Universidad Politcnica del Estado de Morelos

Investigation of TOP NOTCH 3

Antonio Campos Arroyo

08/08/12

UNIT 1 Tag questions We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English. They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open. Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a negative sentence, make a positive tag Examples: It's beautiful, isn't it? He has been, hasn't he? You can, can't you? It isn't very good, is it? It hasn't rained, has it? It can't be, can it?

The past perfect: meaning, form, and use The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: Our soccer game had finished by the afternoon. The party had begun when they came. The math class hadnt yet finished when my brother arrived. Before I met your friends, I thought they were rude.

UNIT 2 Modal must: drawing conclusions Must can be used when making a conclusion or inference based on known details or information. Examples: She must be upset. We must ask her if we can do something to help. She must have had a bad experience. Will be able to; modals may and might Although we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an adjective (able) followed by the infinitive. We look at be able to here because we sometimes use it instead of can and could. We use be able to: to talk about ability Modals may and migth are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. Examples:

I was able to drive. I will be able to drive. I have been able to drive. I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

The doctor might have a possibility to attend my mom. She may need to go to that classroom. I might not be able to be at the party tomorrow. UNIT 3 Causatives get, have, and make These verbs have different meanings in the active voice. I got my sister to wash my shirt yesterday. I had my sister wash my shirt yesterday.

I made my sister wash my shirt yesterday Causative Get: It is followed by an infinitive. Example: The cat got Lisa to play the trumpet Causative Have It is followed by the base form. Example: The girl had the plumber repair the leak. The passive causative: We use causative when arranging for someone to do something for us. Examples: They had their car repaired. I had my hair cut yesterday. Bill had his money stolen.

UNIT 4 Noun clauses We use noun clauses when we have a sentence, and we want to use the idea of the sentence as a subject or object in a sentence. We may do this because the idea is too complicated to express as a noun phrase or simply as an alternate way to express the same idea. For example, when we ask directions, noun clauses are very common. We want to know things such as: Where is the post office? Where is the bathroom? Where is the bus stop? These things cannot be easily expressed simply as nouns, so when we politely ask a stranger, "Could you tell me...," we must use noun clauses as the object of our questions. Could you tell me where Could you tell me where Could you tell me where the bus stop is? the the post office bathroom is? is?

In general, noun clauses are used as objects in sentences far more often than as subjects.

It is a fact that the United States is over-dependent on foreign oil. It is my belief that all students can succeed when given enough support. It is a certainty that we must begin to address the problem now. Noun clouses: embedded questions An embedded or included question is always a noun clause. It is the object of the verb, as in the following sentence: I don't know where the supermarket is. "where the supermarket is" is a noun clause, the object of the verb "know". The noun clause must always be in the word order: subject+verb. So, a noun clause can never be in the form of a question. 1. When does the train arrive? Do you know when the train arrives? 2. 2. Was Sam in San Francisco last year? I don't know if Sam was in San Francisco last year 3. Where's your brother going to live next year? I'm not exactly sure where my brother is going to live next year. 4. What is the teacher's name? Can you tell me what the teachers name is? 5. Does this school have a cafeteria? Could you please tell me if this school has a cafeteria?

UNIT 5 INDIRECT SPEECH: IMPERATIVES A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence. For example, Open the door. Please help me. Learn your lesson. To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word ordered or requested or advised or suggested or forbade or not to do is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech. Examples. Direct speech: He said to me, please help me Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.

Direct speech: She said to him, you should work hard for exam

INDIRECT SPEECH: SAY AND TELL-TENSE CHANGES In indirect speech we can use verbs such as explain, promise, say, tell or suggest to enrich our vocabulary. Yet, the ones you have to use more are say, tell and ask. In the following lessons we will get into details as regards reporting verbs. Examples: 'My parents are very well.' 'I hate pizza.' 'I want to go on holidays next year.

UNIT 6 FUTURE IN THE PAST: WAS / WERE, GOING TO AND WOULD The use of "would", "past continuous", "was/were going to", and "was/were to + infinitive" and "was/were to have + past participle" for talking about the future seen from the past. Examples: "I was going to go the party, but unfortunately my colleague got ill and I had to do her job." "I decided I was going to become an actress when I was 5." I was going to study languajes, but I decided to change PERFECT MODALS The primary perfect modals used in English are Could have, Must have, and Should have. Could have (or might have) is used to express a event that could have occurred but didn't. Examples: Mike could have had an accident. Jane could have gotten hurt. He must have forgotten. Maria must have come late. Paul should have gone to the doctor. You should have called me.

UNIT 7 Adjective clauses with subject relative pronouns who and that. As we've seen (in Subordination with Adjective Clauses), an adjective clause is a group of words that works like an adjective to modify a noun. Here we'll focus on the five relative pronouns that are used in adjective clauses. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun: a word that relates the information in the adjective clause to a word or a phrase in the main clause. The most common adjective clauses begin with one of these relative pronouns: who, which, and that. All three pronouns refer to a noun, but who refers only to people and which refers only to things. That may refer to either people or things. Two other relative pronouns used to introduce adjective clauses are whose (the possessive form of who) and whom (the object form of who). Whose begins an adjective clause that describes something that belongs to or is a part of someone or something mentioned in the main clause: stands for the noun that receives the action of the verb in the adjective clause: Anne Sullivan was the teacher whom Helen Keller met in 1887. She is a girl who likes bananas. The woman who is sitting near the window lives next to me. The doctors who have worked in Madagascar for two years are going to come back soon. She is a girl who I LIKE very much. The woman who PETER LOVES lives next to me. The doctors who YOU MET in Madagascar last year are going to come back soon Adjective clauses with object relative pronouns who, whom, and that. 1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which. These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition. WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb. WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition. THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition). 2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where. WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose: The man is happy. + I found the mans wallet. = The man whose wallet I found is happy. The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. = The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited. WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an example with when: I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.= I will never forget the day when I graduated. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: I will never forget the day on which I graduated. I will never forget the day that I graduated. I will never forget the day I graduated. WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:

The building is new. + He works in the building. = The building where he works is new. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: The building in which he works is new. The building which he works in is new. The building that he works in is new. The building he works in is new.

UNIT 8 CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentence consists of 2 parts of the main clause sentences and sentences with if Clause (in case). In English conditional sentences there are 3 types: I. Future Possible This is used to denote an action that will be / happen in the future if a condition fulfilled. The possibility of doing that, depending on the condition that met or not. Attitudes of the speaker in this case showed the neutral and still hope that these actions can occur. For this type of sentence structure as follows: Main clause _ simple future tense If clause_ simple present tense

e.g : If you study hard, you will pass the examination. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go for a picnic. If I go to England, I will visit Buckingham Palace. I will Buy a car if I have much money. He will tell you if he knows the answer. Unless If Not Unless used to replace if not, for negative statements. Note in the sentence below: e.g. * If you dont take an umbrella. You will get wet. - Unless you take an umbrella. You will get wet.

* If you dont study hard. You wont pass the examination. - Unless you study hard. You wont pass the examination. * If it doesnt rain tomorrow. I will go for a swim. - Unless it rains tomorrow. I will go for a swim. * No one will come to the door if doesnt ring the bell. - No one will come to the door unless he rings the bell. * We will be late if we dont leave now. - We will be late unless we leave now. Past Unreal

Past unreal is used to express a different situation, and contrary to reality in the past. composition of the sentence as follows:

- Main clause _ Past future perfect tense - If clause _ Past perfect tense. e.g: -) If he had gone to the concert last night, he would have seen Mary. (He didnt go to the concert). -) If I had seen you yesterday, I would have told you about it. (I didnt see you yesterday). -) If weather had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for swim. (the weather was bad yesterday). -) If you had told her the truth, she wouldnt have been angry. (You didnt tell her the truth) -) If I had received your message, I would have come at once. (I didnt receive your message). UNIT 9 Non-count nouns that represent abstract ideas Nouns that represent abstract ideas are non-count nouns. They do not have plural form and they are not preceded by the, a, an. When a non-count noun is the subject of a sentence, use a singular verb. Noun for abstract ideas: advice, education, health, help, importance, information, justice, news, peace, poverty, progress, proof, time, work

Non-count nouns can be small things. He is putting salt and pepper on the salad. The salad is made with lettuce. Sugar is sweet. John is cutting the grass. They ate rice with the dinner Non-count nouns include abstract ideas. We are searching for world peace. You attend the university to acquire knowledge and wisdom. Good health is always important. Love and hate are opposites. Verbs followed by objects and infinitives Verbs followed by infinitives: Agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, need, plan, seem, want, wish, would like.

8 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning agree Tom agreed to help me.

appear

His health appeared to be better.

arrange

Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.

ask [8]

She asked to leave.

begin [13]

He began to talk.

can't bear [14]

He can't bear to be alone.

can't stand [14]

Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.

UNIT 10 Prepositions of geographical place On: the coast, the west coast, the Motagua River. In: The central part, the north. Examples and exercise:

Manaus is located on the Amazon River in Brazil Barranquilla is in the northern part of Colombia. Too + adjective Use an infinitive after too and an adjective to give warning or an explanation. Examples and exercise: Its too dangerous to go swimming Those roads are too steep to climb. It is too dark to go hiking.