6 pulse bridge produce odd harmonics?

Displacement power factor:

True power factor watts

THID: Total Harmonic (I) current Distortion

THVD: Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion

TDD: Total Demand Distortion (IEEE-519:1992)

Current Distortion (THID) limits for General Distribution Systems

ISC/IL <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000

<11 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0

11h<17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0

17h<23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0

23h<35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

35h 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4

TDD 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

I = maximum fundamental load current at PCC

Limit for all power generation equipment

Techniques to reduce VFD Harmonics

Matrix Harmonic Filters

Matrix Harmonic Filters

Matrix Filters Offer

Matrix Filter Suitability

AC or DC drives VFD w/ DC link choke or AC line reactor Constant or Variable Torque

Application Notes available for special applications

Matrix Filters Achieve the Cleanest Input Power

Output 33.86% THiD

With Matrix Filter

Without Matrix Filter

Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration

Standard Matrix Filter

Harmonic Current Spectrum 5% Matrix Filter

5% Matrix Filter Harmonic Spectrum 100% Load

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

5% Matrix Filter Typical Harmonic Voltage Distortion 6% Source Impedance

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 300 420

IEEE-519 limits are 3% Individual, 5% THVD

5% Matrix Filter Typical Harmonic Voltage Distortion 1.5% Source Impedance

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 300 420

IEEE-519 limits are 3% Individual, 5% THVD

IEEE - 519 Voltage Distortion Limits

Harmonic Voltage Distortion

and Ohms Law works

Which can be reduced to:

Total Harmonic Current Distortion THID, %

2% Line Unbalance 1% Line Unbalance

18-Pulse Drives 3% Line Voltage Unbalance

Total Harmonic Current Distortion THID, %

Total Harm onic Current Distortion, THID, %

18-Pulse Drive 18-Pulse Drive

18-Pulse Drive with 5% Line Reactors for Each Rectifier

2% Line Unbalance 1% Line Unbalance

3% Unbalance 0 0 2% Unbalance 1% Unbalance Balanced Line

Matrix (from previous chart)

IEEE 519 Solutions

62 100 100 100 100

100 100 100 100 100