Preparation Outline for Informative Speech Cavitation Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about cavitation and its effects

on a glass bottle, and the obstacles it creates for engineers. Introduction I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. For as long as mankind has existed, there has been a need for creativity and ingenuity to make the world an easier place to live. To do this innovators and engineers must work with Mother Nature to build sustainable and reliable objects. Although, what happens if Mother Nature does not want to cooperate? What if I told you that something as simple as water, could destroy metals and even shatter glass Many people underestimate the power of natural occurrences, and can only realize this power when something drastic occurs. But it doesnt take a tsunami wave to destroy glass, and even metal for that matter. All it takes are tiny bubbles. Through my few years of being enrolled as an Engineering student I have learned a lot about science concepts, and the reasons for why certain unexplainable occurrences happen. Today I would like to inform you about a specific concept called cavitation and the obstacles it creates for engineers, but more specifically the effects it has on a glass bottle. (Transition: Lets start with what youre all probably wondering, what is cavitation?) Body I. Cavitation deals mainly with changes in pressure. a. As defined by Dictionary.com, Cavitation is the rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a flowing liquid in regions of very low pressure. 1. It is a frequent cause of structural damage to propellers, pumps, etc. b. There are two types of cavitation. 1. Inertial Cavitation - Is the process where a void or bubble rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave. (This is what we will focus on.) 2. Non-inertial Cavitation c. Allow me to re-iterate what these definitions mean, without all the scientific language.

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d. As described by Tracy V. Wilson at HowStuffWorks.com (Which is a Discovery Channel Company), When you start boiling water for your spaghetti, though, the bubbles rise to the surface and escape. When they're being tossed around by a propeller, they have nowhere to go, and since they're surrounded by higher pressure liquid, they collapse. These tiny implosions can severely damage the propeller and surrounding surfaces, like pipes or walls. This is a simple way to describe the causes of cavitation. (Transition: Now it may be obvious why this creates obstacles for engineers, but lets take a closer look.) I. Cavitation and its effect on Engineering a. Mostly causes damage to turbines and propellers. 1. Engineers must account for cavitation in the initial design of their object 2. If cavitation occurs, the flow of the liquid will become turbulent, and the formation of cavities will actually accelerate the destruction of the metal. b. Often seen in diesel fuel engines 1. Only with the use of chemical additives to coolant will stop the destruction of metal. c. Coastal Erosion 1. Has only been talked about in about the past half decade. 2. Air pockets in an incoming wave are forced into cracks in the cliff being eroded, then the force of the wave compresses the air pockets until the bubble implodes, becoming liquid, giving off various forms of energy that blast apart the rock.

(Transition: Now lets actually observe the effects cavitation has on a glass bottle) I. II. III. IV. V. Lets take a glass bottle, in this case a beer bottle, and fill it up with water leaving about an inch or two left for air. Then hold the neck of the bottle, making the rim of the bottle level with the side of our hand. In a quick motion, slam the palm of your hand down onto the top of the bottle making sure the hit is done level so no air or water can escape the bottle. If done correctly the bottom of the glass bottle will blow out. Now as a quick assumption most would believe that the glass breaking is a result of the water catching up with the bottle and the pressure of the water hitting the bottom of the glass is the cause.

(Attention Grabber: However, lets take a closer look at what really happens.)

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As ones hand is slammed down onto the top of the bottle, the bottle moves slightly away from the water creating a low pressure area, and tiny bubbles start to form and collapse. When the bubbles collapse noise and a shock wave are produced. When a large amount of bubbles collapse at the same time, the noise and shock wave vibrations are enough to break the bottom of the bottle. Conclusion

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Now as we have seen, cavitation can have drastic effects if not taken into consideration. In the case that weve seen today, we experienced first-hand the effects mother nature can have on certain materials. However, since we now know what causes cavitation, planning and designs can be altered to account for this occurrence so that it will not affect future applications. As engineers adapt to the world they can only hope to one day create objects that are indestructible. But until then we can still enjoy this bottle trick with our friends.