Industrial Instrumentation

Assignment of Industrial Instrumentation

Submiited to: Dr-Ing Naveed Ramzan

Submiited by : Rizwana Barket Reg. No: 2009-ch-30

Question1. What is See Back Effect?

The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two substances. The voltages produced by Seebeck effect are small, usually only a few microvolts (millionths of a volt) per kelvin of temperature difference at the junction. The Seebeck effect is responsible for the behavior of thermocouples, which are used to approximately measure temperature differences or to actuate electronic switches that can turn large systems on and off.

Question2. What is Joule Thomson Effect?

When there is a change in temperature of a thermally insulated gas when it is forced through a small hole or a porous material. For each gas there is a temperature of inversion above which the change is positive and below which it is negative and called Joule-Kelvin effect.

Question3. Why do we measure the resistance of platinum wire at boiling point of sulphur or at freezing point of zinc in RTD?

International temperature scale was adopted at the seventh general conference on weights and measures held in 1927. In 1968, slight modifications were introduced into the scale and now it is well accepted scale of practice. It is based on a number of fixed and easily reproducible, points that are assigned definite values of temperatures.

The means available for measurement and interppolation are as follows:

a. The range from -259.34C- 0C

Where R0, A, B and C are the constants obtained by finding resistance at oxygen, ice, steam and sulphur points respectively.
b. The range from 0C to 630.74C

It is also based on platinum resistance thermometer

Where R0, A, and B are computed by measuring resistance at ice point, steam point and sulphur point.
c. The range from 630.74C- 1064.43C. it is based on measurement of temperature on a standard

platinum against rhodium- platinum thermocouple, in terms of emf.

Where a, b and c are computed from measurements at antimony point, silver point and gold point.
d. Above 1064.43C

In this range the temperature measurement is done by comparing intensity of radiation of any convenient wave length with intensity of radiation of same wave length emitted by a black body at gold point and Plancks equation is used to measure temperature.

Question4. Why we take dissimilar metal in construction of a thermocouple?

The mechanism behind the thermocouple is fairly simple. When two dissimilar metals or alloys are placed in contact, a transfer of electrons occurs from one to the other. Because they are different metals, there is naturally a difference in their resistivities. Applying Ohms law, V = IR, a difference in resistance, R, and a constant current, I, produces a difference in the electrical potential or voltage,V. Likewise, the resistivity of metal is a function of the temperature. The voltage generated by the thermocouple can be measured and equated to the temperature. The magnitude of this potential difference depends upon the nature of the two metals and the difference in the temperature between the two junctions. For example, a Type K (Chromel/Alumel) thermocouple generates 41.3 mV at 1000C.