Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in selected pre-school girls (4-6 years) of rural areas of Allahabad

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the Centre of Food Technology University Of Allahabad, Allahabad In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

In Nutritional Sciences
By RACHANA (10AU 1540) Under the supervision of Dr. NEELAM YADAV

Centre of Food Technology University Of Allahabad, Allahabad Uttar Pradesh June 2012

Centre of Food Technology University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002.

Certificate of Evaluation Committee

This project report entitled Determinants of PEM in pre-school children (4-6 years) of urban areas of Allahabad has been prepared and submitted by Shweta Mishra in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Science degree in Nutritional Sciences, Centre of Food Technology , University of Allahabad, is hereby accepted for the award of the degree. Members of Evaluation Committee Name, Designation and Department 1. Prof. G.K. Rai
Coordinator, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad

Signature

2. Dr. Neelam Yadav

Reader, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad

..

3. Mrs. Vinita Puranik

Course Coordinator Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad

4. Dr. Neetu Mishra

Lecturer, Centre of Food Technology,

..

University of Allahabad

Date:

Centre of Food Technology University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project report entitled Determinants of PEM in pre-school girls (4-6 years) of rural areas of Allahabad submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the masters degree in Nutritional Sciences, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad, is a record of bonafide project work carried out by Rachana under my supervision and no parts of project report has been submitted for other degree or diploma.

Dr. Neelam Yadav (Supervisor) Place- Allahabad. Date-

Mrs. Urvashi Sharma (Co-supervisor) Place- Allahabad Date-

Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I bow my head to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty God for give me health, wealth and mind to do hard work for my thesis. I am privileged to thank Prof. G.K. Rai, Coordinator Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad, for providing all the facilities and encouragement necessary for successful completion of thesis work. I deeply express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Neelam Yadav, Reader, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad and my Co-supervisor Mrs. Urvashi Sharma, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad, I owe immensely to them for their incomparable efficiency, guidance and constant support. They installed courage and confidence in me throughout my thesis work. I am thankful to my teachers- Dr. Neetu Mishra, Mrs. Vinita Puranik, Mrs. Reena Chaturvedi as they were always there to help me with their precious advice. I would like to thanks all the fellows and research scholars especially Ms. Mudita Verma, Ms. Shruti Sharma and Mrs. Alka Singh for their support whenever needed. I express my beautiful gratitude to my colleagues Shweta Mishra and Pankaj Tiwari as they formed a great team to work with tremendous zeal on this project. A profound thanks to the office, laboratory and library authorities of Centre of Food Technology for providing the necessary facilities for completing this research work. I am indebted to Mr. Manoj Yadav for taking us on the field trips. A special thanks to all the Anganwadi workers namely Asha ji, Sangeeta ji, Shanti ji , Munni ji, Sarita ji, Suman ji, Meena ji, Manju ji and their assistants; primary school teachersGeeta ji, and Nirmala ji for their friendly and significant co-operation.

Date-

Rachana

ABSTRACT Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in selected pre-school girls (4-6 years) of rural areas of Allahabad.
Malnutrition is a major health problem, especially in developing countries. It affects almost 800 million people 20% of all in the developing world (WHO, 2010). Thus, after pondering over this problem, this cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the status of PEM and related micronutrient deficiencies particularly of Vitamin A and anaemia. The study was conducted by survey method in which total 101 pre-school girls, aged between 4 to 6 years were selected randomly from the Anganwadi centers located in different villages of two blocks of Allahabad namely, Kaundhiyara (trans- Yamuna) and Soraon (trans- Ganga).Data were collected with the help of pre-tested schedule. Anthropometric measurements namely height, weight and Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded and compared with ICMR and NHANES standards. Quantitative estimation of haemoglobin levels was done by Cyanamethaemoglobin method and nutrient intake was calculated by 3- days dietary recall method. Prevalence of PEM was found to be 34% as per IAP standards, however according to Gomez classification it came to be 66%. Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency observed as night blindness was found to be 5%, whereas prevalence of anaemia was strikingly 100% out of which 7.5% were mild and 92.5% were moderately anaemic. Mean intake of calories, protein, calcium, total vitamin A (-carotene and retinol), iron and vitamin C were significantly less than the ICMR RDA. Observed mean height and weight of both groups (4-5 and 5-6 years) was less than the ICMR standards but it was not significant (p<0.05). Average MUAC of the respondents belonging to (5-6 years) was significantly less when compared to NHANES standard. A positive and significant correlation of protein and energy was found with weight whereas protein, iron and vitamin C were also found significantly correlated with haemoglobin. Therefore, it may be concluded that the prevalence of PEM and anaemia is high among rural pre-school girls.

(Dr. Neelam Yadav) Supervisor

(Mrs. Urvashi Sharma) Co-supervisor

(Rachana) Student

CONTENTS
Chapter I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VIII Topic INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF LITERATURE MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES Page No. 1-3 4-14 15-21 22-52 53

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

BIBILIOGRAPHY