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Fats and oils are chemically similar, but differ in physical states.
Fats
: - found in animals - solid in room temperature - butter and tallow (types of fat) : - fats from plants - liquid in room temperature - palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil
Oil
- Fats and oil are mixtures of different esters. - Fats are formed from 3 molecules of longchain carboxylic acids called fatty acids with 1 molecules of alcohol called glycerol.
O OH C R1 O OH C R2 O OH C R3 H H C OH H C OH H C OH H
Fatty acids
- R1 , R2 , R3 contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule - R1 , R2 , R3 are three alkyl groups which may be the same or different - group: carboxilic acid
Glycerol
- propane-1,2,3-triol - group: alcohol
O OH C R1 O OH C R2 O OH C R3
H O H C O C R1 O H C O C R2 O H C O C R3 H
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+ 3H2O
Importance of fats and oils - energy - nutrients - thermal insulation - protection to internal organ [Text book: Figure 2.34 pg. 86]
Unsaturated fatty acid - The carbon chain has one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bond. Example: i. Oleic acid: monounsaturated fatty acid (one carbon-carbon double bond)[no of C = 18, DB = 9&10] ii. Linoleic acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid (two carbon-carbon double bond) [no. of C = 18, DB = 9&10, 12&13] iii. Linolenic acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid (three carbon-carbon dauble bond) [no. of C = 18, DB = 9&10, 12&13, 15&16]
Saturated Fats - Fats contain esters of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. - Example: i. Tristearin ii. Tripalmitin Tristearin
H O H C O C (CH2)16 CH3 O H C O C (CH2)16 CH3 O H C O C (CH2)16 CH3 H
Tripalmitin
H O H C O C (CH2)14 CH3 O H C O C (CH2)14 CH3 O H C O C (CH2)14 CH3 H
- Animal fats have large proportions of saturated fats. - They have high melting point and solids at room temperature.
Unsaturated Fats - Fats contain esters of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids. Example: i. Triolein (glycerol + oleic acid)
- Plant or vegetable oils contain a large proportions of unsaturated fats. - They have lower melting points and are liquids at room tempoerature.
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Converted unsaturated fats to saturated fats - Unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated fats by process called catalytic hydrogenation. The hydrogenation process is carried out by bubbling hydrogen gas through hot, liquid oil in the presence of fine particles of nickel catalyst.
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