Index

SR. NO 1 2 3 EXPERIMENT TITLE DATE PAGE NO SIGN To transmit and receive analog signal using fiber optic cable. To transmit and receive digital signal using fiber optic cable Study of Numerical Aperture of optical Fiber. To transmit and receive frequency modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable: To transmit and receive Pulse amplitude modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable:-

To transmit and receive Pulse width modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable:To study theory of Eye diagram. To study complete circuit of Eye diagram. To observe fiber optic led characterstic.

EXPERIMENT 1
AIM: To transmit and receive analog signal using fiber optic cable.

SPECIFICATIONS 1. Power supply requirement 2. Built in IC based power supply. 3. On Board AF signal generator Frequency Range Amplitude : : Sinewave 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz 0 to 5 Vpp. : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

4. On Board Modulating Digital Data signal generator to generate any binary input word with Bit clock Data Format 5. Transmission Source 6. Receiver Source (APD). 7. All parts are soldered on single pin TAGS on single PCB with complete circuit diagram screen-printed. 8. Standard Accessories : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords. 3. Fiber Optic Cable - 1 mtr THEORY: The System consists of following sections. 1. Audio Signal Generator 2. Digital Data receiver 3. Analog signal transmitter 4. Analog signal receiver : : : NRZ Fiber Optic LED - 660 nm and 820nm Fiber Optic Avalanche Photo diode

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Digital Data generator Digital Data transmitter Input Audio Amplifier Section Output Audio Amplifier Section Power supply.

Audio Signal Generator section: IC XR2206 waveform generator IC is used generate Sine/square/triangle wave signal. Pot P1 is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 10Hz to 100KHz. Presets Pr1 and Pr2 are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. Pr3 is used to adjust duty cycle. Pot P2 is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The switch S0 is used for course variation of frequency. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 10Vpp. Analog Transmitter section: Here IC 741 is used to amplify input analog signal. The amplified signal is then given to source Fiber LED of 820 nm. This LED converts electrical signal into light signal and is then transmitted in fiber optic cable. Analog signal receiver section: The received light signal is converted into electrical signal by receiving Photo diode. Then it is given to two IC 353 and 351, which are used to amplify input analog signals. The amplified signal is available at output terminal. Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate PSK Modulation demodulation system. + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V,IC 7905 for -5V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half-wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C3. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

W1: Analog Input:

W2. Received O/P:

CONCLUSION:-

EXPERIMENT 2

AIM: To transmit and receive digital signal using fiber optic cable

SPECIFICATIONS 1. Power supply requirement 2. Built in IC based power supply. 3. On Board AF signal generator Frequency Range Amplitude : : Sinewave : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

300 Hz to 3.4 KHz 0 to 5 Vpp.

4. On Board Modulating Digital Data signal generator to generate any binary input word with Bit clock Data Format 5. Transmission Source 6. Receiver Source (APD). 7. All parts are soldered on single pin TAGS on single PCB with complete circuit diagram screen-printed. 8. Standard Accessories : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords. 3. Fiber Optic Cable - 1 mtr THEORY: The System consists of following sections. 1. Audio Signal Generator 2. Digital Data receiver : : : NRZ Fiber Optic LED - 660 nm and 820nm Fiber Optic Avalanche Photo diode

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Analog signal transmitter Analog signal receiver Digital Data generator Digital Data transmitter Input Audio Amplifier Section Output Audio Amplifier Section Power supply.

Digital data Generator section: To generate FSK signal input digital modulating signal is required. This section generates this digital data signal. It consists of many digital ICs. The carrier clock of 1.28 MHz is generated by IC 74HC04. This carrier clock frequency is divided by 16 to produce bit clock (BK) of 80 KHz. This BK frequency is divided by 8 to generate Word clock (Wk) of 10KHz. Then a word of 8 bit data is generated using IC 74166 and eight data toggle switches. By pressing different toggle switches different data word can be generated. This data word is called as NRZ data. The NRZ data is used is then given to ASK modulator.

Digital Transmitter section: Here digital data is given to source Fiber LED of 660 nm. This LED converts electrical signal into light signal and is then transmitted in fiber optic cable. External digital input can be given by selecting switch. Digital signal receiver section: The received light signal is converted into electrical signal by receiving Photo diode. Then it is given to IC 741 and 555, which are used to amplify input analog signal. The amplified signal is available at output terminal.

Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate PSK Modulation demodulation system. + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA

Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V,IC 7905 for -5V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half-wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C3. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

W: Digital input:

W. Digital output:

Conclusion:-

EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: Study of Numerical Aperture of optical Fiber. THEORY: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance, else it is refracted out of the fiber core. CONSIDERATIONS IN NA MEASUREMENT: 1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable & the distance from the launched point & the cable be properly selected to ensure that the maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.

2.

PROCEDURE: 1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. 3. 4. 5. Switch on the power supply. Apply TTL high input to the LED from EXT-TTL terminal. Hold the other end of the fiber while sheet facing the sheet. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.

6.

Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently tighten the screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.

7.

Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and PN as indicated In the fig.

9.

Mean radius is calculated using the following formula r = ( MR + PN ) / 4

10.

Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula NA = sin max = r / d 2 + r 2 Where max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted through the fiber.

TTL (HIGH) I/P DIGITAL DRIVER

TRANSMITTER

TO OPTICAL FIBER BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR NUMERICAL APERTURE MEASUREMENT

SCREW

SCREEN

OPTICAL FIBER A

ILLUMINATED CIRCULAR PATCH

OA = d

NUMERICAL APERTURE MEASUREMENT SETUP

Y M r = (MR+PN) / 4

O R

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Observation Table

Distance SR. No. d (cm) r N.A.

N.A. (avg.) =

Calculation:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT 4
AIM: To transmit and receive frequency modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable: \ THEORY: The AM Modulation and Demodulation System consists of following sections. 1. Audio Signal Generator 2. Input audio amplifier 3. Fiber optics transmitter 4. Fiber optics receiver 5. PAM Modulator 6. PWM Modulator 7. Sampling Pulse generator 8. Output audio amplifier 9. Power supply. (1) Audio Signal Generator section: This section generates synchronized sine waves of frequencies of 1Khz. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 2Vpp. These signals are generated by filtering TTL signals of 1Khz. The Ics TL074 works as 4 th order low pass filer for each frequency. (2) Input Audio Amplifier section: The Input Audio amplifier circuit consists of Pre-amplifier and Output amplifier stage. This section is used to amplify low-level audio signal coming from Mike/Loudspeaker and give it to ADM Modulator section for live ADM modulation. The pre-amplifier consists of one transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 (BC 148B) is connected in C-E configuration. The input signal form mike is connected to the base of Q1 through coupling capacitor 10/16 EC. The amplified audio signal obtained at the collector of Q1 is given to the

output driver amplifier consisting of IC 810 at pin 10 through volume control Pot P1. The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at output terminals. (3) Fiber optics Transmitter section: Here digital data is given to source Fiber LED of 660 nm. This LED converts electrical signal into light signal and is then transmitted in fiber optic cable. External digital input can be given by selecting switch. (4). Fiber optics Receiver section: The received light signal is converted into electrical signal by receiving Photo diode. Then it is given to two IC 353 and 351 which are used to amplify input analog signal. The amplified signal is available at output terminal. (5). PAM modulator section: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit or Natural sampling is used. Here IC CD 4053B is used as multiplexer. The sample/Hold and Natural sampling is selected by sampling switch. The modulating input signal is given to one input of multiplexer IC CD 4053B. During sample and hold process, the capacitor 0.1/100 PPC is charged to the current value of modulating signal by sampling pulse signal during ON period (Sampling period). Then this capacitor holds this current voltage until next sample time comes. It slightly discharges during off period (Hold time). Then it once again charges to the next value of modulating signal. Thus the voltage on this capacitor approximates to modulating signal provided the modulating signal frequency is far less than sampling pulse frequency.

(6). PWM modulator section: To generate PWM signal comparator circuit is used. Here IC LM 311 is used as comparator. The modulating input signal is given to one input of comparator. The sampling saw tooth waveform is given to second input of comparator. The output of comparator is a PWM signal. (7). Sampling Pulse generator: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit is used. The sampling pulse generator is required to provide sampling signal to S/H circuit. This section is based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) IC CD4046B. The pulse frequency is determined by varying control voltage of VCO at pin 9 of this IC. This control voltage is varied by frequency pot (10K Pot). The pulse frequencies vary from 2 to 40 KHz. The saw tooth pulse signal is generated from this pulse signal using integrator circuit. The IC 356 is used as integrator. (8) Output Audio Amplifier Section: The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The feedback is given from the output to the emitter of preamplifier transistor in the IC (through a resistor 4K provided internally). The feedback voltages develops over R6 (22E), C12 (220/10) being used for d.c.blocking. The gain of amplifier depends on this feedback. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at LS terminals. (9) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate PSK Modulation demodulation system.

+15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA. Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V,IC 7905 for -5V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C3. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave output signal of function generator. Keep amplitude pot in mid range selecting amplitude of 1Vpp. 2. Connect this Sinewave signal to the Frequency modulator section. Connect other links as shown in fig. 3 3. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Amplifier-2. Trigger CRO by channel-1 and observe output and input signal. If required adjust gain pot of Amplifier to get input and output amplitude same. 4. Observe waveforms at other test points.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

T1.

Analog Input:

T2.

Sampling Clock:

T3.

FM Output

Conclusion:-

EXPERIMENT 5
AIM: To transmit and receive Pulse amplitude modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable:-

THEORY: The AM Modulation and Demodulation System consists of following sections. 1. Audio Signal Generator 2. Input audio amplifier 3. Fiber optics transmitter 4. Fiber optics receiver 5. PAM Modulator 6. PWM Modulator 7. Sampling Pulse generator 8. Output audio amplifier 9. Power supply. (1) Audio Signal Generator section: This section generates synchronized sine waves of frequencies of 1Khz. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 2Vpp. These signals are generated by filtering TTL signals of 1Khz. The Ics TL074 works as 4 th order low pass filer for each frequency. (2) Input Audio Amplifier section: The Input Audio amplifier circuit consists of Pre-amplifier and Output amplifier stage. This section is used to amplify low-level audio signal coming from Mike/Loudspeaker and give it to ADM Modulator section for live ADM modulation. The pre-amplifier consists of one transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 (BC 148B) is connected in C-E configuration. The input signal form mike is connected to the base of Q1 through coupling capacitor 10/16 EC. The amplified audio signal obtained at the collector of Q1 is given to the output driver amplifier consisting of IC 810 at pin 10 through volume control Pot P1.

The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at output terminals. (3) Fiber optics Transmitter section: Here digital data is given to source Fiber LED of 660 nm. This LED converts electrical signal into light signal and is then transmitted in fiber optic cable. External digital input can be given by selecting switch. (4). Fiber optics Receiver section: The received light signal is converted into electrical signal by receiving Photo diode. Then it is given to two IC 353 and 351 which are used to amplify input analog signal. The amplified signal is available at output terminal. (5). PAM modulator section: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit or Natural sampling is used. Here IC CD 4053B is used as multiplexer. The sample/Hold and Natural sampling is selected by sampling switch. The modulating input signal is given to one input of multiplexer IC CD 4053B. During sample and hold process, the capacitor 0.1/100 PPC is charged to the current value of modulating signal by sampling pulse signal during ON period (Sampling period). Then this capacitor holds this current voltage until next sample time comes. It slightly discharges during off period (Hold time). Then it once again charges to the next value of modulating signal. Thus the voltage on this capacitor approximates to modulating signal provided the modulating signal frequency is far less than sampling pulse frequency.

(6). PWM modulator section: To generate PWM signal comparator circuit is used. Here IC LM 311 is used as comparator. The modulating input signal is given to one input of comparator. The sampling saw tooth waveform is given to second input of comparator. The output of comparator is a PWM signal. (7). Sampling Pulse generator: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit is used. The sampling pulse generator is required to provide sampling signal to S/H circuit. This section is based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) IC CD4046B. The pulse frequency is determined by varying control voltage of VCO at pin 9 of this IC. This control voltage is varied by frequency pot (10K Pot). The pulse frequencies vary from 2 to 40 KHz. The saw tooth pulse signal is generated from this pulse signal using integrator circuit. The IC 356 is used as integrator. (8) Output Audio Amplifier Section: The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The feedback is given from the output to the emitter of preamplifier transistor in the IC (through a resistor 4K provided internally). The feedback voltages develops over R6 (22E), C12 (220/10) being used for d.c.blocking. The gain of amplifier depends on this feedback. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at LS terminals. (9) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate PSK Modulation demodulation system.

+15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA. Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V,IC 7905 for -5V. These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C3. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch PROCEDURE: 1. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave output signal of function generator. Keep amplitude pot in mid range selecting amplitude of 2Vpp. 2. Connect this Sinewave signal to the PAM section. Connect other links as shown in fig. 3. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Amplifier-2. Trigger CRO by channel-1 and observe output and input signal. If required adjust gain pot of Amplifier to get input and output amplitude same. 4. Observe waveforms at other test points.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

T1.

Analog Input:

T2.

Sampling Clock:

T4.

PAM Output:

Conclusion:-

EXPERIMENT 6
AIM: To transmit and receive Pulse width modulated analog signal using fiber optic cable:THEORY: The AM Modulation and Demodulation System consists of following sections. 1. Audio Signal Generator 2. Input audio amplifier 3. Fiber optics transmitter 4. Fiber optics receiver 5. PAM Modulator 6. PWM Modulator 7. Sampling Pulse generator 8. Output audio amplifier 9. Power supply. (1) Audio Signal Generator section: This section generates synchronized sine waves of frequencies of 1Khz. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 2Vpp. These signals are generated by filtering TTL signals of 1Khz. The Ics TL074 works as 4 th order low pass filer for each frequency. (2) Input Audio Amplifier section: The Input Audio amplifier circuit consists of Pre-amplifier and Output amplifier stage. This section is used to amplify low-level audio signal coming from Mike/Loudspeaker and give it to ADM Modulator section for live ADM modulation. The pre-amplifier consists of one transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 (BC 148B) is connected in C-E configuration. The input signal form mike is connected to the base of Q1 through coupling capacitor 10/16 EC. The amplified audio signal obtained at the collector of Q1 is given to the output driver amplifier consisting of IC 810 at pin 10 through volume control Pot P1.

The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at output terminals. (3) Fiber optics Transmitter section: Here digital data is given to source Fiber LED of 660 nm. This LED converts electrical signal into light signal and is then transmitted in fiber optic cable. External digital input can be given by selecting switch. (4). Fiber optics Receiver section: The received light signal is converted into electrical signal by receiving Photo diode. Then it is given to two IC 353 and 351 which are used to amplify input analog signal. The amplified signal is available at output terminal. (5). PAM modulator section: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit or Natural sampling is used. Here IC CD 4053B is used as multiplexer. The sample/Hold and Natural sampling is selected by sampling switch. The modulating input signal is given to one input of multiplexer IC CD 4053B. During sample and hold process, the capacitor 0.1/100 PPC is charged to the current value of modulating signal by sampling pulse signal during ON period (Sampling period). Then this capacitor holds this current voltage until next sample time comes. It slightly discharges during off period (Hold time). Then it once again charges to the next value of modulating signal. Thus the voltage on this capacitor approximates to modulating signal provided the modulating signal frequency is far less than sampling pulse frequency.

(6). PWM modulator section: To generate PWM signal comparator circuit is used. Here IC LM 311 is used as comparator. The modulating input signal is given to one input of comparator. The sampling saw tooth waveform is given to second input of comparator. The output of comparator is a PWM signal. (7). Sampling Pulse generator: To generate PAM signal Sample and Hold circuit is used. The sampling pulse generator is required to provide sampling signal to S/H circuit. This section is based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) IC CD4046B. The pulse frequency is determined by varying control voltage of VCO at pin 9 of this IC. This control voltage is varied by frequency pot (10K Pot). The pulse frequencies vary from 2 to 40 KHz. The saw tooth pulse signal is generated from this pulse signal using integrator circuit. The IC 356 is used as integrator. (8) Output Audio Amplifier Section: The IC 810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The amplified signal obtained from the transistor Q1 is given at the audio input (Pin 10) of the IC. The IC amplifies this and the output is available at the Pin 16 of the IC. The feedback is given from the output to the emitter of preamplifier transistor in the IC (through a resistor 4K provided internally). The feedback voltages develops over R6 (22E), C12 (220/10) being used for d.c.blocking. The gain of amplifier depends on this feedback. The amplified output is available at pin 16 and in turn at LS terminals. (9) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate PSK Modulation demodulation system.

+15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA, - 5V, 500mA. Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V,IC 7905 for -5V.

PROCEDURE 1. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave output signal of function generator. Keep amplitude pot in mid range selecting amplitude of 2Vpp. 2. Connect this Sinewave signal to the Pulse modulator section. Connect other links as shown in fig. 4 3. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Amplifier-2. Trigger CRO by channel-1 and observe output and input signal. If required adjust gain pot of Amplifier to get input and output amplitude same. 4. Observe waveforms at other test points.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS T1. Analog Input:

T2.

Sampling Clock:

T5.

PWM Output:

Conclusion:-

EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: To study theory of Eye diagram.

THEORY OF EYE DIAGRAM In digital communication, eye patterns (diagrams) are widely used as a qualitative/visual performance indicator of a system. An eye diagram is a plot/trace of consecutive sections f a signal superimposed on a normalised time scale. By superimposing sections of fixed time length, the effects of interference and jitter can be determined. Figure 19.7 shows the eye pattern for binary signals. Figure 19.7 Interpretation of the eye pattern for binary signals 1. The eye opening is defined as the distance from the decision threshold to the closest trace at the sampling instant. 2. The height of the eye opening, at a specified sampling time, defines the noise margin of the system. 3. The vertical trace width at the best sampling instant shows the amount of amplitude distortion (ISI). 4. The horizontal trace width around the zero crossings shows the amount of timing jitter. 5. Non-symmetries in the eye diagram indicate the presence of non-linearities.

1. Eye pattern is often used to monitoring the performance of baseband signal. If the S/N ratio is high, then the following 2. observations can be made from the eye pattern. 3. The best time to sample the received waveform is when the eye opening is largest. 4. The maximum distortion and ISI are indicated by the vertical width of the two branches at sampling time. 5. The noise margin or immunity to noise is proportional to the width of the eye opening. 6. The sensitivity of the system to timing errors is determined by the rate of closure of the eye as the sampling time is varied.

In Figure 7 we show a number of the typical bit sequences that make up the pseudo-random binary sequences (PRBS). The PRBS pattern length is of the form 2N - 1, where N is an integer. Typical values for N are 7, 10, 15, 20, 23 and 31. In our case N = 31.

CIRCUIT DETAILS OF EYE DIAGRAM A block diagram of Eye diagram consist of following stages/sections. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PRBS Generator section R.F. Carrier Oscillator section ASK Modulator section ASK Demodulator section Power supply.

(1) PRBS Generator section:The PRN generator is perhaps the most important part of a spread spectrum system, as without it there could be no spreading of the information signal. The choice of PRBS code used in this project is not critical for a number of reasons. For instance, there will be no jamming signals present to disrupt the demodulation process, there will be no other users signals to distinguish the signal from, the carrier signal will not be particularly large (for ease of generation) meaning that the chip rate of the code cannot be very high. It was decided that a five-stage shift register generator (simple type) would provide the PRBS. This generator would provide a sequence 31-chips long. Feedback taps were chosen that required as little logic as possible for ease of construction. The feedback taps chosen for the two generators were [5,2] and [5,3]. These feedback taps will produce mirror image sequences, which is not be sensible in a practical CDMA system because of the high cross-correlation, but is of no consequence to this project. The PRN generator first is modulo-2 added with the data before it is fed back into the input of the generator. This aids the synchronisation of the data with the code. It must be mentioned that when using this type of PRN generator in the modulator, the same type of generator must be used in the demodulator. This means that the recovered data at the end of the demodulation process must be fed back into the PRN generator of the de-spreading circuit.

The data is to have a baud rate of 9600, and the PRBS is 31-chips long. Therefore it follows that the chip rate of the PRN generator needs to be 297.6 kHz in order for there to be 31 chips per input data bit.

(2) R.F. Carrier Oscillator section :1 st BC548 Transistor is used generate RF sine wave signal. 15K Pot is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 100KHz to 1MHz. Then transistors pair BC558/BC548 and BC558/BC548) are used to amplify this RF oscillation. The amplified RF sine wave signal available at emitter junction of BC558/BC548 is given to RF CARRIER terminal through amplitude preset and Pot. There are two RF CARRIER signals. One is directly given to RF I/P terminal of balanced modulator section. Second RF signal can be connected at RF I/P of Product detector section.10K Pot is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude vary from 0 to 10Vpp. (3) ASK Modulator section: IC 1496 is used as balanced modulator. The modulating NRZ signal is connected at pin 1 through buffer transistor BC548B. This IC has two inputs as it works as balanced modulator. The Second input can be connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor BC548B. The RF carrier signal is connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from RF carrier oscillator section. The modulated outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this IC, which are then balanced amplified by transistor pairs -BC548B and BC558B. The final balanced modulated output is available at ASK O/P terminal.100K preset is used to balance carrier signal while 1K preset is used to balance input audio signal. Output 1K preset is used to adjust output zero DC level. Output 2K2 preset is used to vary level of ASK modulated signal.

+5 to 5V Dc voltage is given to 2 nd input of balanced modulator to insert carrier in ASK output.

(4) ASK demodulator:This circuit consists of Diode OA79 and Capacitors C1, C2 and Load resistor R. It works as an envelope detector circuit. R & the capacitor C forms a low pass filter meant to reduce the carrier frequency ripple in the output. The values of R & C are chosen so as to remove even the modulating signal frequency components. The magnitude of this dc voltage should vary as the carrier amplitude in the input signal and should be independent of the depth of modulation and the modulating signal frequency. C1, C2 can be selected through switch. (5) Power supply section:The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate ASK Modulation demodulation system. +15V, 250mA, -15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA + 5V, 250mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for 15V, 7905 for 5V These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 & two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output are for filtering purpose.

Set Up for making Eye Diagram Measurements:

The measurement of the Eye diagram requires a timing signal (clock signal) to synchronize the sweep of the digital oscilloscope. In Figure 4 we show a typical set up. We generate a random pattern of 1s and 0s in a pseudorandom bit pattern generator. The data out modulates the CW laser, while the clock out triggers the scope. The light is processed through the network (our device(s) under test) and goes through an O to E conversion which in turn is input into the scope to produce the eye diagram.

Equipment set up for making eye diagram measurements

PROCEDURE:-

(1) First connect the CRO channel 1at Output of PRBS generator keep the switch in continuous mode also press the reset switch once. Trigger the time base switch or hold off of CRO such that you can see the waveform of PRBS on CRO stable. Waveform -----------------(T1).

(2) Now connect the CRO channel 1 at the output of Gaussian noise and see the noise waveform. Waveform ------------------(T2).

(3) Now keep the first channel at the output of PRBS generator and second channel at the output of Adder and change the amplitude of noise and observe the effect of noise. Waveform-------------------(T3).

(4) Now keep the first channel at PRBS signal and second channel at recovered raw data after ASK demodulation. Waveform-------------------(T4).

(5) Now for observation of EYE diagram for this recovered raw data keep the CRO channel-1 at the recovered data test point and give the Clock signal at input of External trigger i/p terminal and keep the CRO in EXTERNAL triggering mode, for that switch is given in CRO. Waveform-------------------(T5).

MATLAB PROGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS T1. PRBS Signal:

T2. Gaussian Noise Signal:

T3. RBS Signal with Noise:

T4. Received PRBS Signal at Output of ASK Demodulator:

T5. Eye Diagram Display without Noise:

T5A. Eye Diagram Display with Noise:

EXPERIMENT 8
Aim: -To Observe Fiber Optic LED Characteristics. Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Keep current range on Digital Current meter at 20mA range. 2. By increasing the voltage across the Fiber LED diode in steps, note down corresponding current in the table shown Below
S.No. Input DC Voltages V1 Voltage Across Fiber Optic LED (DC Voltages) VF Current through Fiber LED mA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0

3. Now change use Series resistor 1K instead of 100 Ohms and observe the forward Current.

Conclusion:-