R163

Pronunciation and phonetic symbols in the dictionary

The British pronunciations given are those of younger speakers of General British. This includes RP (Received Pronunciation) and a range of similar accents which are not strongly regional. The American pronunciations chosen are also as far as possible the most general (not associated with any particular region). If there is a difference between British and American pronunciations of a word, the British one is given first, with NAmE before the American pronunciation. NAmE

Consonants
p b t d k

"; s z

cat father got saw put actual too cup fur about say go go my boy now near hair pure

/kt/ /[f";+3(r)/ / 6#t / / s&; / / pIt / /[ktRu3l / / tu; / / kVp / / f4(r)/ / 3[baIt / / se= / / 63I / / 6oI / / ma= / / b&= / / naI / / n=3(r)/ / he3(r)/ / pjI3(r)/ (British English) (British English) (British English) (British English) (American English) (British English)

pen bad tea did cat get chain jam fall van thin this

/ pen / / bd / / ti;/ / d=d / / kt / /6et / / tRe=n / / dZm / / f&;l / / vn / /U=n / /+=s /

see zoo shoe vision hat man now sing leg red yes wet

/ si;/ / zu;/ /Ru;/ /[v=Zn / / ht / / mn / / naI/ / s=E/ / le6/ / red / / jes / / wet /

# &; I u u; V 4 3 e= 3I oI a= &= aI =3 e3 I3

R Z
h m n

6
tR dZ f v

E
l r j w

U +

The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have / r / only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the / r / is omitted. For American English, all the / r / sounds should be pronounced. (r) / r / far away / r / / r / /x/ represents a fricative sound as in / l#x / for Scottish loch, Irish lough. * /x/ / l#x / loch lough

Vowels and diphthongs

i; i
=

see happy sit ten

/si; / /[hpi/ /s=t/ / ten /

Many British speakers use / &; / instead of the diphthong / I3 /, especially in common words, so that sure becomes / R&;(r)/, etc. / &; / / I3 / sure / R&;(r)/ The sound / # / does not occur in American English, and words which have this vowel in British pronunciation will instead have / "; / or / &; / in American English. For instance, got is /6#t/ in British English, but / 6";t / in American English, while dog is British /d#6 /, American /d&;6 /. / # / / "; / / &; / got /6#t/ / 6";t / dog /d#6 / /d&;6 /

Pronunciation and phonetic symbols in the dictionary

R164

Pronunciation and phonetic symbols in the dictionary

The three diphthongs / =3 e3 I3 / are found only in British English. In corresponding places, American English has a simple vowel followed by / r /, so near is / n=r /, hair is / her /, and pure is / pjIr /. / =3 e3 I3 / / r / near / n=r / hair / her / pure / pjIr / Nasalized vowels, marked with //, may be retained in certain words taken from French, as in penchant /[p#R# / , coq au vin /]k#k 3I [v /. // penchant /[p#R# / coq au vin /]k#k 3I [v /

Weak forms and strong forms

Certain very common words, for example at, and, for, can, have two pronunciations. We give the usual (weak) pronunciation first. The second pronunciation (strong) must be used if the word is stressed, and also generally when the word is at the end of a sentence. at and for can For example j Can / k3n / you help? j Ill help if I can /kn/.

Syllabic consonants
The sounds / l / and / n / can often be syllabic that is, they can form a syllable by themselves without a vowel. There is a syllabic / l / in the usual pronunciation of middle /[m=dl/, and a syllabic / n / in sudden /[sVdn /. * / l / / n / middle /[m=dl/ / l / sudden /[sVdn / / n /

Stress
The mark / [ / shows the main stress in a word. Compare able /[e=bl /, stressed on the first syllable, with ability / 3[b=l3ti /, stressed on the second. A stressed syllable is relatively loud, long in duration, said clearly and distinctly, and made noticeable by the pitch of the voice. / [ / able /[e=bl / ability / 3[b=l3ti / Longer words may have one or more secondary stresses coming before the main stress. These are marked with /] / as in abbreviation /3]bri;vi[e=Rn/, agricultural /]6r=[kVltR3r3l /. They feel like beats in a rhythm leading up to the main stress. /] / abbreviation /3]bri;vi[e=Rn/ agricultural /]6r=[kVltR3r3l / Weak stresses coming after the main stress in a word can sometimes be heard, but they are not marked in this dictionary. When two words are put together in a phrase, the main stress in the first word may shift to the place of the secondary stress to avoid a clash between two stressed syllables next to each other. For instance, ]after[noon has the main stress on noon, but in the phrase ]afternoon [tea the stress on noon is missing. ]Well [known has the main stress on known, but in the phrase ]well-known [actor the stress on known is missing. ]after[noon noon ]afternoon [tea noon ]well [known known ]well-known [actor known

Weak vowels /i/ and /u/ /i/ /u/

The sounds represented by / i; / and / = / must always be made different, as in heat / hi;t / compared with hit / h=t /. The symbol / i / represents a vowel that can be sounded as either / i; / or / = /, or as a sound which is a compromise between them. In a word such as happy / [hpi /, younger speakers use a quality more like / i; /, but short in duration. When / i / is followed by / 3 / the sequence can also be pronounced / j3 /. So the word dubious can be /[dju;bi3s / or /[dju;bj3s /. / i; / / = / heat / hi;t / hit / h=t / / i / / i; / / = / happy / [hpi / / i; / / i / / 3 / / j3 / dubious /[dju;bi3s / /[dju;bj3s / In the same way, the two vowels represented / u; / and / I / must be kept distinct but / u / represents a weak vowel that varies between them. If / u / is followed directly by a consonant sound, it can also be pronounced as / 3 /. So stimulate can be /[st=mjule=t / or /[st=mj3le=t /. / u; / / I / / u / / u; / / I / / u / / 3 / stimulate /[st=mjule=t / /[st=mj3le=t /

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Stress in phrasal verbs

One type of phrasal verb has a single strong stress on the first word. Examples are [come to sth, [go for sb, [look at sth. This stress pattern is kept in all situations, and the second word is never stressed. If the second word is one which normally appears in a weak form, remember that the strong form must be used at the end of a phrase. [come to sth [go for sb [look at sth Another type of phrasal verb is shown with two stresses. The pattern shown in the dictionary, with the main stress on the second word, is the one which is used when the verb is said on its own, or when the verb as a whole is the last important word in a phrase. j What time are you ]coming [back? j He ]made it [up. j ]Fill them [in. But the speaker will put a strong stress on any other important word if it comes later than the verb. The stress on the second word of the verb is then weakened or lost, especially if it would otherwise be next to the other strong stress. This happens whether the important word which receives the strong stress is between the two parts of the phrasal verb, or after both of them. j We ]came back [early. j I ]filled in a [form. j ]Fill this [form in. If more than one stress pattern is possible, or the stress depends on the context, no stress is shown.

Tapping of / t / / t /
In American English, if a / t / sound is between two vowels, and the second vowel is not stressed, the / t / can be pronounced very quickly, and made voiced so that it is like a brief / d / or the r-sound of certain languages. Technically, the sound is a tap, and can be symbolised by / T /. So Americans can pronounce potato as /p3[te=ToI/, tapping the second / t / in the word (but not the first, because of the stress). British speakers dont generally do this. / t / / t / / d / r (tap) / T / potato /p3[te=ToI/ / t / t The conditions for tapping also arise very frequently when words are put together, as in not only, what I, etc. In this case it doesnt matter whether the following vowel is stressed or not, and even British speakers can use taps in this situation, though they sound rather casual. not only what I

The glottal stop

In both British and American varieties of English, a / t / which comes at the end of a word or syllable can often be pronounced as a glottal stop /?/ (a silent gap produced by holding ones breath briefly) instead of a / t /. For this to happen, the next sound must not be a vowel or a syllabic / l /. So football can be /[fI?b&;l / instead of /[fItb&;l /, and button can be /[bV? n / instead of /[bVtn /. But a glottal stop would not be used for the / t / sounds in bottle or better because of the sounds which come afterwards. / t / /?/ / l / football /[fI?b&;l / /[fItb&;l / button /[bV? n / /[bVtn / bottle better / t /

Stress in idioms
Idioms are shown in the dictionary with at least one main stress unless more than one stress pattern is possible or the stress depends on the context. The learner should not change the

Pronunciation and phonetic symbols in the dictionary

position of this stress when speaking or the special meaning of the idiom may be lost.