CHAPTER-ONE INTRODUCTION 1.

1 Introduction: In primary stage of business activities, businesses products were produced, processed and marketed manually. Mechanization took place and machines are gradually replacing the human labor. Initially, people were not trained to handle these machineries and as a result accidents were frequently happened but they were not in fatal. Present days industrial accident causes severe personal injuries, death, property and environmental damage. To overcome of these problems, industries strictly maintain safety program. 1.2 Objectives: To analyze the safety management system of Steel Mills sector.

To find the cause of dangers. To analyze the emergency planning of Steel Mills sector. To give protective solutions of danger and hazards. To study safety management of Steel Mills Ltd. 1.3 Methodology: To achieve the objectives above, the following methods will be followed: To study in details the safety & emergency management from books. To visit some Steel Mills. To collect data from many employees. To analyze the present management system of some Steel Mills. 1.4 Limitations: Safety can be limited in relation to someguaranteeor a standard of insurance to the quality and unharmful function of an object or organization. 1.5 History of Bangladesh steel industries: Bangladesh has about 295 manufacturing units. Of these, 293 are fully indigenously owned and two are foreign or joint ventures. The countrys steel products include billets, finished
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long products like buyer rods, rebar, plain rounds, squares, plates, hot-rolled and cold-rolled coils and sheets, and galvanized sheets. The ship breaking industry is the main source of raw material (Fig. 1.1) for the steel industry, since Bangladesh does not have a domestic source of iron ore. But the steel industry faces the problem of rising prices of imported steel owing to rising global steel prices.

Raw materials of steel products.

5% 30% 45%

Ship scraps Normal scraps Iron ore

20%

Others

Fig. 1.1: Raw materials of steel products.

Domestic demand for steel in 2003 was 4 million tonnes per annual (mtpa) and estimated 5.1 mtpa in 2007 (Fig.1.2).

DOMESTIC DEMAND OF STEEL PRODUCTS

2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006

4.2 mpta 4.35 mpta 4.56 mpta 4.81 mpta 5.1 mpta 5.98 mpta 6.7 mpta 7.26 mpta 8.51 mpta

Fig. 1.2: Domestic demands of steel products.

The Bangladeshs Major steel mills based in Chittagong have moved very fast in billet manufacturing with a multi-billion taka investment drive that will largely determine the influences of the future of a fast-growing rod market in Bangladesh.

Industry leader AbulKhaer Group triggered the race after it opened its letter of credits (LCs) for machinery import for a US$130 million billet plant at its steel hub in Sitakundu, sources said. The billet plant will be the largest steel plant in the country, having the capacity to meet all of AKs 800,000 tonne capacity long-steel making unit. Billet is an intermediate steel product, mainly produced by melting iron ore. It is melted to make rod or other long steel products. Bangladesh has several small billet plants, accounting for only 10 per cent of its need.

PHP, a leading player in steel sheet and an old rival of AK, joined the investment drive in long steel late last year, buying the countrys first private TMT steel plant at Ghorasal for Taka 800 million.

BSRM, another leading rod manufacturer, said it was watching the gas and energy scenario too closely and has put a plan in place to raise capacity of its billet and rod plants. Industry players said a growing uncertainty over the scrap industry stemming from a slew of law-suits by environmental campaigners against shipbreakers mainly prompted large steel mills to make rapid inroad in long-steel. Now the top four-five players alone can make up more than 80 per cent of the countrys three million tonne long-steel market, he said, adding quality of their steel is also far superior to the re-rolled rods. The plant would be the biggest private sector investment by a Bangladeshi group, according to bankers, and it will help the group take a firm grip in $2.0 billion long steel market. PHP set up the countrys first Cold-rolled steel coil plant in 1998, which gave them a large advantage over rival CI sheet manufacturers. CI sheet is known as tin in Bangladesh. Until then, Bangladeshi CI sheet manufacturers would import CR Coil and slice it into CI sheets. Fearing that the Coil plant will help PHP dictate local tin market, AK soon set up its own coil factory to remain competitive. Todays race for billet manufacturing is similar to what happened in CR Coil in late 1990s and early 2000s. After PHP and AK, others such as KDS and S Alam set up their own coil plants, said the source By going into coil making, big CI

sheet manufacturers consolidated their backward link wage, leading to the deaths of scores of CI sheet makers who failed to build their own CR plant.

Some steel mills of Bangladesh export their products nearly 30 countries in world. They earn a lot of foreign currency. We realize (from the Fig. 1.3) how fast developed our steel mills.

Export steel products from Bangladesh 2002-2003 to 2011-2012.

2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

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Fig. 1.3: Export steel products.

CHAPTER-TWO SAFETY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2.1 Definition of safety: 1. Safety means a complete understanding of assigned work and knowledge of every step that must be taken and the realization that any mistakes may causes losses of property and man power to the company. 2. Safety means remembering the safety rules set up by your company and applying them every minute when one working. 2.2 Safety culture: Every organization has some common, internal, characteristics which is called culture. These characteristics have often become invisible to those inside, but may be startling to outsiders coming from a different culture. The notion of an organizational culture is notoriously difficult to define. Furnham defined Safety culture as Who and what we are, what we find important, and how we go about doing things round here Rousseau defined culture more specifically as the ways of thinking, behaving and believing that members of a social unit have in common. A safety culture is a special case of such a culture, one in which safety has a special place in the concerns of those who work for the organization. 2.2.1 The characteristics of a Safety Culture: The number of characteristics that go to make up such a safety culture. These are: An informed culture-one in which those who manage and operate the system have current knowledge about the human, technical, organizational and environmental factors that determine the safety of the system as a whole. A reporting culture: a culture in which people are willing to report errors and near misses. A just culture: a culture of 'no blame' where an atmosphere of trust is present and people are encouraged or even rewarded for providing essential safety-related
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information- but where there is also a clear line between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. A flexible culturewhich can take different forms but is characterized as shifting from the conventional hierarchical mode to a flatter professional structure. A learning culture- the willingness and the competence to draw the right conclusions from its safety information system, and the will to implement major reforms when the need is indicated. 2.2.2 Types of Safety Culture: Safety cultures three types: i) Pathological. ii) Bureaucratic. iii) Generative.

Table. 2.1: Westrums original model. [3] Pathological Information is hidden Messengers are shot Responsibilities shirked Bridging is discouraged Bureaucratic Information ignored Messengers are tolerated are Responsibility compartmented may Generative be Information is actively sought Messengers are trained is Responsibilities shared are

Bridging is allowed but Bridging is rewarded discouraged

Failure is covered up

Organisation is just and Failure causes enquiry merciful

New ideas are crushed

New ideas create problems

New ideas are welcomed

Fig. 2.1: The safety performance will improve as the culture matures, but there can only start to be talk of a Safety Culture once the calculative stage has been passed [3] 2.2.3 How can we achieve a Safety Culture? We have been studying the safety culture of organizations in industry and it is clear that, to progress, one has to undergo a process of cultural change. These changes have to take place incrementally. It appears logical, at least, that it is impossible to go straight from the reactive to the proactive without going through the calculative stage because the proactive culture includes systems typical of the calculative. Similarly, it is probably impossible to go from the pathological straight to the calculative stage. 2.2.4 Critical features to describe safety culture: 1. Safety culture is a concept defined at the group level or higher that refers to the shared values among all of the group or organization members. 2. Safety culture is concerned with formal safety issues in an organization and closely related to, but not restricted to, the management and supervisory systems. 3. Safety culture emphasizes the contribution from everyone at every level of an organization. 4. The safety culture of an organization has an impact on its members behavior at work. 5. Safety culture is usually reflected in the contingency between reward systems and safety performance. 6. Safety culture is reflected in an organizations willingness to develop and learn from errors, incidents, and accidents.

2.3 Safety Climate: The exact definition of safety climate varies from paper to paper, researcher to researcher, but Wiegmann identified the following commonalities: 1. Safety climate is a psychological phenomenon that is usually defined as the perceptions of the state of safety at a particular time. 2. Safety climate is closely concerned with intangible issues such as situational and environmental factors. 3. Safety climate is a temporal phenomenon, a snapshot of safety culture, relatively unstable and subject to change. 2.3.1 Factors of safety climate: 1. Esteemed status or rank of company safety officers 2. Commitment to timely and appropriate safety training 3. Open communication between workers and management concerning safety 4. General environmental control and good housekeeping 5. A stable workforce with low turnover and seasoned workers.

Fig. 2.2: Safety climate factors [7].

2.4 Safety Climate and Safety Culture: Safety climate and safety culture were part of the larger organizational climate and organizational culture of the company, respectively. The two concepts were becoming nearly unrecognizable from each other.Such has not been the case in the study of safety climate and safety culture since the turn of the century, with the two being discussed with clear differences, but related, in the same studies, something not often seen in organizational climate and organizational culture. 2.5 Safety Engineering: Safety engineering is the process of designing safer products and structures. Safety engineering also can involve improving the safety of work sites, manufacturing facilities and products as safety standards change. 2.5.1 Principles of Safety Engineering: The principles of safety engineering are to identify potential safety risks and mitigate them. Mitigation includes reducing the odds of accidents occurring or reducing the severity of an accident once it occurs. This process is accomplished by changing the product design to prevent dangerous failures from occurring. Safety measures also are added to protect people if hazardous occur. 2.6 Safety Engineer: Safety Engineer defined as: 1. A person who inspects all possible danger spots in a factory, mine, or other industrial building or plant. 2. A person trained in accident prevention, especially in industrial situations. 2.6.1 Functions of a Safety Engineer: The major areas relating to the protection of people, property and the environment are: Anticipate, identify and evaluate hazardous conditions and practices. Develop hazard control designs, methods, procedures and programs. Implement, administer and advise others on hazard control programs. Measure, audit and evaluate the effectiveness of hazard control programs.
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 Draft a future safety plan and statement based on real time experiences and facts. 2.7 Safety committee: The purpose of this Committee is to promote safe practices and provide information leading to an increased awareness of overall concepts of safety. This Committee shall liaison with other Industry-related associations as pertains to safety and technical matters. 2.7.1 Purposes of Safety committee: Health and Safety Committees should be established for the following purposes: 1. To increase and maintain the interest of employees in health and safety issues. 2. To convince managers, supervisors and employees through awareness and training activities that they are primarily responsible for the prevention of workplace accidents. 3. To help make health and safety activities an integral part of the organizations operating procedures, culture and programs. 4. To provide an opportunity for the free discussion of health and safety problems and possible solutions. 5. To inform and educate employees and supervisors about health and safety issues, new standards, research findings, etc. 6. To help reduce the risk of workplace injuries and illnesses. 7. To help insure compliance with federal and state health and safety standards. 2.7.2 Function of Safety committee: In order to accomplish these objectives, the successful Health and Safety Committee should: 1. Develop a written mission statement and charter. 2. Clearly define the duties and responsibilities of officers and general members. 3. Identify and prioritize goals and establish action plans to achieve each goal. 4. Include representation from different levels and areas of the organization.
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5. Meet at least quarterly/monthly. 6. Record and disseminate minutes of each meeting, documenting attendance, problems and issues and corrective action proposed and actions taken to address each issue. 7. Make attendance mandatory with the penalty of removal for repeated absences. 8. Develop methods to increase and maintain safety awareness. 9. Organize special sub-committees to address specific issues and projects. 10. Communicate the purpose, activities and accomplishments of the committee to all employees. 2.7.3 Other activities of Safety committee: In addition, the Health and Safety Committee may also wish to further promote health and Safety awareness by the use of one or more of the following activities/programs: 1. Safety Contests. 2. Poster programs/contests. 3. Audio-visual presentations. 4. Special safety/health events such as brown bag luncheons. 5. Guest speakers/seminars/training programs. 6. Employee suggestion programs 7. Injury prevention campaigns. 8. Special safety recognition awards. 9. Newsletters/promotional material. 10. Health/wellness fairs and activities. 2.8 Safety management system: Safety management systems (Fig.2.3) are in place to ensure worker safety and to protect equipment from damage. The different models of safety management focus on certain areas
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of the workplace as the root cause of injuries. Each system has its own benefits for workers and management, with some styles being more appropriate for factory settings and some that are geared toward human resources.

Fig. 2.3: Safety management systems [11]. 2.8.1 Types of Safety Management Systems: The different models of safety management focus on certain areas of the workplace as the root cause of injuries. Each system has its own benefits for workers and management, with some styles being more appropriate for factory settings and some that are geared toward human resources. The different models of safety management system: 1. Work-centric System 2. Worker-Centric System 3. Autocratic Safety Management 4. Democratic Safety Management

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1. Work-centric System: A work-centric safety management system uses mechanisms, tool improvements and careful adjustment of space problems to ensure that the environment is as safe as possible. 2. Worker-Centric System: Worker-centric safety management systems focus on training employees to limit accidents. Training is geared toward improving job performance and decision making. Employees and management work together to develop safety guidelines that are built upon the decisions workers are faced with on a daily basis.

3. Autocratic Safety Management: Autocratic safety management systems are characterized by top-down communication with staff. Executives and other management create safety strategies without consulting those that will actually be affected by the new policies. This system empowers immediate supervisors and human resource managers to enforce the tenets of the safety management system. 4. Democratic Safety Management: A democratic safety management system focuses on the dissemination of authority, and empowers workers to shape safety policies. This improves morale because workers' input carries as much weight as policies proposed by management. 2.8.2 Components of an effective SMS: The four main components of an SMS are: Policy Risk management, Assurance and Promotion. A policy establishes the corporation's methods to meet safety goals. Risk management recognizes the need for new or updated risk controls. Assurance analyzes the effectiveness of the new strategies. Promotion utilizes training and communication to create a safe work environment.

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2.8.3 Benefits of SMS: Having an SMS in place benefits a company in several ways. It increases confidence that risks are minimized, promotes safety in the workplace and supports a culture of safety. 2.8.4 Safety management system policy: 2.8.4.1 Definition: A safety management system policy is a group of procedures and stipulations that an organization puts into place to identify monitor and control work-related accidents and other incidents affecting operating activities. A safety management system often interrelates with corporate disaster preparedness systems. 2.8.4.2 Purpose of Safety management system policy: A safety management system policy helps a companys top leadership plan and coordinates the safe conduct of operating activities. The policy ensures that employees abide by laws and regulations when completing the required tasks.

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CHAPTER-THREE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT 3.1 Introduction: Occupational safety describes the potential dangers and well-being of employees in the workplace. Any health-risk that an individual is exposed to because of their employment or at their place of employment falls under the umbrella term of occupational safety. 3.2 The Occupational health and safety management system: An Occupational Health and safety Management system (as shown in Fig. 3.1) is a frame work that allows an organization to consistently identify and control its health and safety risks, reduce the potential for accidents, help achieve compliance with health and safety legislation and continually improve its performance.

Fig. 3.1: Occupational health and safety [10]. 3.2.1 Implementing an Occupational Health and safety Management system [10]. Implementing an Occupational Health and safety Management system standard is now a legal requirement in many countries. The new OHSAS 18001: 2007 provides an organization with a structured approach to planning, implementing and managing an OHSAS. If any organization is already certified to OHSAS 18001: 1999 or is in the final stages of certification to it, a two year transition period has been agreed to allow the time to make the change to the new standard.
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3.2.2 Advantages of implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Management system: 1. A safer workplace: An Occupational Health and safety Management system enables the organization to identify hazards, assess risks and place the necessary risk control measures in place to prevent accidents. 2. Moral: Implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Management system shows a clear commitment to the safety of the organization staff and can contribute to a more motivated, efficient and productive workforce 3. Reduced costs: Fewer accidents mean less expensive downtime for any organization. Besides the Occupational Health and Safety Management system improves the insurance liability ruling 4. Training: An Occupational Health and Safety Management system highlights weather or not the employees in any organization are competent for the task they are performing, which impacts in training and teamwork. 5. Monitoring: The regular assessment process will help in continually monitor and improve the Health & Safety performance 6. Integrated: The safety management system can be easily integrated with other management systems 7. Stakeholders confidence: An independently assessed Safety management system tells to the organization stakeholders that the organization itself has met a number of legal and regulatory requirements, giving stokeholds confidence in the organization. 3.3 Definition of Occupational Safety: Occupational safety is legal right to work in conditions that are free of known dangers. Employers by law must provide employees with a clean, safe environment. Some methods of occupational safety include providing safety gear and offering safety classes. Occupational safety is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

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3.4Definition of Occupational health: Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. 3.4.1 Benefits of Employers for Occupational health: Employers benefit from providing a safe workplace for their employees by knowing that they are complying with federal and state laws, enjoying a possible reduction in health insurance premiums and having fewer employees file workman's compensation claims. 3.5 The importance of health and safety: In addition to improving and reducing costs, maintaining a healthy and safe work environment helps to facilitate employees commitment to quality and improve industrial relations. One of the side effects of a proactive health and safety policy is that it leads to improved productivity and quality. Further it is argued that employee and union-management relations can be improved when employers satisfy their employees health and safety needs. In some cases, new provisions covering health and safety have been negotiated into collective agreements. When employers take a greater responsibility for occupational health and safety it can change employee behavior and employees might take a less militant stance during wage bargaining if management pay attention to housekeeping. Attention to workplace health and safety can have a strong, positive effect on employee commitment. When employees work in healthy and safe workplace, higher levels of motivation, performance and loyalty will result. 3.6 Impacts of globalization on occupational health and Safety: Increased world trade has generally benefited industrialized or strong economies and marginalized those that are weak. While the share of world trade to the world's poorest countries has decreased, workers in these countries increasingly find themselves in insecure,
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poor-quality jobs, sometimes involving technologies which are obsolete or banned in industrialized countries. The occupational illness which results is generally less visible and not adequately recognized as a problem in low income countries. Those outside the workplace can also be affected through, for example, work-related environmental pollution and poor living conditions. In order to reduce the adverse effects of global trade reforms on occupational health, stronger social protection measures must be built into production and trade activities, including improved recognition, prevention, and management of work-related ill-health. Furthermore, the success of production and trade systems should be judged on how well they satisfy both economic growth and population health. 3.7 Common Threats to Occupational Safety: There are a nearly infinite amount of potential hazards in a workplace such as: I. II. III. IV. Physical hazards, Physical agents, Chemical agents, Psychosocial issues.

I.

Physical hazards include:

Falls from height Workplace transport Dangerous machinery (Fig.3.2) Electricity Heavy metals

Fig. 3.2: Physical hazards II. Physical agents include: Noise

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 Vibration Ionizing Radiation Heat and Cold Stress Lighting III. Chemical agents, include: Solvents Biological agents IV. Psychosocial issues include: Work related stress, whose causal factors include excessive working time and overwork. Violence from outside the organization. 3.8 Occupational Health and Safety Administration: The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency that operates under the U.S. Department of Labor. The mission of OSHA is to ensure that businesses provide safe and healthy working environments for all their employees. 3.8.1 Function of OSHA: OSHA creates standards for health and safety in the workplace. It also investigates businesses to enforce compliance with OSHA regulations, and companies can face fines for noncompliance. 3.8.2 Benefits of OSHA: OSHA provides training and education programs designed to help employers and workers promote safe work environments. The agency also offers free consultations to businesses requesting help with increasing safety. 3.9 Factors of OHS: I. Physical factors: Building & Structure: Buildings must be structurally safe, provide appropriate protection against the climate and have acceptable light and noise conditions. Fire resistant, noise-absorbing materials should, to the extent feasible, be used for cladding on ceilings and walls. Floors should be level, even, and non-skid. Heavy oscillating, rotating or alternating equipment should be located in dedicated buildings or structurally isolated sections. The space provided for each worker and
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in total must be adequate for safe execution of all activities including transport and interim storage of materials and products. Passages to emergency exits must be unobstructed at all times. The number and capacity of emergency exits must be sufficient for safe and orderly evacuation of the greatest number of people present at any time. Confined space: Engineering measures must be implemented to eliminate to the degree feasible existence and adverse character of confined spaces. Unavoidable confined spaces shall, to the extent possible, be provided with permanent safety measures for venting, monitoring and rescue operations. The area (Fig. 3.3) adjoining an access to a confined space shall provide ample room for emergency and rescue operations.

Fig. 3.3: Safety way Access: Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles within and outside buildings should be segregated and provide for easy, safe and appropriate access. Equipment and installations requiring recurrent servicing and cleaning should have permanent means of access. Hand, knee and foot railings must be installed on stairs, fixed ladders, platforms, permanent and interim floor openings, loading bays, ramps, etc. Openings must be sealed by gates or removable chains. Covers shall if feasible be installed to protect against falling items. Measures to prevent unauthorized access to dangerous areas must be in place. Installations, equipment, tools and substances: Installations, equipment, tools and substances shall be suitable for their use and selected to minimize dangers to safety or health when used correctly. Appropriate shields, guards or railings must be installed and maintained to eliminate human contact with moving parts, or hot and cold items. Equipment must be provided with adequate noise and vibration dampers.
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Electrical installations must be designed, constructed and maintained to eliminate fire or explosion hazards and risks to employees. Ergonomic risks and hazards shall be minimized by selecting equipment, tools and furniture appropriate for the assigned worker. Signage: Hazardous and risky areas, installations, materials, safety measures, emergency exits, etc. shall be appropriately marked. Signage (Fig.3.4) shall be in accordance with international standards, be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors and the general public as appropriate.

Fig. 3.4: Safety Sign. Lighting: Workplaces should, to the degree feasible, receive natural light and be supplemented with sufficient artificial illumination to promote workers safety and health. Emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be installed and automatically activated upon failure of the artificial light source to ensure safe shut-down, evacuation, etc. Ventilation systems: Sufficient fresh air must be supplied for indoor and confined work spaces. Factors to be considered in ventilation design include physical activity, substances in use and process related emissions. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be maintained in good working order. Point-source exhaust systems required for maintaining a safe ambient environment must have local indicators of correct functioning. Re-circulation of contaminated air is generally not acceptable. Air inlet filters must be kept clean and free of dust and microorganisms. Fire detection: The workplace must be equipped with fire detectors, alarm systems and fire-fighting equipment (Fig. 3.5). The equipment shall be maintained in good working order. It must be
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adequate for the dimensions and use of the premises, equipment installed, physical and chemical properties of substances present, and the maximum number of people present. Nonautomatic firefighting equipment must be easily accessible and simple to use. Fire and emergency alarm systems shall be both audible and visible. The IFC Life and Fire Safety Guideline shall apply to buildings accessible to the public.

Fig. 3.5: Fire safety equipment. Cleaning: Washbasins with running hot and cold water shall be installed in sufficient numbers where demanded by the character of the work and when contaminants or pollution must be confined to the place of work. The washbasins must have soap and/or other appropriate cleaning agents. Places of work, traffic routes and passageways shall be kept free from waste basket (Fig. 3.6) and spillage, regularly cleaned, and maintained.

Fig. 3.6: Waste Basket . Personal protective equipment: The employer shall identify and provide appropriate personal protective equipment (Fig. 3.7) that will offer adequate protection to the worker, co-workers and occasional visitors without
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incurring unnecessary inconvenience. The employer shall actively enforce use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or procedures cannot eliminate or sufficiently reduce a hazard or exposure. The employer shall ensure that PPE is cleaned when dirty, properly maintained and replaced when damaged or worn out. Proper use of PPE shall be part of the recurrent training programs for employees. Table 3.1 presents selected examples of occupational hazards and types of PPE available for different purposes. Table. 3.1:Occupational Hazards Exposure Examples and Types of PPE Available. Objective Eye and face protection Occupational Hazards PPE shields, protective

Flying particles, molten metal, Glasses, liquid chemicals, gases or shades, etc.

vapors, light radiation. Head protection Falling objects, inadequate Helmets with or without

height clearance, and overhead electrical protection. power cords. Hearing protection Foot protection Noise, ultra-sound. Falling or rolling Hearing protectors. objects, Safety shoes and boots for protection against liquids and chemicals. Hand protection Hazardous materials, cuts or Gloves made of rubber or lacerations, vibrations, extreme synthetic temperatures. Respiratory protection materials, leather,

pointed objects. Liquids.

steel, insulating materials, etc. with appropriate

Dust, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, Facemasks smokes, deficiency. vapors,

oxygen filters for dust removal and air purification (chemicals and

gases) or air supply. Body/leg protection Extreme temperatures, Insulating clothing, body suits, etc. of appropriate

hazardous materials, biological aprons agents, cutting and laceration.

materials.

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Fig. 3.7: personal protective equipment [7]. Drinking water: The employer shall ensure an ample supply of drinking water at all places of work. Water supplies shall be conveniently located especially for areas of elevated temperatures, high physical activity, and cold or dry environments. Drinking water supplies shall be clearly marked especially where non-drinking water is also available. II. Ambient factors: Noise: Noise limits for different working environments are provided in Table 3.2. No employee may be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day. In addition no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of more than 140 dBC. The use of hearing protection must be actively enforced when LAeq8h reaches 85 dB(A), the peak sound levels 140 dB(C) or the LAmax,fast 110dB(A).

Table. 3.2: Noise Limits LAeq,8h and Maximum LAmax,fast [10]

Location /activity

Equivalent level LAeq,8h

Maximum LAmax,fast

Heavy Industry (no demand for oral communication) Light industry (decreasing demand for oral communication) Open offices, control rooms, service counters or similar

85 dB(A)

110 dB(A)

50-65 dB(A) 110 dB(A) 45-50 dB(A) -

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Individual offices (no disturbing noise) Classrooms, lecture halls Hospitals

40-45 dB(A) 35-40 dB(A) 30-35 dB(A) 40 dB(A)

Vibrations: Exposure to hand-arm vibration from equipment such as hand and power tools or whole-body vibrations from surfaces on which the worker stands or sits shall be controlled through selection of equipment and limitation of time of exposure. The limits for vibration and action values, i.e. the level of exposure at which remediation should be initiated, are provided in Table 3.3. Exposure levels should be checked on the basis of daily exposure time and data provided by equipment manufacturers. Table. 3.3:Vibration Exposure and Action Values Limits (acceleration, m/s ) [10] Hand-arm vibration Daily exposure limit value standardized to an 8-hours reference 5 m/s period
11 2 2 2

Whole-body vibration 1.15 m/s or

2

Daily exposure action value standardized to an 8-hours 2.5 m/s2 reference period
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0.6 m/s or

Light intensity: Work area light intensity must be adequate for the general purpose of the location and type of activity and must be supplemented with dedicated work station illumination as needed. All light sources should be energy efficient with minimum heat emission. The employer shall take measures to eliminate reflections and flickering of lights. The minimum limits for illumination intensity for a range of locations/activities appear in Table.3.4: Table. 3.4:Minimum Illumination Intensity on Objects of Work. [3] Location /activity Emergency light Outdoor non-working areas Simple orientation and temporary Light intensity 10 lux 20 lux visits 50 lux
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(machine storage, garage, warehouse) Workspace with occasional visual tasks only 100 lux (corridors, stairways, lobby, elevator,

auditorium, etc.) Medium precision work (simple assembly, 200 lux rough machine works, welding, packing, etc.) Precision work (reading, moderately difficult 500 lux assembly, sorting, checking, medium bench and machine works, etc.), offices. High precision work (difficult assembly, 1,000 3,000 lux

sewing, color inspection, fine sorting etc.)

The employer shall take precautions to minimize and control optical radiation including direct sunlight. Exposure to high intensity UV and IR radiation and high intensity visible light shall also be controlled. Laser hazards shall be controlled in accordance with equipment specifications, certifications, and recognized safety standards. The lowest feasible class Laser shall be applied to minimize risks. Temperatures: The employer shall maintain indoor temperatures that are reasonable and appropriate for the type of work. Risks of heat or cold related stress must be adequately addressed and feasible control measures implemented for work in adverse environments. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) or a nationally recognized method of equal standing should be used for screening environmental contribution to heat stress. Commonly applied limits used for WBGT screening appear in Table 3.5. Additional investigations are required to properly assess the magnitude of the problem and identify feasible heat stress control measures. Table. 3.5: Heat Stress Screening Temperatures WBGTC. [3] Level of physical activity - type of work Maximum WBGT Minimum to light Moderate - walking, standing, use of hand tools High - heavy burdens, intensive use of tools 29.5C 27.5C 26C

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Very high high speed intensive and heavy work

25C

For continuous work in temperatures below -7C, the wind-chill temperature should be calculated to assess the need for cold-stress precautions in addition to protective clothing. For wind-chill temperatures below 20C, a 10-minute warm-up period should be provided in a heated shelter in the middle of any 4-hour work period. A second warm-up period of equal duration shall be added if the temperature decreases to -32C. Additional warm-up periods shall be added for every following three degree temperature drop. Below wind chill temperatures of -43C non-emergency work should cease. Hazardous materials: Organizations that produce, handle, store, transport and dispose of hazardous materials shall in addition to the present guidelines fulfill the requirements of the IFC Hazardous Materials Management Guidelines. The employer shall avoid the use of any hazardous substance by replacing it with a substance that under its normal conditions of use is not dangerous or less dangerous to the workers, if the nature of the activity so permits. Precautions must be taken to keep the risk of exposure as low as possible. Work processes, engineering and administrative control measures must be designed, maintained and operated so as to avoid or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the working environment. The number of employees exposed or likely to become exposed must be kept at a minimum and the level of exposure maintained below internationally established or recognized exposure limits. When ambient air contains several hazardous compounds with additive effects, the combined exposure is assessed by summarizing the relative level of exposure to each compound. The resulting level of exposure is considered acceptable if the outcome is less than or equal to one ( 1.0). Biological agent: The employer shall avoid the use of any harmful biological agent by replacing it with an agent that, under its normal conditions of use, is not dangerous or less dangerous to the workers, if the nature of the activity so permits. Precautions must be taken to keep the risk of exposure as low as possible. Work processes, engineering and administrative controls must be designed, maintained and operated to avoid or minimize release of biological agents into the working environment. The number of employees exposed or likely to become exposed must be kept at a minimum. Levels of exposure must be maintained below internationally established/recognized exposure limits. The employer shall review and assess known and suspected presence of biological agents at the place of workand implement appropriate safety

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measures, monitoring and training programs. Biological agents should be classified into four groups: 1. Biological agents unlikely to cause human disease. 2. Biological agents that can cause human disease but are unlikely to spread to the community. 3. Biological agents that can cause severe human disease and present a serious hazard to workers and may present a risk of spreading to the community, for which there usually is effective prophylaxis or treatment available. 4. Biological agents that can cause severe human disease are a serious hazard to workers and present a high risk of spreading to the community, for which there is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment available. Measures to eliminate and control hazards from known and suspected biological agents at the place of work shall be designed, implemented and maintained in close co-operation with the local health authorities and according to recognized international standards. The employer shall at all times encourage and enforce the highest level of hygiene and personal protection especially for activities employing biological agents of group 3 and 4 above. Ionizing radiation: Places of work involving occupationaland/or natural exposure to ionizing radiation shall be established and operated in accordance with the, International Basic Safety Standard for protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources,and its three inter related Safety Guides. The acceptable effective dose limits appear in Table.3.6:

Table. 3.6: Effective Dose Limits For Occupational Ionizing Radiation Exposure [3]

Exposure

Workers (min.19 years of age)

Apprentices and students (16-18 years of age) 6 mSv/year

Single year exposure effective dose

50 mSv/year

Equivalent dose to the lens of 150 mSv/year the eye Equivalent dose to the 500 mSv/year

50 mSv/year

150 mSv/year

extremities (hands, feet) or the skin

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Training and information: Training: The employer shall ensure that workers prior to commencement of new assignments have received adequate training and information enabling them to understand the hazards of work and to protect their health from hazardous ambient factors that may be present. The training must adequately cover: a) Knowledge of materials, equipment, and tools; b) Known hazards in the operations and how they are controlled; c) Potential risks to health; d) precautions to prevent exposure; e) Hygiene requirements; f) Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing; and g) Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents and accidents. A basic occupational training program and specialty courses shall be provided as needed to ensure that workers are oriented to the specific hazards of individual work assignments. Training shall generally be provided to management, supervisors, workers, and occasional visitors to areas of risks and hazards. Training shall also be provided to account for new or changed risks whenever procedures are altered or new materials/equipment introduced. Training should be repeated periodically and supported by feasible incentives. Workers with rescue and first-aid duties shall receive dedicated training so as not to inadvertently aggravate exposures and health hazards to themselves or their co-workers. The latter training would include the risks of becoming infected with bloodborne pathogens through contact with bodily fluids and tissue. The employer shall through appropriate contract specifications and monitoring ensure that service providers, as well as contracted and subcontracted labor is appropriately trained before start of their assignments. III. Occupational accidents and diseases monitoring:

The employer shall establish procedures and systems for reporting and recording: i) ii) occupational accidents and diseases; and dangerous occurrences and incidents.

The systems must require and enable workers to report to their immediate supervisor immediately any situation they believe presents a serious danger to life or health. The systems and the employer shall further enable and encourage workers to report all: i) ii) occupational injuries and near misses; suspected cases of occupational disease; and
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iii)

dangerous occurrences and incidents.

Occupational accidents and diseases. The employer must with the assistance of a competent person investigate all reported occupational accidents, occupational diseases, dangerous occurrences, and incidents together with near misses. The investigation should as far as possible: 1. Establish what happened; 2. Determine the cause of what happened; and 3. Identify measures necessary to prevent a recurrence. Occupational accidents and diseases should at a minimum be classified according to Table 3.7. Distinction is made between fatal and non-fatal injuries. The two main categories are divided into three sub-categories according to time of death or duration of the incapacity to work. The total number of man-days and hours worked during the reporting period must be stated. Table. 3.7: Occupational Accidents and Disease Reporting. [10]

a. Fatalities (number)

b.

Non-fatal c. Total time lost non-fatal injuries (days)

injuries (number)

a.1 Immediate a.2 Within a month

b.1 Less than one day b.2 Up to 3 c.1 Category days b.2 More c.2 Category b.3

a.3 Within a year

b.3

than 3 days

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CHAPTER-FOUR RISK MANAGEMENT 4.1 Risk management: Risk management is the process (Fig. 4.1) of identifying, quantifying, and managing the risks that an organization faces. A risk management system includes various policies, procedures and practices that work in unison to identify, analyze, evaluate, address and monitor risk. Risk management information is used along with other corporate information, such as feasibility, to arrive at a risk management decision.Example:As factories can be dangerous places to work, it is important that companies implement appropriate risk management processes. For example, a company can reduce the likelihood of an accident by limiting work schedules, locating equipment in areas that are less vulnerable to damage, performing regular maintenance on equipment, performing regular environmental reviews and establishing communication protocols between line workers, supervisors and management.

Fig. 4.1: Risk management [7]. 4.2 Principles of risk management: The International Organization for Standardization identifies the following principles of risk management (Risk management should):

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 create value resources expended to mitigate risk should be less than the consequence of inaction, or the gain should exceed the pain be an integral part of organizational processes be part of decision making explicitly address uncertainty and assumptions be systematic and structured be based on the best available information take into account human factors be transparent and inclusive be dynamic, iterative and responsive to change be capable of continual improvement and enhancement be continually or periodically re-assessed 4.3 Process for Identifying and Managing Risk: While a variety of different strategies can mitigate or eliminate risk, the process for identifying and managing the risk is fairly standard and consists of five basic steps. First, threats or risks are identified. Second, the vulnerability of key assets like information to the identified threats is assessed. Third, the risk manager must determine the expected consequences of specific threats to assets. 4.4 Benefits to managing risk: Risk management provides a clear and structured approach to identifying risks. Risk management has other benefits for an organization, including: Saving resources: Time, assets, income, property and people are all valuable resources that can be saved if fewer claims occur. Protecting the reputation and public image of the organization. Preventing or reducing legal liability and increasing the stability of operations. Protecting people from harm. Protecting the environment. Enhancing the ability to prepare for various circumstances.
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 Reducing liabilities. Assisting in clearly defining insurance needs. 4.5 Necessity of Risk management: An organization should have a risk management strategy because:

People are now more likely to sue. Taking the steps to reduce injuries could help in defending against a claim.

Courts are often sympathetic to injured claimants and give them the benefit of the doubt.

Organizations and individuals are held to very high standards of care. People are more aware of the level of service to expect, and the recourse they can take if they have been wronged.

Organizations are being held liable for the actions of their employees/volunteers. Organizations are perceived as having a lot of assets and/or high insurance policy limits.

4.6 Fundamental Concepts of Risk Assessment: Risk assessment techniques are based on a causal stress-response model in which a contaminant is transported from a source through a known pathway to a receptor. Follow the five steps include: Step 1 Identify the hazards Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions Step 4 Record our findings and implement them Step 5 Review our assessment and update if necessary Step 1: Identify the hazards: First we need to work out how people could be harmed. When we work in a place every day it is easy to overlook some hazards, so here are some tips to help identify the ones that matter:

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 Walk around our workplace and look at what could reasonably be expected to cause harm. Ask our employees or their representatives what they think. They may have noticed things that are not immediately obvious to me. Visit the HSE website (www.hse.gov.uk). HSE publishes practical guidance on where hazards occur and how to control them. There is much information here on the hazards that might affect our business. If we are a member of a trade association, contact them. Many produce very helpful guidance. Check manufacturers instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true perspective. Have a look back at our accident and ill-health records these often help to identify the less obvious hazards. Remember to think about long-term hazards to health as well as safety hazards. Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how: For each hazard we need to be clear about who might be harmed; it will help me identify the best way of managing the risk. That doesnt mean listing everyone by name, but rather identifying groups of people. In each case, identify how they might be harmed. For example, shelf stackers may suffer back injury from repeated lifting of boxes. Extra thought will be needed for some hazards; cleaners, visitors, contractors, maintenance workers etc, who may not be in the workplace all the time; members of the public, if they could be hurt by our activities; if we share our workplace, we will need to think about how your work affects others present, as well as how their work affects your staff talk to them; and ask our staff if they can think of anyone you may have missed. Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions: Having spotted the hazards, you then have to decide what to do about them. The law requires you to do everything reasonably practicable to protect people from harm. You can work this out for yourself, but the easiest way is to compare what you are doing with good practice.
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There are many sources of good practice, for example HSEs website (www.hse.gov.uk). So first, look at what were already doing; think about what controls you have in place and how the work is organized. Then compare this with the good practice and see if theres more we should be doing to bring our self-up to standard. In asking our self this, consider: Can I get rid of the hazard altogether? If not, how can I control the risks so that harm is unlikely? When controlling risks, apply the principles below, if possible in the following order: try a less risky option; prevent access to the hazard; organize work to reduce exposure to the hazard; issue personal protective equipment; and provide welfare facilities. Improving health and safety need not cost a lot. For instance, placing a mirror on a dangerous blind corner to help prevent vehicle accidents is a low-cost precaution considering the risks. Failure to take simple precautions can cost we a lot more if an accident does happen. Involve staff, so that we can be sure that what we propose to do will work in practice and wont introduce any new hazards. Step 4: Record our findings and implement them: Putting the results of our risk assessment into practice will make a difference when looking after people and your business. Writing down the results of our risk assessment, and sharing them with our staff, encourages you to do this. If we have fewer than five employees we do not have to write anything down, though it is useful so that we can review it at a later date if, for example, something changes. When writing down your results, keep it simple, for example Tripping over rubbish: bins provided, staff instructed, weekly housekeeping checks, or Fume from welding: local exhaust ventilation used and regularly checked. We do not expect a risk

35

assessment to be perfect, but it must be suitable and sufficient. We need to be able to show that: a proper check was made; we asked who might be affected; we dealt with all the significant hazards, taking into account the number of people who could be involved; the precautions are reasonable, and the remaining risk is low; and we involved our staff or their representatives in the process. There is a template at the end of this leaflet that you can print off and use. If, like many businesses, you find that there are quite a lot of improvements that you could make, big and small, dont try to do everything at once. Make a plan of action to deal with the most important things first. Health and safety inspectors acknowledge the efforts of businesses that are clearly trying to make improvements. Step 5: Review our risk assessment and update if necessary: Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, you will bring in new equipment, substances and procedures that could lead to new hazards. It makes sense, therefore, to review what you are doing on an ongoing basis. Every year or so formally review where you are, to make sure you are still improving, or at least not sliding back.. 4.7 Objective of Undertaking a Risk Assessment: The objective of carrying out a risk assessment is to determine whether any identified people or ecological values are likely to be adversely affected by soil, water, or air contamination. This will enable land managers to make decisions about managing contaminant risks on sites of concern. 4.8 Limitations to Risk Management: Risk Management will improve various activities and prepare us for future uncertainties, but there are limitations to Risk Management Schemes. Accidents occur no matter how much we prepare for them, It will not defer all risk from the organization, It aids decision making, it doesnt make decisions.
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CHAPTER-FIVE EMERGENCY PLANNING 5.1 Introduction: Emergency planning should aim where possible to prevent emergencies occurring, and when they do occur, good planning should reduce, control or mitigate the effects of the emergency. It is a systematic and ongoing process which should evolve as lessons are learnt and circumstances change. Emergency planning should be viewed as part of a cycle of activities beginning with establishing a risk profile to help determine what should be the priorities for developing plans and ending with review and revision, which then re-starts the whole cycle. Plans should focus on at least three key groupings of people - the vulnerable, victims and responder personnel.

Vulnerable people may be less able to help themselves in an emergency than selfreliant people. Those who are vulnerable will vary depending on the nature of the emergency, but plans should consider: those with mobility difficulties; those with mental health difficulties; and others who are dependent, such as children.

Victims of an emergency - which includes not only those directly affected but also those who, as family and friends, suffer bereavement or the anxiety of not knowing what has happened.

Responder personnel should also be considered. Plans sometimes place unrealistic expectations on management and personnel. Organizations should ensure their plans give due consideration to the welfare of their own personnel. For instance, the emergency services have health and safety procedures which determine shift patterns and check for levels of stress.

5.2 Emergency plan:

Systematic procedures that clearly detail what needs to be done, how, when, and by whom before and after the time an anticipated disastrous event occurs. The part dealing with the first and immediate response to the event is called emergency plan.

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5.2.1 Types of emergency plan:

There are two types of emergency plan

i) Generic plans: Generic plans are the core plan which enables the organisation to respond to, and recover from a wide range of possible emergencies. ii) Specific plans: Specific plans relate either to a particular emergency or kind of emergency, or to a specific site or location. Specific plans are a detailed set of arrangements designed to go beyond the generic arrangements when they are likely to prove insufficient in a particular case. A specific plan usually relies on a generic plan. 5.3 Emergency management: Emergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. 5.4 Vision of Emergency management: Emergency management seeks to promote safer, less vulnerable communities with the capacity to cope with hazards and disasters. 5.5 Mission of Emergency management: Emergency management protects communities by coordinating and integrating all activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the capability to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from threatened or actual natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made disasters. 5.6 Principles of Emergency Management: 1. Comprehensive: Emergency managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, all impacts, and all stake-holders relevant to disasters.

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Comprehensive emergency management can be defined as the preparation for and the carrying out of all emergency functions necessary to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters caused by all hazards, whether natural, technological, or human caused. Comprehensive emergency management consists of four related components: All hazards, All phases, All impacts, and All stakeholders. All Hazards: All hazards within a jurisdiction must be considered as part of a thorough risk assessment and prioritized on the basis of impact and likelihood of occurrence. Treating all hazards the same in terms of planning resource allocation ultimately leads to failure. All Phases: The Comprehensive Emergency Management Model on which modern emergency management is based defines four phases of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. All Impacts: Emergencies and disasters cut across a broad spectrum in terms of impact on infrastructure, human services, and the economy. Just as all hazards need to be considered in developing plans and proto-cols, all impacts or predictable consequences relating to those hazards must also be analyzed and addressed. All Stakeholders: This component is closely related to the emergency management principles of co-ordination and collaboration. Effective emergency management requires close working relationships among all levels of government, the private sector, and the general public. 2. Progressive: Emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities. Emergency management must give greater attention to prevention and mitigation activities. Tradition-ally, emergency managers have confined their activities to developing emergency response plans and coordinating the initial response to disasters. Given the escalating risks facing communities, however, emergency managers must become more progressive and
39

strategic in their thinking. The role of the emergency manager can no longer be that of a technician but must evolve to that of a manager and senior policy advisor who oversees a community-wide program to address all hazards and all phases of the emergency management cycle. 3. Risk-driven: Emergency managers use sound risk management principles in assigning priorities and resources. Emergency managers are responsible for using available resources effectively and efficiently to man-age risk. That means that the setting of policy and programmatic priorities should be based upon measured levels of risk to lives, property, and the environment. Effective risk management is based upon (1) The identification of the natural and man-made hazards that may have significant effect on the community or organization; (2) The analysis of those hazards based on the vulnerability of the community to determine the nature of the risks they pose; and (3) An impact analysis to determine the potential affect they may have on specific communities, organizations, and other entities. 4. Integrated: Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a community. Emergency management must be integrated into daily decisions, not just during times of disasters. While protecting the population is a primary responsibility of government, it cannot be accomplished with-out building partnerships among disciplines and across all sectors, including the private sector and the media. 5. Collaborative: Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication. There is a difference between the terms collaboration and coordination and current usage often makes it difficult to distinguish between these words. Coordination refers to a process
40

designed to ensure that functions, roles and responsibilities are identified and tasks accomplished; collaboration must be viewed as an attitude or an organizational culture that characterizes the degree of unity and cooperation that exists within a community. In essence, collaboration creates the environment in which coordination can function effectively. A commitment to collaboration makes other essential roles and functions possible. Comfort and Cahill acknowledge the essential nature of collaboration within the emergency management function: In environments of high uncertainty, this quality of inter-personal trust is essential for collective action. Building that trust in a multi-organizational operating environment is a complex process, perhaps the most difficult task involved in creating an integrated emergency management system. Thomas Drabeck suggests that collaboration involves three elements: 1. We must commit to ensuring that we have done everything possible to identify all potential players in a disaster event and work to involve them in every aspect of planning and preparedness for a disaster event. 2. Having achieved this broad involvement, we must constantly work to maintain and sustain the real, human, contact necessary to make the system work in a disaster event. 3. Finally, our involvement of all of our partners must be based on a sincere desire to listen to and incorporate their concerns and ideas into our planning and preparedness efforts. This element is probably the most critical because it is this sincere interest that engenders trust, cooperation and understanding and allows us to truly have a team approach to protecting our communities in times of disaster. This principle can perhaps best be encapsulated by remembering: If we shake hands before a disaster, we wont have to point fingers afterwards. 6. Coordinated Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose. The principle of coordination requires that the emergency manager gain agreement among these disparate agencies as to a common purpose and then ensure that their independent activities help to achieve this common purpose.

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7. Flexible Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges. A principal role of the emergency manager is the assessment of vulnerability and risk and the development of corresponding strategies that could be used to reduce or eliminate risk. However, there can more than one potential mitigation strategy for any given risk. The emergency manager must have the flexibility to choose not only the most efficient course of action but the one that would have the most chance of being implemented. 8. Professional Emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship and continuous improvement. Professionalism in the context of the principles of emergency management pertains not to the personal attributes of the emergency manager but to a commitment to emergency management as a profession. A profession, as opposed to a discipline or a vocation, has certain characteristics, among which are: I. Code of ethics while no single code of ethics has yet been agreed upon for the profession, the Code of Ethics of the International Association of Emergency Managers, with its emphasis on respect, commitment and professionalism, is generally accepted as the standard for emergency managers. II. Professional associations emergency managers seeking to advance the profession of emergency management are members of professional organizations such as the National Emergency Managers Association (NEMA) and the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM). They also participate in appropriate state, local and professional associations. III. Board certification emergency managers seek to earn professional certification through such programs as the Certified Emergency Manager program of IAEM. Professional certification demonstrates the achievement of a minimum level of expertise and encourages continued professional development through periodic recertification.

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IV.

Specialized body of knowledge the knowledge base for emergency managers consists of three principal areas. The first is the study of historical disasters, particularly as it pertains to the community for which the emergency manager is responsible. Secondly, the emergency manager must have a working familiarity with social science literature pertaining to disaster is-sues. Third, the emergency manager must be well versed in emergency management practices, standards and guidelines.

V.

Standards and best practices the principal standards used in emergency management are NFPA 1600 and the Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) Standard. These two standards pro-vide the overarching context for the use of other standards and best practices.

5.7 Objective of the emergency plan: The objective is to reduce human injury and damage to property in an emergency. It also specifies those staff members who may put the plan into action. An emergency plan specifies procedures for handling sudden unexpected situations. The objective is to reduce the possible consequences of the emergency by: Preventing fatalities and injuries; Reducing damage to buildings, stock, and equipment; and Accelerating the resumption of normal operations. 5.8 Cycle of emergency planning:

Fig.5.1: Cycle of emergency planning [7].

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I.

Mitigation:

Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to personal property. One example of mitigation would be to avoid buying property that is exposed to hazards or waste, Mitigation involves Structural and Non-structural measures taken to limit the impact of disasters. Structural Mitigation:This involves proper layout of building, particularly to make it resistant to disasters. Non Structural Mitigation:This involves measures taken other than improving the structure of building. II. Preparedness:

Personal preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs. III. Response:

The response phase of an emergency may commence with search and rescue but in all cases the focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basic humanitarian needs of the affected population. This assistance may be provided by national or international agencies and organizations. IV. Recovery:

The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. During reconstruction it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property. The Cycle of emergency planning as shown in Fig. 5.1.

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CHAPTER-SIX ACCIDENT AND HAZARDS

6.1 Definition of Accident: An unplanned, uncontrolled event which has led to or could have led to injury to people, damage to plant, machinery or the environment and/or some other loss. 6.2 Causes of Accidents: Primarily, accidents are caused by people. Equipment may be involved, but people

handle the equipment. Most accidents are the result of Carelessness, Inexperience, and Wrong attitude.

Carelessness: The lack of alertness may cause accidents

Some locations are potential danger spots. resulting in injury or death. Inexperience:

A person may know how to drive a forklift, but may not be fully aware of the safety precautions that should be observed while operating it. Operating materials-handling equipment is not the only way that inexperienced personnel may cause accidents. Wrong attitude:

Some people work around dangerous machinery or equipment, explosives, acids, electrical equipment without mishap. They take necessary safety precautions. Others, however, working around dangerous objects or in dangerous work become over familiar with the dangers. 6.3 Definition of hazards: A hazard is a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and safety of people or to damage plant and equipment. The situation could involve a task, chemical or
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equipment used. Hazard management is a continuous process that can be used to improve the health and safety of all workplaces. A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work. Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse effects. For example, the disease tuberculosis might be called a hazard by some but in general the TB-causing bacteria would be considered the hazard. 6.4 Types of hazards: A worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his/her occupation: i) Physical Hazards ii) Chemical Hazards iii) Biological Hazards iv) Mechanical Hazard v) Psychosocial Hazards 6.4.1 Physical Hazards: 1. Heat and Cold: The most common physical hazard (Fig 6.1) is heat. The direct effects of heat exposure are burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and heat cramps; the indirect effects are decreased efficiency, increased fatigue and enhanced accident rates. Many industries have local hot spots ovens and furnaces, which radiate heat. Radiant heat is the main problem in foundry, glass and steel industries, while heat stagnation is the principal problem in jute and cotton textile. High temperatures are also found in mines. Physical work under such conditions is very stressful and impairs the health and efficiency of the workers. For gainful work involving sustained and repeated effort, a reasonable temperature must be maintained in each work room.Important hazards associated with cold work are chilblains, erythrocyanosis, immersion foot, and frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. General hypothermia is not unusual.

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Fig. 6.1: Physical Hazards [12]. 2. Light: The workers may be exposed to the risk of poor illumination or excessive brightness (Fig. 6.2). The acute effects of poor illumination are eye strain, headache, eye pain, lachrymation, congestion around the cornea and eye fatigue. The chronic effects on health include minerssnystagmus. Exposure to excessive brightness or glare is associated with discomfort, annoyance and visual fatigue. Intense direct glare may also result in blurring of vision and lead to accidents. There should be sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, wherever persons are working.

Fig. 6.2: Light. 3. Noise: Noise is a health hazard in many industries. The effects of noise are of two types: (i) Auditory effects - which consist of temporary or permanent hearing loss

47

(ii) Non-auditory effects which consist of nervousness, fatigue, interference with communication by speech, decreased efficiency and annoyance. The degree of injury from exposure to noise depends upon a number of factors such as intensity and frequency range, duration of exposure and individual susceptibility. 4. Vibration: Vibration, especially in the frequency range 10 to 500 Hz. May be encountered in work with pneumatic tools such as drills and hammers. Vibration usually affects the hands and arms. After some months or years of exposure, the fine blood vessels of the fingers may become increasingly sensitive to spasm. Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints, of the hands, elbows and shoulders. 5. Ultraviolet Radiation: Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation occurs mainly in arc welding. Such radiation occurs mainly affects the eyes, causing intense conjunctivitis and keratitis. Symptoms are redness of the eyes and pain; these usually disappear in a few days with no permanent effect on the vision or on the deeper structures of the eye. 6. Ionizing Radiation: Ionizing radiation is finding increasing application in medicine and industry, e.g. x-rays and radioactive isotopes. Important radio-isotopes are cobalt60 and phosphorus32. Certain tissues such as bone marrow are more sensitive than others and from a genetic standpoint; there are special hazards when the gonads are exposed. The radiation hazards comprise genetic changes, malformation, cancer, leukaemia, depilation, ulceration, sterility and in extreme cases death. The International Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body. 6.4.2 Chemical Hazards: There is hardly any industry which does not make use of chemicals. The chemical hazards (Fig. 6.3) are on the increase with the introduction of newer and complex chemicals. Chemical agents act in three ways: local action, inhalation and ingestion. The ill-effects

48

produced depend upon the duration of exposure, the quantum of exposure and individual susceptibility.

Fig. 6.3: Chemical Hazards [12]. 1. Local Action: Some chemicals cause dermatitis, eczema, ulcers and even cancer by primary irritant action; some cause dermatitis by an allergic action. Some chemicals, particularly the aromatic nitro and amino compounds such as TNT and aniline are absorbed through the skin and cause systemic effects. Occupational dermatitis is a big problem in industry. 2. Inhalation: (i) Dusts Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns. They are released into the atmosphere during crushing, grinding, abrading, loading and unloading operations. Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, while the smaller ones remain suspended indefinitely. Particles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there. This fraction of the dust is called respirable dust, and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis. They are mainly the cause of pneumoconiosis. The most common dust diseases are silicosis and anthracosis (ii) Gases Exposure to gases is a common hazard in industries. Gases are sometimes classified as simple gases, asphyxiating gases and anesthetic gases. Carbon monoxide hazard is frequently reported in coal-gas manufacturing plants and steel industry.

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(iii) Metals and their Compounds A large number of metals and their compounds are used throughout industry. The chief mode of entry of some of them is by inhalation as dust or fumes. The industrial physician should be aware of the toxic effects of lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and others. The ill-effects depend upon the duration of exposure and the dose or concentration of exposure. Unlike the pneumoconiosis, most chemical intoxications respond favorably to cessation, exposure and medical treatment. 3. Ingestion: Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus, etc. Usually these substances are swallowed in minute amounts through contaminated hands, food or cigarettes. Much of the ingested material is excreted through faeces and only a small proportion may reach the general blood circulation. 6.4.3 Biological hazards: Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic agents at the place of work. The occupational diseases in this category are brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis, psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections, schistosomiasis and a host of others. (Biological hazards shown as Fig. 6.4).

Fig. 6.4: Biological hazards [7].

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6.4.4 Mechanical hazards: The mechanical hazards (Fig. 6.5) in industry Centre round machinery, protruding and moving parts and the like. About 10% of accidents in industry are said to be due to mechanical causes.

Fig. 6.5: Mechanical hazards [7]. 6.4.5 Psychosocial hazards: The psychosocial hazards (Fig. 6.6) arise from the workers failure to adapt to an alien psychosocial environment. Frustrations, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor human relationships, emotional tension are some of the psychosocial factors which may undermine both physical and mental health of the workers. The capacity to adapt to different working environments is influenced by many factors such as education, cultural background, family life, social habits and what the worker expects from employment.

Fig. 6.6: Psychosocial hazards [12].

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The health effects can be classified in two main categories a) Psychological and behavioral changes including hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, tardiness, alcoholism, drug abuse, sickness absenteeism b) Psychosomatic ill health including fatigue, headache; pain in the shoulders, neck and back; propensity to peptic ulcer, hypertension, heart disease and rapid aging. The physical factors play a major role in adding to or precipitating mental disorders among workers. The increasing stress on automation, electronic operations and nuclear energy may introduce newer psychosocial health problems in industry. Psychosocial hazards are therefore assuming more importance than physical or chemical hazards. 6.5 Hazard management: Hazard management is essentially a problem-solving process aimed at defining problems, gathering information about them and solving them. This is followed up by checking to see that the controls were successful and reviewing the whole process after a period of time or when something changes. 6.6 General Industrial Hazards: Throughout the installation and operation, there exists the potential to encounter industrial hazards. Typically these types of hazards are expected to be eliminated or safeguarded through engineering and design. Those not eliminated are controlled through guards and barriers, personal protective equipment, and administrative means, in that order. These hazards are commonly referred to as OSHA type hazards. The following list provides some examples but does not limit the possibility that others might exist. Walking-working surfaces. Powered platforms, man lifts and other vehicle mounted platforms Need, selection and use of personal protective equipment General materials handling and storage Machinery and machine guarding Hand and portable powered tools Welding, cutting and brazing
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6.7 Guiding Principles of Industrial Hazards: i. ii. Everyone is responsible and accountable for the safe conduct of their own activities. There are clear roles and lines of responsibility, authority and accountability at all levels of the organization. Everyone has the right to tell someone to stop a potentially dangerous or environmental threatening activity. iii. Everyone in the workforce has the experience, knowledge, skills and abilities to perform their work safely and competently. iv. v. Management allocates resources to ensure work can be performed safely. Hazards shall be evaluated and appropriately controlled before work is performed to provide adequate protection to employees, the public and the environment. vi. Engineered or administrative controls shall be in place to mitigate to acceptable levels work associated hazards. vii. No work will be performed unless it can be done safely.

6.8 Modes of a hazard: Hazards are sometimes classified into three modes: a. Dormant - The situation has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, property, or environment is currently affected by this. For instance, a hillside may be unstable, with the potential for a landslide, but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected. b. Armed - People, property, or environment are in potential harm's way. c. Active - A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often this is referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an accident, emergency, incident, or disaster. 6.9 Acoustic Hazards: i.

Risks: Noise is a significant physical hazard. Over time, workers in environments with high sound levels can experience significant hearing loss. When workers experience continuous or near-continuous noise in the workplace, even lower sound levels can cause hearing impairment.

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Additionally, infra-sound and ultra-sound which cannot be normally heard can still have adverse effects and must be monitored and controlled in order to minimize risks of hearing impairment.

ii.

Regulations and Standards: Limits on noise exposure are given in terms of sound pressure levels and durations of exposure: longer exposure times require lower sound levels. For most jurisdictions, the sound level over an 8-hour shift should not exceed 83-85 dBA. However, noise levels must never exceed 140 dBA.

Many jurisdictions, including OSHA in the United States, require that workers in noisy areas be periodically tested as a precaution against hearing loss. Additionally, if noise levels in a workplace exceed noise limits, a hearing conservation program must be implemented including routine monitoring, worker education, and exposure control including supplying workers with hearing protection equipment.

6.10 Electrical hazard: An electrical hazard can be defined as

A dangerous condition where a worker could make electrical contact with energized equipment or a conductor, and from which the person may sustain an injury from shock; and/or,

There is potential for the worker to receive an arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast injury.

Working near an electrical hazard is dangerous and can be fatal. Any work on or near energized equipment must be done only when measures are in place to provide protection from electric shock and burn. With adequate safety measures in place, every electrical injury and fatality can be prevented. 6.10.1 Most causes electrical accidents: Most electrical accidents result from one of the following three factors: I. II. III. Unsafe equipment or installation, Unsafe environment, or Unsafe work practices.

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6.10.2 Preventing Electrical Hazards: Electrical accidents appear to be caused by a combination of three possible factors- unsafe equipment and/or installation, workplaces made unsafe by the environment, and unsafe work practices. There are various ways of protecting people from the hazards caused by electricity. These include: Insulation, Guarding, Grounding, Electrical protective devices, and Safe work practices. 6.11 Causes of hazards: i) Natural hazards. ii) Deadly force iii) Anthropogenic hazards or man-made hazards iv) Sociological hazards v) Technological hazards 6.11.1 Natural hazards: It includes anything that is caused by a natural process, and can include obvious hazards such as volcanoes to smaller scale hazards such as loose rocks on a hillside. 6.11.2 Deadly force: It is that hazard involving any protective and responsive-ready threat of harm that becomes active in the event of a breach of security or violation of a boundary or barrier intended to prevent unauthorized or unsafe access or entry or exposure to a situation, to something, or to someone. 6.11.3 Anthropogenic hazards or man-made hazards: Anthropogenic hazards or man-made hazards can come to fruition in the form of a man-made disaster. In this case, "anthropogenic" means threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a man-made system. It results in huge loss of life and property. It further affects a personal's mental, physical and social well-being. This is opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards.
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6.11.4 Sociological hazards: i. Crime:

Crime is to breach the rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other private law may rank as "offenses" or as "infractions". ii. Arson:

Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private property. Arson is the greatest cause of fires in data repositories. Sometimes, human-induced fires can be accidental: failing machinery such as a kitchen stove is a major cause of accidental fires. iii. Civil disorder:

Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance. Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a disaster in all cases, the event may escalate into general chaos. Rioting has many causes, from antipathy over low minimum wages to racial segregation. iv. Terrorism: It is defined as:

1."An action to advance a political, religious or ideological cause and with the intention of coercing the government or intimidating the public". 2."Premeditated, politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience" 3.The use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. 4. The targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military personnel, or people serving the interests of governments.

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v.

War:

War is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. 6.11.5 Technological hazards: i) Structural collapses: Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. ii) Power outage: A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term power outages are common and have minor adverse effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder. 6.12 Fire hazard: The relative danger that a fire will start and spread, that smoke or gases will be generated, or that an explosion will occur, potentially endangering the lives and safety of the occupants of the building. (Fire hazard shown as Fig. 6.7).

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6.7: (a) Before, (b) After Fire hazard in Basundhara city [12]. 6.12.1 Types of Fire Hazards: I. Thermal radiation: One of the main dangers of fire is its thermal radiation and the effect of that radiation on people and property. Thermal radiation diminishes with the inverse square of distance. The American Petroleum Institute and TNO, a Dutch
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research group, have published books explaining how to estimate the thermal radiation impact and the radiation's estimated damage potential based on distance from a fire. According to these guides, the thermal radiation necessary to generate second degree burns on exposed skin is 9500W/m2 (~370 C), given an exposure duration of more than 20 seconds. II. Smoke: Fires generate smoke, which is a mixture of soot particles, toxic gases, and water vapor. Factors such as smoke yield, fire size, particle size, and ambient conditions dictate smoke's transport into the environment. Studies show that soot particles can be generated in a range of 0 to 20 percent of fuel by weight during a pool fire. However, the air-to-fuel ratio and the amount of carbon in the molecular structure of chemicals play a major role in soot yield. 6.12.2 Industrial fire hazards: Industrial fire hazards are generally categorized into four groups: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Ignition Sources, Materials, Building Hazards and, most importantly, Personnel Hazards.

Ignition Sources: All forms and types of energy can be considered a potential ignition source. Some frequent types of ignition sources found in industry are:

Open flames Electrical wiring / devices Smoking Heat sources / Hot surfaces Welding and cutting Friction Sparks and Arcs Static sparks Chemical reactions Gas Compression
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 Materials: There are few materials that will not ignite and burn. Materials in a liquid, gas, or vapor state are typically more ignitable than solid fuels. Materials are rated by their combustibility and their ability to ignite and burn. Information is readily accessible to determine a materialscombustibility rating. Some common types of combustible materials found in industry are:

Wood Cloth Plastics Fuels Paints Solvents Cleaning fluids Hydraulic fluids

Building Hazards: Fire can spread rapidly through a building, causing major structural failure of roofs and walls. Depending on a building's design, fires can travel horizontally and vertically. Listed below are examples of how fire can travel throughout a building:

Horizontal Travel
o o o o o o

Doorways Hallways Ceiling spaces Floor spaces Utility openings Conveyor shafts

Vertical Travel
o o o

Stairways Elevator shafts Material shafts

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o o

Utility openings Conveyor shafts

The building's structural materials will determine its ability to withstand a fire. Structural framing of wood is considered to have a limited resistance to fire. Steel members are subject to significant structural decreases at low fire temperatures unless they are protected by enclosures or treated with fire-resistive chemical coatings. Personnel Hazards: The primary fire hazards to personnel are escape routes to safety. The following considerations must be examined in determining the best methods of escape:

Travel distance to an exit Illumination of exiting paths Number and arrangement of exits Identification of exits Exit pathways Exit doors Exit capacities Stairwells

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The overall hazards are expressed graphically (Fig. 6.8).

Hazards
8% 7% 8% Fire 29% Process Shock Flash Other 48%

Fig. 6.8: Hazards Involved. (In respect to worlds Industry)

6.12.2.1 The amount of water needed to suppress the fire in closed volume: In the case of a closed volume, it is easy to compute the amount of water needed. The oxygen (O2) in air (21%) is necessary for combustion. Whatever the amount of fuel available (wood, paper, cloth), combustion will stop when the air becomes "thin", i.e. when it contains less than 15% oxygen. If additional air cannot enter, we can calculate: 1. The amount of water required to make the atmosphere inert, i.e., to prevent the pyrolysis gases to burn this is the "volume computation". 2. The amount of water required to cool the smoke, the atmosphere this is the "thermal computation" These computations are only valid when considering a diffused spray that penetrates the entire volume. This is not possible in the case of a high ceiling: the spray is short and does not reach the upper layers of air. Consequently the computations are not valid for large volumes such as barns or warehouses: a warehouse of 1,000 m (1,200 square yards) and 10 m high (33 ft) represents 10,000 m3. In practice, such large volumes are unlikely to be airtight anyway.

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Amount of water required to suppress the firevolume computation: Table. 6.1: Amount of water required to suppress the firevolume [10].

Amount of liquid water Vw Area of the room Volume of the room Vr Maximum optimal

25 m (30 yd)

67.5 m

39 L (9.4 gal)

5.4 L (1.3 gal)

50 m (60 yd)

135 m

78 L (19 gal)

11 L (2.7 gal)

70 m (84 yd)

189 m

110 L (26 gal)

15 L (3.6 gal)

6.12.3 Care and Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher: Inspect fire extinguishers -at least once a month. Fire extinguisher maintenance-is important for everyones safety. must be ensure that: The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects that could interfere with access in an emergency. The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped with a gauge, the needle should be in the green zone -not too high and not too low. The nozzle or other parts are not hindered in any way. The pin and tamper seal are intact. There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and/or other signs of abuse/wear. Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc. that may have deposited on the extinguisher.
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6.13 Control a hazard: The main ways to control a hazard include:

Elimination: remove the hazard from the workplace. Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure.

Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures.

Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise. These methods are also known as the "hierarchy of control" because they should be considered in the order presented 6.14 Method of hazard control: A control method may involve: I. II. III. Evaluating and selecting temporary and permanent controls Implementing temporary measures until permanent controls can be put in place Implementing permanent controls when reasonably practicable.

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CHAPTER-SEVEN THEORY AND RULES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Theories of safety Management: 7.1. The chain theory: In the chain theory, each step in dealing with losses represents a link in a chain. Break a link and the possibility of a loss increases but follow the links without a break and the amount of the loss will be decreased. This theory emphasises technology. Fig. 7.1: depicts the links.

Source of loss

Reduction of hazards

Minimization of loss Salvage

Fig. 7.1: Chain Theory [10]. The first link is the source of loss. We should deal with the source of the loss before an event is to likely happen for example by making machinery safe or ensuring a new building is fireproof before it is constructed. The second link involves the reduction of hazards. Hazards are situations that are likely to increase the possibility of an untoward event occurring. Control the hazards and the risk is reduced or prevented. The third link is the minimisation of loss. In this case, the event has occurred and an attempt must be made to reduce its impact. For example, fire extinguishers or sprinklers will reduce the effect of a fire. A good escape plan will minimise the possibility of damage occurring to people and horses. A burglar alarm can reduce the time available to burglars to remove goods.

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 The final link is salvage. Once the event has occurred and its effects have come to an end, then salvage operations should take place. If a fire occurs in a stable it may be possible to remove the saddles after the fire and to reduce the damage caused by smoke and water by cleaning them thoroughly. 7.2. The domino theory: The domino theory is heavily oriented towards the human approach and was formulated by H. W. Heinrich. He carried out detailed research into the cause of accidents and found that approximately 88% of them were as a result of unsafe acts committed by human beings. The remaining 12% were caused by technological factors. From these observations, he developed the domino theory. Heinrich considered that there were a number of factors that contribute to an accident. These could be likened to a number of dominoes standing in a rowif one is knocked down the remainder also fall (Figure: 7. 2). Remove one of these dominoes and the possibility of a loss occurring is reduced. There are four dominoes that lead to an accident: 1. The social environment. 2. The fault of the person. 3. The unsafe act. 4. The injury itself.

Social environment

Fault of the person

Unsafe Act

Injury

Fig. 7.2: The domino theory [10].

1. Social environment: Individuals are brought up in a particular environment. Some people have little concern for their own or other peoples safetythey may consider it macho to take chances. This could be argued to be a result of the culture of the society or organisation in which the individual is situated.
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2. The fault of the person: This means that the person has particular tendencies to enter into unsafe situations. The psychological make-up of the person may lead to him or her to deliberately do something that is unsafe, perhaps because he or she has not absorbed training given or is unaware that he or she is carrying out an unsafe act. It is the person who is at fault that person's psychology as opposed to societys effect on the person concerned. 3. The unsafe act: This is the actual act that leads to the injury, such as the loss of balance on a horse or the failure to secure the stable door properly so that an animal escapes. 4. The injury itself: This is an injury to the person or to property. Remove one of these dominoes and the likelihood of the loss occurring is reduced. Example: An employee who, falling from a ladder, fractures his skull. He descended the ladder with his back to it, in wilful disregard of instructions. On his way down he caught his heels in an upper rung and fell. The employee had been trained how to use the ladder yet blatantly disregarded what he had been told. This can be argued to be the fault of the person. The unsafe act was the descent of the ladder backwards and the injury was the fractured skull. On further investigation, it was decided that the worker came from a background that encouraged unsafe acts. Heinrich considered that the best domino to remove was the unsafe act since little can be done about social and psychological factors. Training can be given to try to reduce the possibility of an employee carrying out an unsafe act. Although steps can be taken to reduce the effect of the accident it is best to prevent it occurring altogether. 7.3. The energy transfer approach theory: Haddon developed the energy transfer approach. Haddons view is that accidents generally occur because of the sudden, unplanned release of energy such as hurricanes, fire, lightning and vehicles. In his opinion, there are ten ways in which these sudden releases of energy can be handled. This theory is useful for determining injury causation and evaluating energy hazards and control methodology. Strategies can be developed which are preventive, limiting or ameliorating with respect to the energy transfer. Control of energy transfer at the source can be achieved by the following means: Elimination of the source Changes made to the design or specification of elements of the work station. Preventive maintenance.
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The path of energy transfer can be modified by: Enclosure of the path Installation of barriers Installation of absorbers Positioning of isolators. The receiver of energy transfer can be assisted by adopting the following measures: Limitation of exposure Use of personal protective equipment.

Haddon's method has an advantage over the previous two methods as it combines the human and mechanical approach to safety. The theory focuses on a common energy or force as being the cause of any accident. This approach can be used regardless of the type of risk being considered. The model can be applied to fires, theft, all types of accidents or falls. The escapes of energy are dealt with by the ten strategies which are dealt with below: 1. Prevent a marshalling of energy in the first place. Climbing on a horse marshals the energy for falling off. The horses and the riders action could cause a fall. If you dont climb onto a horse, you wont fall off. The example given by Haddon is the case of workers climbing to the top of a tall building. 2. Reduce the amount of energy that is marshalled from which accidents may result. Do not have too many people riding together on a road or do not keep too many horses in the stables. 3. Prevent the build-up of energy in the first place. An example may be not to keep a large of amount of hay and straw in the buildings. Insist on a weekly or daily delivery which will reduce the amount of combustible material on the premises. 4. Slow down the release of energy. Haddon's example is to put a longer fuse on explosions. Another example may be not to allow inexperienced riders to gallop or jump keep them within their riding capabilities. 5. Separate, in space or time, the energy that is released from the object susceptible to injury. An example of this is to prevent people walking into the arena when a horse is being ridden there. 6. Place a physical barrier between the energy source and the object susceptible to injury. A safety hat should always be worn this protects the head in the case of a fall.

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7. Modify the contact surface by rounding or softening the edges. An example of this is putting sand into the arena. This protects both the rider and the horse from the hard surface. 8. Strengthen the object against damage by energy release. The vaccination of horses against disease is an example of this. 9. Mitigate the damage that has not been prevented by the previous eight measures. This means providing first aid for both the animals and their riders. 10. Use rehabilitation and restorative techniques where damage has occurred. A rehabilitation technique would be for the rider to mount the horse again after falling without injury. This restores the rider's confidence. Another example may be the retraining of a jockey who has been seriously injured in a racing incident. 7.4 Multiple causation theory: Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino theory, but it postulates that for a single accident there may be many contributory factors, causes and sub-causes, and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents. According to this theory, the contributory factors can be grouped into the following two categories: i. Behavioral: This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and mental condition. ii. Environmental: This category includes improper guarding of other hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures. The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that rarely, if ever, is an accident the result of a single cause or act. 7.5. The pure chance theory: According to the pure chance theory, every one of any given set of workers has an equal chance of being involved in an accident. It further implies that there is no single discernible pattern of events that leads to an accident. In this theory, all accidents are treated as corresponding to Heinrichs acts of God, and it is held that there exist no interventions to prevent them. 7.6. Biased liability theory: Biased liability theory is based on the view that once a worker is involved in an accident, the chances of the same worker becoming involved in future accidents are either increased or decreased as compared to the rest of workers. This theory contributes very little, if anything at all, towards developing preventive actions for avoiding accidents.
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7.7. Accident proneness theory: Accident proneness theory maintains that within a given set of workers, there exists a subset of workers who are more liable to be involved in accidents. Researchers have not been able to prove this theory conclusively because most of the research work has been poorly conducted and most of the findings are contradictory and inconclusive. This theory is not generally accepted. It is felt that if indeed this theory is supported by any empirical evidence at all, it probably accounts for only a very low proportion of accidents without any statistical significance. Summary: The first three safety theories were based on the engineering and psychological approach to accident causation. These three safety theories should help in understanding how an accident could occur by providing our with a framework in which to place our thinking when considering the action that can be taken after risk has been identified. The theories that were reviewed were: The chain theory which is mainly technological Heinreich's domino theory which is mainly aimed at human beings Haddon's theory that is a combination of both technological and human factors.

7.8 Legislation and regulations concerning safety: 1 Factories Act 1961 2 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 3 Notification of Accidents and General Occurrences Regulations 1980 4 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 5 Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 6 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 7 Low Voltage Electrical Equipment Regulations 1989. This includes voltage ranges of 50 volts to 1000 volts (AC) and 75 volts to 1500 volts (DC) 8 Abrasive Wheels Regulations 1970 9 Noise at Work Regulations 1989
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7.9 Employers responsibilities: All employers must, by law, maintain a safe place to work. To fulfill all the legal obligations imposed upon them, employers must ensure that:

1. The workplace must be provided with a safe means of access and exit so that in the case of an emergency (such as fire) no one will be trapped. This is particularly important when the work place is not at ground level. Pedestrian access and exits should be segregated from lorries delivering materials or collecting finished work. The premises must be kept in good repair. Worn floor coverings and stair treads are a major source of serious falls. 2 All plant and equipment must be safe so that it complies with the Machinery Directive. It must be correctly installed and properly maintained. The plant and any associated cutters and tools must also be properly guarded. 3 Working practices and systems are safe and that, where necessary, protective clothing is provided. 4 A safe, healthy and comfortable working environment is provided, and that the temperature and humidity is maintained at the correct levels for the work being undertaken. 5 There is an adequate supply of fresh air, and that fumes and dust are either eliminated altogether or are reduced to an acceptable and safe level. 6 There is adequate and suitable natural and artificial lighting, particularly over stairways. 7 There is adequate and convenient provision for washing and sanitation. 8 There are adequate first aid facilities under the supervision of a qualified person. This can range from a first aid box under the supervision of a person trained in basic first aid procedures for a small firm, to a full scale ambulance room staffed by professionally qualified medical personnel in a large firm. 9 Provision is made for the safe handling, storing, siting, and transportation of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods awaiting delivery. 10 Provision for the safe handling, storing, siting, transportation and use of dangerous substances such as compressed gases, and toxic and flammable solvents.

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7.10 Employees responsibilities: All employees are as equally responsible for safety as are their employers. Under the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act, employees are expected to take reasonable care for their own health and safety together with the health and safety of other people with whom they work, and members of the public who are affected by the work being performed. The basic requirements for safe working are to: 1. Learn the safe way of doing each task. This is usually the correct way. 2. Use the safe way of carrying out the task in practice. 3 Ask for instruction if you do not understand a task or have not received previous instruction. 4Be constantly on your guard against careless actions by yourself or by others. 5. Practise good housekeeping at all times. 6 Co-operate promptly in the event of an accident or a fire. 7 Report all accidents to your instructor or supervisor. 8 Draw your instructors or your supervisors attention to any potential hazard you have noticed. 7.11 Safety rules: The safety rules are divided in two principal parts: 1. Safety rules of general nature; 2. Safety rules of specific nature; 7.11.1 General rules: 1) Every operation must be carried out by following scrupulously the instructions received from the department head and by applying all designed safety measures. Before starting the job, check that the personal safety devices and equipment are in efficient condition. Any abnormalities must be promptly pointed out to the department supervisor.

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2) If the operation required must be carried out by more than one employee working at the same time, these employees must operate in a coordinated manner on the basis of the instructions received from their foreman. 3) Should it be necessary for several teams of maintenance personnel to operate on the same system or on a restricted area, prior agreements must be taken with the foremen involved so as not to create situations where the separate teams interfere with each other and could imperil each other's safety. 4) Before starting any maintenance operation in a department where the maintenance work could interfere with normal operation, it is necessary for the employee in charge of maintenance to arrange with the department foreman for the necessary safety measures to adopt. 5) All maintenance operations, and generally all repairs, adjustments, lubrication and cleaning must only be carried out with the machines and systems stopped. When these operations require the workers to extend some part of the body between any machine components, all precautions must be taken to ensure that the machines and installations cannot be started. For this purpose all energy sources - power, high-pressure water system, compressed-air system, oil in accumulators, steam, etc. - must be cut off and suitable means should be used to guarantee that the machinery cannot be started, either accidentally or intentionally by other persons. It is also essential to prevent the possibility of any parts moving by the effect of gravity. 6) If it is necessary for particular reasons to carry out any lubrication, adjustment or inspection of moving parts, all suitable precautions must be taken and adequate means must be taken to prevent accidents. 7) The switching on and off of electrical power to the machine or to the system involved must be carried out by electrical department personnel in accordance with approved procedures. Pressure in systems activated by fluids may only be shut off and turned on by maintenance personnel expressly assigned to the task. 8) When transporting or handling bulky or long components, every precaution must be adopted to avoid bumps or contacts with electrical equipment or power lines.

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9) When operating near oxygen pipes and all connected devices, it is essential to keep oil, grease or other materials out of contact with them to avoid the hazard of combustion occurring if these substances come into contact with each other. 10) Do not carry out any welding, oxygen-lance cutting or heating by flame on cylinders containing, or which have contained, gas or other flammable materials without first thoroughly washing the inside of said containers with water, steam or inert gas as required. 7.11.2 Specific rules: 7.11.2.1 Rules applying to electricians: 1) The removal of the protections provided against accidental contact with elements carrying voltage in electrical systems is only allowed when voltage to the same elements has been cut off. 2) Before starting any work on electrical installations, the electrical department personnel assigned to carry out the job must see to: a) Cutting power off; b) Checking with a suitable instrument that power has been effectively cut off between the different phases and between each phase and the ground; c) Tag the switch with a notice warning: "Work in progress: do not start". If the installation to be worked upon carries high voltage, it is also necessary to: d) Visibly cut out the circuit or branch involved in the works from all possible power sources; e) Tag all controls and cut-out devices with "Work in progress: do not start" warnings; f) Ground and short-circuit all the phases of the part of the installation near the place where work is to be carried out; g) Clearly mark the section of the installation on which work may be carried out. 3) The foregoing rule also applies to:

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a) Works carried out near electrical machines, equipment or conductors, unless suitable protections have been provided against accidental contact with live parts or parts which may still be carrying voltage; 4) The carrying out of any work on live elements or in their immediate vicinity is only allowed when voltage is not greater than 25 V towards earth for alternating current and 50 V for direct current. These limits may be exceeded in particular cases, provided that: a) Voltage is not greater than 1000 V; b) The order to carry out the job is given by a foreman; c) All suitable safety measures have been taken to guarantee the safety of the personnel assigned to the operation. d) If the installation carries high voltage, the work must be carried out in the presence of the foreman or of another authorized skilled employee. 7.11.2.2Rules for personnel in water, hydraulic & pneumatic plants: 1) All pressure systems are dangerous if tampered with during their operation. 2) It is therefore essential before carrying out any operation on the plant to make sure that the system has stopped and that there is no residual pressure in the pipes and, if replacements are necessary, loosen the connections lightly to discharge the residual fluid. 3) Any pressure accumulators in the system must be cut off from the rest of the system by means of the valves provided in the design. When carrying an accumulator with a full nitrogen pocket, the pocket should be completely emptied. 4) If the system design provides for electrical drive or control devices for valves, or pre-alarm or alarm devices for malfunctions, etc., refer to the relative paragraph regarding the electrical part. 7.11.2.3 Portable equipment & tools: 1) All tools must be checked regularly and must always be kept in good condition. Faulty tools must be repaired or never be used. If they are beyond repair, they must be discarded.
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2) When using power tools, it is important to keep the following in mind: a) For work carried out in the open, the maximum power allowed is 220 V toward the earth; b) When performing any work in wet or very moist places and with jobs in contact with or inside large metal masses, it is forbidden to use any tools with a voltage toward the earth greater than 50 V. 3) Portable power tools or implements of more than 25 Volt for alternating current and more than 50 Volt for direct current must be grounded if they are not double-insulated. 4) The power cable on portable power tools and implements must be in good condition and fitted with a proper plug complete with grounding prong. This cable must be kept safely away from any damage due to abrasions, crushing or contact with cutting edges. 7.11.2.4 Ladders: 1) Make sure that normal portable ladders are provided with regular slip resistant shoes at the bottom and, when it is necessary to assure the stability of the ladder, also with holding or anti slip rests at the top end. The rungs in wood ladders must be inserted into the vertical posts. 2) Portable telescopic ladders must be provided with slip-resistant shoes at the bottom of the base section and must not exceed 15 meters in length when in operation, save for particular requirements, in which case the top end of the upper section must be secured to fixed elements. In addition, ladders longer than 8 meters must have a section divider to reduce the camber. 7.12 Safety rules for accident prevention: The general current legal provisions that all workers must know perfectly and observe, the operators in charge of maintenance are obliged to also follow the instructions given hereunder. 1 They must carefully use and preserve the safety devices provided and ask that they be immediately replaced if their original performance worsens. 2 Mechanical operators and electricians who carry out their activities in elevated places without regular scaffolding should wear a safety belt with braces and firmly secure it with hemp rope.
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3 Before starting maintenance operations or jobs on plants in operation or before entering confined spaces, inform the personnel and appoint a supervisor. 4 Repairs or other maintenance work requiring the removal or deactivation of safety guards can be performed only if all potentially involved personnel have been properly informed, or if there is an active procedurized system for performing this type of work. 5 If you have to make excavations in the ground or temporary openings in the floors, or block passageways close to the machines/plant, guards, appropriate signs, railings or barriers will have to be set up to mark off the dangerous areas subject to no entry.

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CHAPTER-EIGHT DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 8.1 Steel mills visit: I went to visit some steel mills at Chittagong in Bangladesh. During visiting period, I gathered practical knowledge about real situation. Most of industries have same type of installation from PDB supply & gas supply from Kornafully Gas Distribution Company. For my thesis purposes, data were collect from various types of employees such as Engineers, Technicians, Fitters & physical labor. We also talk with managerial body about the importance of safety & their safety related program which include safety training & awareness. List the visited industries: 1. 2. 3. 4. Bangladesh Steel Re-rolling Mill (BSRM). Abulkhaer Steel Ltd (AKS Ltd). Baizid Steel Industry Limited (BSIL). KDS Steel Accessories Ltd.

8.2 General information: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. For every 1000sqft there should have an A B C E D/powder extinguisher. All fire exits should have an emergency lamp. All employers should have a set of fire safety officers who are well trained on fire awareness. For every 50 employees there should be one fire safety officer. Fire evacuation path must be marked by a red arrow & yellow lines according yemployee to the standard of an ISO-2000. For chemical stored area of 1000 sqft the minimum requirement will two ABCED dry powder & one CO2 . For every 500 sqft area should have at least one sand bucket & a water bucket. For the above area a 2000 sqft fire hose pipe.

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8.3 Case study: 8.3.1 Case study- 1: BSRM. Data C0llection from - Five persons. Main factors for safety: % of accident. 09 Subject: Man Machine Electricity Fire Information Explosion Plant layout Working Environment Hand equipment Material handling Insurance policy Safety management system 3 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 5 5 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1029 3049 5069 7089 90100

Lubrication Low maintenance Cooling Fencing of machinery Corrosion Work on or near machinery in motion.

5 3 3 4 3 2

2 2 1 2 1

Sub factors for safety (Electricity): % of accident. Subject: Fire High voltage Low voltage Electrical shock Short ckt Abrupt wire connection Ckt breaker Grounding Emergency shutdown 0-9 1029 3049 5069 7089 90100

5 4 1 4 3 5

1 2 1 2 2

3 5 5

Sub factors for safety (Environment): % of accident. Subject: Neatness & cleanliness Lighting Short space Layout Noise Drinking water Latrines & urinals Overcrowding Removal of wastes &effluents Dust & fume 09 4 4 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1029 1 1 3049 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (men). % of accident. Subject: Knowledge Safety equipment Unawareness Housing Untrained Ergonomics Smoking 09 3 4 2 1 3 4 4 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1029 3049 1 1 5069 1 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Machine) % of accident. Subject: Vibration 0-9 1029 1 3049 5069 7089 90100

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Sub factors for safety (Fire): % of accident. Subject: Short ckt unconscious worker Smoking Furnace Direction of exit way Exit way from different floor Unskilled worker 0-9 1029 1 3 3049 1 5069 7089 90100 Sub factors for safety (Information): % of accident. Subject: Audit team &work Audit report Emergency control center (ECC) Condition monitoring room 0-9 1029 3049 1 5069 7089 90100

3 2 5 5 5 3

4 5 3

Sub factors for safety (Explosion): % of accident. Subject: Excess pressure Furnace Boiler Wastage Oxygen cylinder Chemical &explosive element Power plant Lack of firefighting equipment 0-9 1029 2 3049 5069 7089 90100 % of accident. Subject: Hand gloves Goggles Helmet Safety shoe Dust mask Fire suit Apron

Sub factors for safety (Hand equipment): 0-9 1029 3049 4 1 1 1 5069 7089 90100

3 5 5 5 3

1 3 4 5 2 1

3 3 4 1

3 1

2 3

1 Sub factors for safety (Material handling): % of accident. Subject: Griping Moving Safety way Overhead crane Signal 0-9 1029 1 2 3049 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Insurance): % of accident. Subject: Life Insurance Health & safety Insurance Fire Insurance Education insurance for children of worker Machinery Insurance Transport Insurance Awareness about insurance 0-9 1029 3049 3 3 2 5069 1 7089 90100 1

4 3 5 3 4

1 1

4 1

1 3 1

1 2 1

4 2 2 2 1

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8.3.2 Case study-2: AKS Ltd. Data C0llection from -Five persons.

Main factors for safety: % of accident. 09 Subject: Man Machine Electricity Fire Information Explosion Plant layout Working Environment Hand equipment Material handling Insurance policy Safety management system 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1029 3049 5069 7089 90100

maintenance Cooling Fencing of machinery Corrosion Work on or near machinery in motion.

1 1

1 1 2 2

Sub factors for safety (Electricity): % of accident. Subject: Fire High voltage Low voltage Electrical shock Short ckt Abrupt wire connection Ckt breaker Grounding Emergency shutdown 0-9 1029 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3049 3 5069 2 1 7089 90100

3 4

4 5 1

Sub factors for safety (Environment): % of accident. Subject: Neatness & cleanliness Lighting Short space Layout Noise Drinking water Latrines & urinals Overcrowding Removal of wastes &effluents Dust & fume 09 1029 1 5 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 3049 2 5069 2 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (men). % of accident. Subject: Knowledge Safety equipment Unawareness Housing Untrained Ergonomics Smoking 09 3 4 1 3 1 4 1029 1 3049 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Machine) % of accident. Subject: Vibration Lubrication Low 0-9 1029 3 1 1 3049 5069 7089 90100

2 4 4

80

Sub factors for safety (Fire): % of accident. Subject: Short ckt unconscious worker Smoking Furnace Direction of exit way Exit way from different floor Unskilled worker 0-9 1029 1 2 1 2 3049 1 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Information): % of accident. Subject: Audit team &work Audit report Emergency control center (ECC) Condition monitoring room 0-9 1029 3049 2 2 3 3 2 5069 1 7089 2 90100

3 3 4 4 3

3 1 2

1 Sub factors for safety (Hand equipment):

Sub factors for safety (Explosion): % of accident. Subject: Excess pressure Furnace Boiler Wastage Oxygen cylinder Chemical &explosive element Power plant Lack of firefighting equipment 0-9 1029 3049 3 3 1 1 2 1 5069 2 2 7089 90100

4 3 3

% of accident. Subject: Hand gloves Goggles Helmet Safety shoe Dust mask Fire suit Apron

0-9

1029 2

3049 3 2

5069

7089

90100

1 1

2 2 4 2

1 3

4 5

1 % of accident. Subject: Griping Moving Safety way Overhead crane Signal

Sub factors for safety (Material handling): 0-9 1029 1 2 2 3 1 3049 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Insurance): % of accident. Subject: Life Insurance Health & safety Insurance Fire Insurance Education insurance for children of worker Machinery Insurance Transport Insurance Awareness about insurance 0-9 1029 2 2 3 3049 5069 7089 90100

4 1

2 3 2 4

4 2 1 2

3 3 2

1 1 1 2

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8.3.3 Case study-3: BSIL Data C0llection from -Ten persons.

Main factors for safety: % of accident. 09 Subject: Man Machine Electricity Fire Information Explosion Plant layout Working Environment Hand equipment Material handling Insurance policy Safety management system 2 4 4 1 3 3 3 4 3 2 1 4 4 2 1 3 3 2 5 3 3 3 5 6 2 4 4 4 2 3 6 7 5 1 2 2 1 1 1029 3049 5069 7089 90100

Lubrication Low maintenance Cooling Fencing of machinery Corrosion Work on or near machinery in motion.

6 4 3

4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 6 2

3 2

Sub factors for safety (Electricity): % of accident. Subject: Fire High voltage Low voltage Electrical shock Short ckt Abrupt wire connection Ckt breaker Grounding Emergency shutdown 0-9 1029 2 4 3 4 1 1 1 3049 1 1 5069 1 7089 90100

6 5 7 6 8 9

7 8 1

2 1

1 1 4 2 3

Sub factors for safety (Environment): % of accident. Sub factors for safety (men). Subject: Neatness & cleanliness Lighting Short space Layout Noise Drinking water Latrines & urinals Overcrowding Removal of wastes &effluents Dust & fume 09 1029 3049 5069 1 2 1 1 5 2 5 4 3 8 3 2 2 1 3 6 7089 3 1 2 1 3 90100 6 7 7 8 2

% of accident. Subject: Knowledge Safety equipment Unawareness Housing Untrained Ergonomics Smoking

09 6

1029 3

3049 1 3

5069

7089

90100

6 4 5 3 3

1 1 6 1 5 6

1 3

2 1

4 1 4

Sub factors for safety (Machine) % of accident. Subject: Vibration 0-9 1029 3049 3 5069 1 7089 2 90100 4

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Sub factors for safety (Fire): % of accident. Subject: Short ckt unconscious worker Smoking Furnace Direction of exit way Exit way from different floor Unskilled worker 0-9 1029 3 3049 1 2 5069 7089 90100

Sub factors for safety (Information): % of accident. Subject: Audit team &work Audit report Emergency control center (ECC) Condition monitoring room 0-9 1029 3049 4 4 1 5 4 5069 7089 2 2 90100 4 4

6 5

3 2 5 1 3 2 4 5 1 7 6

1 Sub factors for safety (Hand equipment):

Sub factors for safety (Explosion): % of accident. Subject: Excess pressure Furnace Boiler Wastage Oxygen cylinder Chemical &explosive element Power plant Lack of firefighting equipment 0-9 1029 3 1 5 3 3 3049 1 2 2 2 1 5069 7089 90100

6 5 2 6 7

% of accident. Subject: Hand gloves Goggles Helmet Safety shoe Dust mask Fire suit Apron

0-9

1029 2 1

3049 2

5069 2 2 3 2 4 3 2

7089 2 4 3 2 2 1 3

90100 2 3 3

1 3 3 1 1 1

2 5 5

3 5

2 2

Sub factors for safety (Material handling): 2 1 % of accident. Subject: Griping Moving Safety way Overhead crane Signal 0-9 1029 2 4 3049 5069 7089 2 1 5 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 1 8 90100 3

Sub factors for safety (Insurance): % of accident. Subject: Life Insurance Health & safety Insurance Fire Insurance Education insurance for children of worker Machinery Insurance Transport Insurance Awareness about insurance 0-9 1029 3 2 3049 5069 5 7 7089 90100 2 1

2 5 1 4

3 5 1 2 1

7 3 2 6

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8.4 Data collection & proposed plans: I. Expenditure for the existing plan (BSRM). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 Water/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Quantity 0 5 10 4 3 2 1 2 2 20 3 4 1 Total=57 For safety & better performance, I shall give these plans. II. Serial no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Expenditure for the proposed plan (BSRM). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 Water/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 6 5 45 45 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Quantity 2 3 15 10 4 3 3 3 5 25 5 4 1 Total=83

Serial no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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III. Serial no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Expenditure for the existing plan (AKS Ltd). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 6 5/6 45 45 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Quantity 3 2 40 20 0 3 2 2 3 8 1 1 2 Total=87

For safety & better performance, I shall give these plans. IV. Serial no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Expenditure for the proposed plan (AKS Ltd). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 6 5/6 45 45 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Quantity 1 2 20 30 2 3 4 4 3 20 5 5 1 Total=100

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V. Serial no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Expenditure for the existing plan (BSIL). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 Water/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 5 5 5 5 0 5 5 0 0 5 5 0 0 Quantity 1 2 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Total=12

For safety & better performance, I shall give these plans. VI. Serial no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Expenditure for the proposed plan (BSIL). Location Reception room Office room Main store room Near of the furnace QC room Electrical maintenance room Mechanical maintenance room Production maintenance room WTP room Near of the safety way Main control room Conference room Account Dept. Type of Extinguisher CO2 CO2 Water/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 CO2 Water/ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 ABCED Powder/CO2 Capacity(Kg) 5 5 45 45 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Quantity 2 3 15 10 3 3 2 2 4 25 4 4 2 Total=79

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The % of various causes of accidents (as shown in Fig. 8.1). ACCIDENT RATES

Man, 10% Plant Layout, 20% Information, 8% Safet management, 10% Insurance, 5% Material Handling, 7% Hand Equipment, 2% M/c, 11% Fire, 7% Explosion, 5%

Electricity, 3

Working Environment, 12%

Fig. 8.1: Accident Rate. (This data were collected by survey).

8.5 Summary:
After completion of my visit, I can focus some important aspects: 1. Most of the industries not have any safety committee for supervision / giving suggestion. 2. In most industries, the employees have fire safety knowledge, but not have others safety knowledge. 3. Some industries owners give concentration on production & profit, not in safety. 4. The managerial body concern about safety. They thought safety program & training is necessary. But they did not take necessary steps for that. 5. Some industries not have proper ergonomics design. 6. Some industries not have sufficient space to work. 7. Most of the industries have little number of peoples who are responsible for dangerous situation because of their lack of safety knowledge in various dimensions. 8. Most of the industries not have sufficient PPE. 9. Most of the industries not have proper singes of safety.

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CHAPTER-NINE CONCLUSION 9.1 Proposal: The main hazards in industries (mainly steel industries) are Physical, Chemical, Fire, Biological, psychosocial, mechanical, Explosion hazards etc. The most common physical hazard is heat. The direct effects of heat exposure are burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and heat cramps; the indirect effects are decreased efficiency, increased fatigue and enhanced accident rates. The chemical hazards are on the increase with the introduction of newer and complex chemicals. The relative danger that a fire will start and spread, that smoke or gases will be generated, or that an explosion will occur, potentially endangering the lives and safety of the occupants of the building. The occupational diseases in this category are brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis, psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections, schistosomiasis and a host of others. The psychosocial hazards arise from the workers failure to adapt to an alien psychosocial environment. The mechanical hazards in industry Centre round machinery, protruding and moving parts and the like. About 10% of accidents in industry are said to be due to mechanical causes. For avoiding these hazards & getting better performance we should follow following things: 9.1.1 Suggestion: i) To avoid electrical short circuit, use standard quality wire. Concealed or conduit the wire & change the wire timely. ii) Give up the habit of cigarette. iii) Be careful about machines lubrication system. iv) Check the fire equipment within 20 days. v) Be conscious, when you handle materials. vi) Attention every moment in your working hours. 9.1.2 What to do if fire start: i) When fire start, should not be anxious. ii) Information should be reach every employees by the Ringing the fire alarm. iii) Rescue the peoples from the fire area. iv) Inform it to the fire Brigade. v) If fire start from electrical reason, disconnect the electric lines. vi) If fire start from electrical wire use CO2 to stop. But if it is spread use ABCED chemical powder.
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9.1.3 If injury occurs: i) Injuredarea are covered by Putting ice or cold water. ii) Injured area covered by cleaned cloth. iii) Hospitalized the senseless persons. 9.1.4 The six-step safety method: Think be aware. Understand your procedures. Follow your procedures. Use appropriate safety equipment. Ask if you are unsure, and dont assume. Do not answer if you dont know. 9.1.5 Summary: Safety is one of the most considerations in industrial sectors whole over the world. It requires a periodic review of all equipment & operations by a team of qualified, safety minded operating & maintenance men. In addition, it is necessary that all operating men be trained so that they know, and are familiar with the instrument which they operate. This training must be periodically reviewed & upgraded with particular attention given to new employees with their know, how subject to examination. Most of the labor in steel industry are not well educated & proper trained & they dont maintain discipline during any occurrence of hazard. Hazard happen in steel industry due to bad layout of industry, bad working environment, lack of safety information, bad safety management system, lack of safety equipment, lack of safety knowledge & discipline also. In this report I gave scientific proposed plan to avoid industrial accidents. In order to my proposed plan is improved version of existing plan but I hope it will help to reduce the risk.

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REFERENCES [1] M. H. Rahman, Management of Occupational Safety Health & Environment, October, 2009. [2] N.C. PAUL, The Bangladesh Labour Code, and Other Related Laws. March,2012. [3] Engineering Fundamentals.-Roger Timings. [4] Safety Management Manual.(Journal). [5] S Gadd, Safety Culture. [6] Visited 4 steel industries. [7] Visited www.wikipeadia.com [DOA: 28/05/2012]. [8] Visitedwww.google/sfety.com [DOA: 28/05/2012]. [9]Visited www.google/emergency.com [DOA: 02/06/2012]. [10] Visitedwww.google/scholar.com [DOA: 04/06/2012]. [11] Visitedwww.google/sciencedirect.com [DOA: 08/06/2012]. [12] Visited www.google.com [DOA: 08/07/2012].

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