`TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION....2 OBJECTIVE....2 AIM.......3 PROBLEM STATEMENT.3 APPRATUS....3 PROCEDURE....4 OBSERVATION....4 RESULT...5-7 CALCULATION..........8 DISCUSSION..9 CONCLUSION.......10 PRE-LAB QUESTION..11 REFERENCE.12

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EXPERIMENT 2 BERNOULLIS THEOREM INRODUCTION For a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or total head remains constant at all the section along the fluid flow provided there is no loss or addition of energy. total head = constant Where Pressure head (m) Velocity or kinetic head (m) ( = m/s)

Z = Potential head (Height above some assumed level) Bernoulls equation is based on Eulers equation of motion. It is applicable to flow of fluid through pipe and channel. In Eulers equation the force of viscosity is neglected. Bernoullis equation is required to be modified to be modified if the flow is compressible & unsteady. OBJECTIVE The objective of the experiment are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. To arrenge work procedure accordingly. To execute safety and health procedure. To handle the given task correctly. To adentify the data needed. To accomplish the task within a time frame given. To document the task and produce the report.

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AIM To determine a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or total head remains constant at all the section along the fluid flow provided there is no loss or addition of energy. PROBLEM STATEMENT How to determine a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or total head remains constant at all the section along the fluid flow provided there is no loss or addition of energy.

APPARATUS 1. A horizontal rectangular Perspex duct (or metal sheets) of smooth variable cross-section of conversant and divergent type. The section is .x .mm at the entrance and exit and .x.mm at middle. The total length of duct is .m. 2. Inlet tank. 3. Measuring tank 4. Stop watch

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PROCEDURE 1. Measure the area of conduit at various gauge points. 2. Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet tank remains constant. 3. Measure the height of water level (above the arbitrarily selected plane) in different piezometric tubes 4. Measure the discharge of the conduit with the help of measuring tank. 5. Repeat the step (1) to (4) for two more readings. 6. Plot graph between the total head (or energy) and distance of gauge points starting from u/s side of conduit.

OBSERVATIONS i. Points Diameter at crosssection, D (mm) Area at cross-section, A (m2) 1 28.4

6.335x10
-4

2 22.5
3.976x10
-4

3 14.0
1.540x10
-4

4 17.2
2.324x10
-4

5 24.2
4.60x10
-4

6 28.4
6.335x10
-4

ii.

Discharge Measurement Water volume = = 0.01 Time = Q=V/t = =2.174x10-4

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RESULT TABLE 1
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.245 4.3848x 10 9.7995x10
-9

2 0.232 6.9864x 10 4.8809x10

-9

3 0.060 1.8038x 10 1.6584x10

-8

4 0.145 1.1953x 10 7.2821x10

-8

5 0.200 6.0387x 10 1.8584x10

-9

6 0.210 4.3848 x 10 9.7994x10

-9

-19

-18

-17

-18

-18

-19

0.325 0.18

0.312 0.18

0.14 0.18

0.225 0.18

0.28 0.18

0.29 0.18

TABLE 2
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.215 3.6710x 10 6.8686x10
-9

2 0.205 5.8491x 10 1.7437x10

-9

3 0.092 1.5101x 10 1.1623x10

-8

4 0.145 1.0007x 10 5.1039x10

-9

5 0.185 5.0557x 10 1.3028x10

-9

6 0.190 3.6710x 10 6.8686x10

-9

-19

-18

-17

-18

-18

-19

0.285 0.16

0.285 0.16

0.172 0.16

0.225 0.16

0.265 0.16

0.27 0.16

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TABLE 3
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.225 4.3848x 10 9.7995x10
-9

2 0.217 6.9864x 10 4.8809x10

-9

3 0.120 1.8038x 10 1.6584x10

-8

4 0.165 1.1953x 10 7.2821x10

-8

5 0.196 6.0387x 10 1.8584x10

-9

6 0.203 4.3848 x 10 9.7994x10

-9

-19

-18

-17

-18

-18

-19

0.305 0.187

0.297 0.187

0.2 0.187

0.245 0.187

0.276 0.187

0.283 0.187

TABLE 4
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.24 3.76 x 10 7.21x10
-9

2 0.205 5.98 x 10 1.77x10

-9

3 0.095 1.55 x 10 1.21x10

-8

4 0.155 7.37 x 10 2.77x10

-9

5 0.2 5.18 x 10 1.37x10

-9

6 0.21 3.76 x 10 7.21x10

-9

-19

-18

-17

-18

-18

-19

0.032 0.19

0.285 0.19

0.175 0.19

0.235 0.19

0.28 0.19

0.032 0.19

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TABLE 5
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.205 3.432 x 10 5.777x10
-9

2 0.200 5.468 x 10 1.5239x10

-9

3 0.115 1.412 x 10 1.0162x10

-8

4 0.155 9.355 x 10 4.4606x10

-9

5 0.185 4.726 x 10 1.1384x10

-9

6 0.190 3.432 x 10 6.0033x10

-9

-17

-18

-17

-18

-18

-19

0.285 0.17

0.280 0.17

0.195 0.17

0.235 0.17

0.265 0.17

0.27 0.17

TABLE 6
Points Pressure Head, h (m) Velocity, v (m/s) Kinetic Head, 2 (v /2g) (m) Pressure Loss 2 Head (h + v /2g + 0.08) (m) Probe manometer level (m) 1 0.235 5.261 x 10 1.411x10
-9

2 0.225 8.384 x 10 3.581x10

-9

3 0.070 2.164 x 10 2.387x10

-8

4 0.145 1.434 x 10 1.048x10

-8

5 0.195 7.246 x 10 2.676x10

-9

6 0.205 5.262 x 10 1.441x10

-9

-18

-18

-17

-17

-18

-18

0.315 0.175

0.305 0.175

0.15 0.175

0.225 0.175

0.275 0.175

0.285 0.175

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CALCULATION Velocity, v = =

Kinetic Head, (v2./2g) = =

Pressure Loss Head

=0.205+5.777x10-17+0.08 =0.285

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DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

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PRE-LAB QUESTION 1. What is Berrnoullis theorem? Bernoullis principle states that for uniform flow of fluid,region of high velocity corresponds to low pressure whereas region of how vescocity correction to high pressure. 2. Why the water levels in the various piezometric tubes are different? In an equifer it can be calculated from the depth to water in piezonetric ( a specialice water well), and given information of trepiezometers elevation and screen depth. Water using a standpipe piezometer by measuring the hight of the water surface in the tube relative to a common datum.

3. State one practical application of Bernoullis theorem. Car burettor is a device in an internal combustion argine mixing air with a fine spray of liquid fuel.

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REFERENT http://msbte.com/docs/labmanual/Diploma%20in%20Engineering/Third%20Year/Hydraul ics%20(1500)/Experiment-3.pdf http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/bernoullis_theorem.p hp http://home.earthlink.net/~mmc1919/venturi_discuss_nomath.html

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