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phase matching
Time
Frequency = 1 / Time
Sound: pressure fluctuation that travels through space. Speed of sound = 35,000 cm/s
Space
Wavelength = spatial period
Space
Wavelength = spatial period
1. wavelength. Sine wave has a spatial period, peaks and valleys located in space.
Space
3. Reflection Sound reflects off of surfaces - more reflection off of hard surfaces - less reflection off of soft surfaces - scattered reflection off of uneven surfaces
hard
soft
uneven
Sound traveling in a closed tube reflects off the ends of the tube.
Sound traveling in an open tube also reflects off the ends of the tube.
The vocal tract is a tube that is open at one end and closed at the other.
has two kinds of reflection: 1. hard surface at closed end 2. soft surface at open end
A
direction direction
Destructive interference: A + B = 0
A
direction direction
A+B
Constructive interference: A + B = AB
A
direction direction
A+B
Constructive interference: A + B = AB 1 A
direction
direction
B 2
A+B
Constructive interference: A + B = AB
A
direction
-1
direction
B -1
A+B -2
Reflected waves in a tube interfere with each other. constructive interference = resonance destructive interference = nonresonance
Q: What frequencies will resonate in a tube? = Q: What sine waves will show constructive interference? two factors wavelength and tube length key: wave must fit in tube fit = reflect in phase
An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length
An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length
the reflected wave is in phase constructive interference
An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length
the reflected wave is in phase constructive interference Frequency of this resonance: f = c/
Another example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = * tube length
A general formula for calculating the resonant frequencies of sine waves that will resonate in a tube closed at both ends: Fn = nc/2L n = resonant frequency number (1,2,3, ...) c = speed of sound (35,000 cm/s) L = tube length (in cm)
Now consider a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
Now consider a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other. Reflection from the open end is different. Phase shift!
A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
phase shift at open end
A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
phase shift at open end
A general formula for resonant frequencies of tubes open at one end and closed at the other: fn = (2n-1)c/4L n = resonance number (1,2,3...) c = speed of sound (35,000 cm/s) L = tube length (in cm)
the vowel schwa []: a tube open at one end (lips) and closed at the other (glottis) Vocal tract length: ~ 17.5 cm F1 = c/4L = 35,000/70 = 500 Hz F2 = 3c/4L = 1500 Hz F3 = 5c/4L = 2500 Hz