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Department of Education Division of Pangasinan I District of St.

Barbara I Balingueo Elementary School Science Reviewer Unit I Human Body is made up of different systems that work together to keep it alive. Body system are made up of organs that function together. Lesson I: The human Reproductive System Human reproduce sexually. The human body has special organs for reproduction. The male and female reproductive organs differ in structure and function in reproductive process. Reproduction the ability of any living thing to produce another living thing of its kind. Male Reproductive Organ Penis composed of spongy tissues filled with vessels. Deposits sperm cells in the vagina. Foreskin the skin that covered the glans which may be removed by circumcision. Scrotum small suspended sac- like structure which contains the testicles. Holds the testicles. Testicles/Testes long tightly coiled tube which lies behind each testicle. Produces the male sex cells and the male sex hormone. Sperm male sex cells Testosterone the male sex hormone Epididymis sperm duct or tube. Serves as the storage for sperms until they mature. Vans deferens a group of small glands around the urethra. Enables the developed sperms from epididymis to pass through. Prostate Gland found at the upper parts of the urethra. Produces prostate secretion in the semen. Urethra a tube which opens to the outside. Enables sperms to leave the penis. Female Reproductive Organ Ovaries small, oval-shaped organs at either side of the uterus, just above the pelvic bone. Produce the female cells and hormones. Egg female sex cells Progesterone and estrogen female sex hormones Cervix narrow outer end of the uterus. Stretches open wide enough for the baby to pass through during. Vagina - a canal that leads from the uterus to the external opening of the vulva. Enables the sperm to enter and the menstrual fluid to flow out. Vulva area around the opening of the female urinary and the reproductive systems; consist of two tissue (labia). It lubricates and produces fluids that facilitate the passage of sperms. Fallopian Tube a pair of tubes stretching from the ovary to the uterus.

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A normal female is born with two ovaries that contain thousands of female sex cells or eggs. When the female reaches the productive stage, one egg ripens every month. If there is intercourse or mating, the egg released into the fallopian tube may be fertilized by a sperm cell. If fertilization occurs, the fertilize egg moves to the uterus where it attaches to the wall. The fertilized egg gradually takes shape and develops. Lesson 2: internal Fertilization and Development Fertilization in humans occurs when the egg and sperm unite in the fallopian tube. Thousands of sperm are deposited but only one sperm is needed to fertilize an egg. The other sperm cell will die when they do not unite. Fraternal twins are conceived when two sperms fertilize an egg. Identical twins are conceived when a single fertilized egg divides into two. Ectopic Pregnancy In less than a week, the fertilized egg continues to move down the fallopian tube. It reaches the uterus also called as womb. Within a few days, the eggs attaches to the wall of the uterus where it grows and is nourished for about nine months. The growing fetus gets nourishment and releases its wastes through the umbilical cord which is attached to the placenta. This cord physically connects the growing individual to the mother. Until the end of the second month it is called an embryo. From then until birth it is called a fetus. Lesson 3: Changes Puberty is the stage in your life when a person is capable of reproduction. Puberty means a young person has the ability to procreate or produce offspring. When puberty begins, girls start to menstruate. Boys start releasing sperms in the semen which can fertilize the females mature egg. Hormones are chemicals produced by the body that caused the changes. Lesson 4: When a Girl Becomes a Woman Females first experience the menstrual cycle at puberty. Menstruation occurs every month. This happens when the special lining of the uterus breaks and flows. This means the mature eggs released by the ovaries are not fertilized. Once a month, a girl ovulates or releases an egg cell. The egg or the female sex cell travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. The travel usually takes five days. Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining in females. Menstrual cycle refers to the monthly changes that occur in the female reproductive organs. The cycle covers 28 days. Premenstrual syndrome changes experience before menstruation. Menopause occurs when an adult female no longer menstruates. Lesson 5: Keeping the Reproductive Organs Healthy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Always keep body clean. Wear clean underwear. Eat balanced diet. Prefer a low-salt diet Exercise regularly. React positively to changes happening in the body. Wear clothes that will adequately protect my sensitive parts. Cope with stress effectively.

9. Change sanitary napkins as needed. 10. Take supplementary iron in the diet especially when menstruating. Self-examination helps in the early identification of diseases. Breast examination should start at puberty. Lesson 6: The Respiratory System Respiratory System is composed of different organs that purify the air you breathe and remove gaseous waste from your body. - The parts that work together to help you breathe. Breathing the process of inhaling and exhaling air. Carbon Dioxide is a waste product released by the body when cells use energy. Respiratory Organs Nostril opening which leads to the nasal cavity - Enables air to enter the nasal cavity. Pharynx throat cavity Enables air from the nasal cavity to enter the trachea. Tonsils soft masses of lymph tissues. Blocks off harmful microorganisms. Epiglottis leaf-like plate of flexible cartilage. Controls opening to larynx. Larynx triangular ridge called Adams apple; contains the vocal chord. It produces sounds Trachea also called the windpipe. Enables air to get to the lungs and serves as passageway. Bronchi two tubes found at the lower end of the trachea. Enable air to pass through. Bronchioles network of bronchial tubes ending in a tiny chamber. Allow for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It contain air sacs. Alveoli air sac surrounded by many blood vessels. It is the main organ of respiration. Lung sponge like, cone-shaped organs composed of three lobes, separated by pleural membranes. Filters and purifies air. Nasal septum a sheet of cartilage and soft bone. Lesson 7: Mechanism for Breathing Diaphragm it is a muscular organ located across the bottom of the chest. Another organ that helps in breathing. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is applied as a first aid measure if a person cannot get air into his system. Hiccups jerking movement of the diaphragm.

Lesson 8: Common Ailments of the Respiratory System 1. 2. 3. 4. Asthma Common colds Bronchitis Emphysema

5. 6. 7. 8.

Pneumonia Pulmonary Tuberculosis Throat Infection Tonsillitis

Lung Capacity refers to the amount of air ones lung can draw from the outside. Lesson 10: Care for the Sick 370C the normal body temperature. Clinical Thermometer measures the hotness or coldness of a persons body. Lesson 11: Urinary System Urinary System is composed of organs that remove waste materials from the blood stream. Kidneys the main organs of the urinary system. These are pair of bean-shaped organs found behind your intestines and just above your waist. Parts of the Kidneys Renal Vein carries blood into the kidneys for filtering. Renal artery carries filtered blood away from the kidneys. Cortex holds the glumerulus of each nephron in the center. Medulla protects the kidney. Pelvis collects urine from the nephron. Glomerulus gets water and chemicals from the blood into the kidney. Bowmans Capsule holds the glomerulus. Nephron is like a filter or strainer. Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Parts of the Urinary System Urinary Bladder temporarily holds the urine. Sphincter Muscles controls the opening and closing of the urethral opening. Ureter carries waste from the kidney to the bladder Urethra carries off urine from the bladder. Feces or Stool the solid waste. It contains salt, germs, bacteria and gases. Peristalsis the process by which the feces is passed out of the body by the anus. Urine the liquid body waste. It is a transparent yellow fluid containing chemical wastes such as uric acid, sugar, salt, excess vitamins and minerals. Urinalysis the chemical analysis of the urine.

Lesson 12: Prevention and Cure of Some Ailments of the Urinary System Kidney Stone colic or a stabbing pain that comes at short intervals. Gallstone stone that forms inside the bladder. Frequent urge to urinate, pain when urinating and blood in the urine are some of the symptoms. Bladder Tumor the symptoms are urinating, warts appear in the bladder. Kidney Infection symptoms are chills or trembling may be accompanied by vomiting and back pain. Bladder Infection difficulty in urinating. Urethra Infection symptoms are fever and difficulty in urinating.

Dialysis this method the kidneys function of removing wastes from the blood and maintaining chemical and waste balance are aided by a machine. Lesson 13: Other Excretory Organs Excretion the removal of waste materials from the body. The skin, lungs and large intestines are other organs that help remove waste from the body. Skin covers your entire body from head to foot. It also regulates your body temperature by excreting sweat or perspiration.

UNIT II ANIMAL LIFE LESSON 1: Foods Animals Eat Animals get their food from where they live. Some animals live in the forest. The flowers, fruits, and seeds of these plants serve as food to many animals living there. Other animals eat small animals in the forest. Aquatic animals those that live in the water. Terrestrial animals obtain food from the land. Blue Whale the largest animal in the ocean. Krill the shrimplike organism that eats by the blue whale. Cormorants are birds that are trained to fish by man long time ago. Lesson 2: How Animals Get Their Food Predators animals that eat small animals. Prey animal that is killed for food. They are usually smaller than the predators. Parasites live on the digested food from the hosts body. Host the tissues and organs of living things where the parasites live. Scavengers animals that eat dead animals. Lesson 3: Animals According to the Food They Eat Carnivores animals that eat meat only. Herbivores animals that eat plants only. Omnivores animals that eat both plants and meats. Lesson 4: Animal Adaptations Animals that live in cold places have layers of fats and feathers or hair to keep their body warm. Some of the land animals have sweat glands. These glands produce sweat or perspiration. Sweat is liquid waste material produced by the body. Desert a place where air temperature is generally hot with very little rain. Camel an animal which can travel under the heat of the sun in a desert. Hump it is made up fatty tissues. This is where the camel gets its energy when food is not readily available. Manta and Flatfish live on sea floor. They have flat bodies. Lesson 5: More Animal Adaptations Adaptation the traits that allow animals or any living to survive in their environment. Protective Coloration animals protect themselves by blending with the color of their environment.

Mimicry imitating a stronger animal or one which other animals do not like to eat. Hibernation is a deep sleep that lasts for a long period of time throughout the winter. Estivation it is the summer sleep of some animals. Lesson 6: Animals with Backbones Vertebrates animals with backbones. The backbone is composed of small bones, the vertebrae. 5 Groups of Vertebrate 1. Fish are animals with backbones. They live in water and take dissolved air and food from surroundings. They have gills for breathing. Their body covered with scales. 2. Amphibians are animals that spend part of their life in water and part of their life on land. They are cold-blooded animals. 3. Reptiles are terrestrial animals. They have lungs as the main organ of respiration. They have legs to move on land. They are also cold-blooded animals. 4. Birds have structures that enable them to fly. Ostrich is an example of a flightless bird. 5. Mammals have unique characteristics of having mammary glands. They bring forth their young alive. Cloning the method of breeding done inside a laboratory. Lesson 7: Animals without Backbones Invertebrates animals that do not have backbones. Sponges are sedentary animals, meaning they do not move around. They have no muscles or nerve cells. Their body is full of holes. They have no muscles or nerve cells. Examples 1. Jellyfish 2. Hydra Worms they have round bodies. Their body is divided into similar segments. Examples 1. Earthworm 2. Leech Shell hard outer body covering Diverse group they live in land and water. They have legs and shell. Examples 1. Crab 3. Snails 2. Clams 4. grasshopper 8 Subgroups of Invertebrates 1. Porifera are marine animals full of pores or holes. These holes serve as passage for water which carries nutrients and gases. Example of porifera is sponge. 2. Coelenterate -They also lives in the water. They have soft bodies that enable them to float. Example of coelenterate is jellyfish. 3. Platyhelminthes it is composed of flatworms with flat bodies. Some, like the tapeworms, have segmented bodies. 4. Nematoda this group is composed of wormlike animals. Their bodies are unsegmented. It includes the rootworm and filaria. 5. Annelida - annelids have segmented bodies and live mostly on land. The earthworm and leech are examples of annelida. 6. Molluska mollusks usually have a shell either inside or outside their bodies. They also have jointed legs which they use for walking and swimming. Clams, octopus and lobster are examples of molluska.

7. Arthropoda arthropods are animals having a segmented body. They have jointed legs. This group includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans. 8. Echinodermata echinoderms are aquatic animals that have spiny skin. The starfish and sea urchin are examples of echinoderms. They have spine that enable to move. Most echinoderms sedentary. This means they do not move from place to place. Lesson 8: Coral Reefs Corals are form when the remains of coelenterates consisting of skeletons are left at the bottom of the warm shallow sea. Coral reefs are skeletal remains of soft-bodied marine animals that have accumulated and built up over the years. - are form when the corals accumulate and build up over a long period of time near the coastline. - The natural habitat of tropical fishes such as angel fish, damselfish, and various kinds of aquarium fishes. - They also protect the coastal communities from destructive waves. - They act as barriers surrounding the island. - About 2700 kilometers of the Philippines coastal areas is covered by coral reefs. - There are about 488 kinds of corals in Philippine waters. - Is the place where the fish lay their eggs and them. The Philippines exports 200 kinds of marine pet fish abroad. The Philippines is considered to have the worlds highest number of marine fish species found in coral reefs areas. Lesson 9: Destruction of Coral Reefs About three- fourths of coral reefs in Philippine waters experience widespread damage. These coral reefs are reported to be in poor to fair condition due to excessive siltation, dynamite, muro-ami fishing and use of sodium cyanide. Siltation occurs when eroded soil accumulates at the bottom and form silts deposits. When sodium cyanide powder or tablet is introduced in water where fishes abound, they are partially paralyzed. This makes them easy to catch in large quantities. When they are transferred to clean water, they are revived. Muro-Ami is a kind of fishing technique wherein fishermen pound on the coral reefs in order to drive fishes out from the reefs into their net. The condition of the coral reefs affects marine life, income, health and diet, employment, rural immigration, coastal areas, tourism and the economy in general. Lesson 10: Saving Our Coral Reefs The Fisheries Administrative Order No. 155 was issued by the government on August 25, 1986. This order regulates the use of fine-meshed nets in fishing. The use of fine-meshed nets (less than 30) to catch aquarium/ornamental fish legalized. This order aims to convert cyanide users into net users. The holes in the net will allow the fishes to pass through. In order to manage our coral reefs properly, no fishing zones on damaged reefs should be enforced. Studies show that if damaged coral reefs are left undisturbed for some time, these reefs eventually regenerate. There are different ways of saving the coral reefs from destruction. Using a provide nets, information dissemination, and enforcing no fishing zones on damaged coral reefs are some ways to protect and save these areas.

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