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Blue eyes (Download Full Report And Abstract) What is Blue eyes? The U.S. computer giant,IBM has been conducting research on the Blue Eyes technology at its Almaden Research Center (ARC) in San Jose, Calif., since 1997. The ARC is IBM's main laboratory for basic research. The primary objective of the research is to give a computer the ability of the human being to assess a situation by using the senses of sight, hearing and touch. Animal survival depends on highly developed senHaptic technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (August 2011)

Haptic technology, or haptics, is a tactile feedback technology that takes advantage of a user's sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, and/or motions to the user.[1] This mechanical stimulation may be used to assist in the creation of virtual objects (objects existing only in a computer simulation), for control of such virtual objects, and for the enhancement of the remote control of machines and devices (teleoperators). It has been described as "(doing) for the sense of touch what computer graphics does for vision".[2] Although haptic devices are capable of measuring bulk or reactive forces that are applied by the user, they should not be confused with touch or tactile sensors that measure the

pressure or force exerted by the user to the interface. Haptic technology has made it possible to investigate in detail how the human sense of touch works by allowing the creation of carefully controlled haptic virtual objects. These objects are used to systematically probe human haptic capabilities, which would otherwise be difficult to achieve. These new research tools contribute to the understanding of how touch and its underlying brain functions work. The word haptic, from the Greek (haptikos), means pertaining to the sense of touch and comes from the Greek verb haptesthai meaning to contact or to touch.

Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Design 3 Commercial applications o 3.1 Teleoperators and simulators o 3.2 Computer and video games o 3.3 Personal computers o 3.4 Mobile consumer technologies o 3.5 Haptics in virtual reality 4 Research o 4.1 Medicine o 4.2 Robotics o 4.3 Arts and design 5 Future applications o 5.1 Holographic interaction o 5.2 Future medical applications 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

[edit] History
One of the earliest forms of haptic devices is currently used in large modern aircraft that use servomechanism systems to operate control systems. Such systems tend to be "oneway" in that forces applied aerodynamically to the control surfaces are not perceived at the controls, with the missing normal forces simulated with springs and weights. In earlier, lighter aircraft without servo systems, as the aircraft approached a stall the aerodynamic buffeting was felt in the pilot's controls, a useful warning to the pilot of a dangerous flight condition. This control shake is not felt when servo control systems are used. To replace

this missing cue, the angle of attack is measured, and when it approaches the critical stall point a "stick shaker" (an unbalanced rotating mass) is engaged, simulating the effects of a simpler control system. This is known as haptic feedback. Alternatively, the servo force may be measured and this signal is then directed to a servo system on the control. This method is known as force feedback. Force feedback has been implemented experimentally in some excavators and is useful when excavating mixed materials such as large rocks embedded in silt or clay, as it allows the operator to "feel" and work around unseen obstacles, enabling significant increases in productivity.

[edit] Design
Haptics is enabled by actuators that apply the forces to the skin for touch feedback. The actuator provides mechanical motion in response to an electrical stimulus. Most early designs of haptic feedback use electromagnetic technologies such as vibratory motors with an offset mass, such as the pager motor which is in most cell phones or voice coils in where a central mass or output is moved by a magnetic field. The electromagnetic motors typically operate at resonance and provide strong feedback, but have limited range of sensations. Next-generation actuator technologies are beginning to emerge, offering a wider range of effects thanks to more rapid response times. Next generation haptic actuator technologies include Electroactive Polymers, Piezoelectric, and Electrostatic surface actuation.

[edit] Commercial applications

[edit] Teleoperators and simulators

Teleoperators are remote controlled robotic tools, and when contact forces are reproduced to the operator, it is called "haptic teleoperation". The first electrically actuated teleoperators were built in the 1950s at the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States, by Raymond Goertz, to remotely handle radioactive substances. Since then, the use of "force feedback" has become more widespread in all kinds of teleoperators such as underwater exploration devices controlled from remote locations. When such devices are simulated using a computer (as they are in operator training devices) it is useful to provide the force feedback that would be felt in actual operations. Since the objects being manipulated do not exist in a physical sense, the forces are generated using haptic (force generating) operator controls. Data representing touch sensations may be saved or played back using such haptic technologies. Haptic simulators are currently used in medical simulators and flight simulators for pilot training (2004).
[edit] Computer and video games

Haptic feedback is commonly used in arcade games, especially racing video games. In 1976, Sega's motorbike game Moto-Cross,[3] also known as Fonz,[4] was the first game to use haptic feedback, which caused the handlebars to vibrate during a collision with another vehicle.[5] Tatsumi's TX-1 later introduced force feedback to car driving games in 1983.[6] Some simple haptic devices are common in the form of game controllers, in particular of joysticks and steering wheels. Early implementations were provided through optional components, such as the Nintendo 64 controller's Rumble Pak. Many newer generation console controllers and some joysticks feature built in feedback devices, including Sony's DualShock technology and the handheld remote controller for the Nintendo Wii. An example of this feature is the simulated automobile steering wheels that are programmed to provide a "feel" of the road. As the user makes a turn or accelerates, the steering wheel responds by resisting turns or slipping out of control. In 2007, Novint released the Falcon, the first consumer 3D touch device with high resolution three-dimensional force feedback, allowing the haptic simulation of objects, textures, recoil, momentum, physical presence of objects in games.[7][8]
[edit] Personal computers

In 2008 Apple's MacBook and MacBook Pro started incorporating a "Tactile Touchpad" design[9][10] with button functionality and haptic feedback incorporated into the tracking surface.[11] Products such as the Synaptics ClickPad[12] followed soon thereafter.
[edit] Mobile consumer technologies

Tactile haptic feedback is becoming common in cellular devices. Handset manufacturers like LG and Motorola are including different types of haptic technologies in their devices. In most cases this takes the form of vibration response to touch. Alpine Electronics uses a haptic feedback technology named PulseTouch on many of their touch-screen car navigation and stereo units.[13] The Google Nexus One features "haptic feedback" according to their specifications.[14]
[edit] Haptics in virtual reality

Haptics are gaining widespread acceptance as a key part of virtual reality systems, adding the sense of touch to previously visual-only solutions. Most of these solutions use stylusbased haptic rendering, where the user interfaces to the virtual world via a tool or stylus, giving a form of interaction that is computationally realistic on today's hardware. Systems are also being developed to use haptic interfaces for 3D modeling and design that are intended to give artists a virtual experience of real interactive modeling. Researchers from the University of Tokyo have developed 3D holograms that can be "touched" through haptic feedback using "acoustic radiation" to create a pressure sensation on a user's hands. (See Future Section) The researchers, led by Hiroyuki Shinoda, currently have the

technology on display at SIGGRAPH 2009 in New Orleans.[15]

[edit] Research
Some research has been done into simulating the different kinds of tactition by means of high-speed vibrations or other stimuli. One device of this type uses a pad array of pins, where the pins vibrate to simulate a surface being touched. While this does not have a realistic feel, it does provide useful feedback, allowing discrimination between various shapes, textures, and resiliencies. Several haptics APIs have been developed for research applications, such as Chai3D, OpenHaptics and H3DAPI (Open Source).
[edit] Medicine

Various haptic interfaces for medical simulation may prove especially useful for training of minimally invasive procedures (laparoscopy/interventional radiology)[16] and remote surgery using teleoperators. A particular advantage of this type of work is that the surgeon can perform many more operations of a similar type, and with less fatigue. It is well documented that a surgeon who performs more procedures of a given kind will have statistically better outcomes for his patients. Haptic interfaces are also used in Rehabilitation robotics. In ophthalmology, "haptic" refers to a supporting spring, two of which hold an artificial lens within the lens capsule (after surgical removal of cataracts). A 'Virtual Haptic Back' (VHB) is being successfully integrated in the curriculum of students at the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine.[17] Research indicates that VHB is a significant teaching aid in palpatory diagnosis (detection of medical problems via touch). The VHB simulates the contour and compliance (reciprocal of stiffness) properties of human backs, which are palpated with two haptic interfaces (SensAble Technologies, PHANToM 3.0). Haptics has also been applied in the field of prosthetics and orthotics. Research has been underway to provide essential feedback from prosthetic limb back to an amputee. Several research projects through Department of Education and National Institute of Health have focused on this area. Recent work by Edward Colgate, Pravin Chaubey, Allison Okamura & team have focused on investigating fundamental issues and determining effectiveness for rehabilitation.
[edit] Robotics

The Shadow Dextrous Robot Hand uses the sense of touch, pressure, and position to reproduce the human grip in all its strength, delicacy, and complexity.[18] The SDRH was first developed by Richard Greenhill and his team of engineers in Islington, London, as part of The Shadow Project, (now known as the Shadow Robot Company) an ongoing research and development program whose goal is to complete the first convincing humanoid. An

early prototype can be seen in NASA's collection of humanoid robots, or robonauts. [19] The Dextrous Hand has haptic sensors embedded in every joint and finger pad, which relay information to a central computer for processing and analysis. Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania and Bielefeld University in Germany in particular have found The Dextrous Hand is an invaluable tool in progressing our understanding of haptic awareness and are currently involved (2006) in research with wide ranging implications. The first PHANTOM, which allows one in the human world to interact with objects in virtual reality through touch, was developed by Thomas Massie, while a student of Ken Salisbury at M.I.T.[20]
[edit] Arts and design

Touching is not limited to a feeling, but it allows interactivity in real-time with virtual objects. Thus, haptics are commonly used in virtual arts, such as sound synthesis or graphic design/animation. The haptic device allows the artist to have direct contact with a virtual instrument that produces real-time sound or images. For instance, the simulation of a violin string produces real-time vibrations of this string under the pressure and expressiveness of the bow (haptic device) held by the artist. This can be done with physical modelling synthesis. Designers and modellers may use high-degree of freedom input devices that give touch feedback relating to the "surface" they are sculpting or creating, allowing faster and more natural workflow than with traditional methods.[21] Artists working with haptic technology such as vibrotactile effectors (outpu) are Christa Sommerer & Laurent Mignonneau and Stahl Stenslie.

[edit] Future applications

Future applications of haptic technology cover a wide spectrum of human interaction with technology. Some current research focuses on the mastery of tactile interaction with holograms and distant objects, which, if successful may result in applications and advancements in gaming, movies, manufacturing, medical, and other industries. The medical industry also stands to gain from virtual and telepresence surgeries, with providing of new options for medical care. Some speculate the clothing retail industry could gain from haptic technology in ways such as being able to "feel" the texture of clothes for sale on the internet.[22] Future advancements in haptic technology may even create new industries that were not feasible or realistic before the advancements happening at this moment in time.
[edit] Holographic interaction

Researchers at the University of Tokyo are currently working on adding haptic feedback to holographic projections. The feedback allows the user to interact with a hologram and receive tactile response as if the holographic object were real. The research uses ultrasound

waves to create a phenomenon called acoustic radiation pressure, which provides tactile feedback as users interact with the holographic object.[15] The haptic technology does not affect the hologram, or the interaction with it, only the tactile response that the user perceives. The researchers posted a video displaying what they call the "Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display."[15] The technology is not yet ready for mass production or mainstream application in industries, but it is quickly progressing, and "industrial companies" are already showing a positive response to the technology.[23] It is important to note that this example of possible future application is the first in which the user does not have to be outfitted with a special glove or use a special control, they can "just walk up and use [it] " which paints a promising picture for future applications.[23]
[edit] Future medical applications

One currently developing medical innovation is a central workstation surgeons would use to perform operations remotely: local nursing staff would set up the machine and prepare the patient. Rather than travel to an operating room, the surgeon becomes a telepresence. This allows expert surgeons to operate from across the country, increasing availability of expert medical care. Haptic technology will provide tactile and resistance feedback to the surgeon as he operates the robotic device. The goal is that, as the surgeon, for instance, makes an incision, he feels ligaments as he would if working directly on the patient.[24] Surgical training is also on the brink of benefiting from haptic technology. Researchers at Stanford are currently developing technology to simulate surgery for training purposes. Simulated operations would let surgeons and surgical students practice and train more. Haptic technology will aid in the simulation by creating a realistic environment of touch. Much like the telepresence surgery, surgeons will feel simulated ligaments, or the pressure of a virtual incision as if it were real. The researchers led by J. Kenneth Salisbury Jr., a research professor of both computer science and surgery, are also hoping to eventually be able to create realistic internal organs for the simulated surgeries, but is has been said by Salisbury that the task will be difficult.[22] The idea behind the research is that "just as commercial pilots train in flight simulators before they're unleashed on real passengers, surgeons will be able to practice their first incisions without actually cutting anyone."[22]

[edit] See also

List of games supporting force feedback Wired glove

[edit] Notes
1. 2. ^ Gabriel Robles-De-La-Torre. "International Society for Haptics: Haptic technology, an animated explanation". Isfh.org. http://www.isfh.org/ch.html. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ "Robles-De-La-Torre G. Virtual Reality: Touch / Haptics. In Goldstein B (Ed.), "Sage Encyclopedia of Perception". Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA (2009)." (PDF). http://www.isfh.org/GRVirtual_Reality_TouchHaptics2009.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-26.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24.

^ Moto-Cross at the Killer List of Videogames ^ Fonz at the Killer List of Videogames ^ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, p. 39, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 031333868X ^ TX-1 at the Killer List of Videogames ^ Wood, Tina (2007-04-05). "Introducing the Novint Falcon | Tina Wood | Channel 10". On10.net. http://on10.net/blogs/tina/Introducing-the-Novint-Falcon/. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ http://eduhaptics.org/index.php/HapticDevices/HomePage ^ "The Tactile Touchpad". sigchi.com. http://www.sigchi.org/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/sm.htm. ^ "A Comparison of Three Selection Techniques for Touchpads". yorku.ca. http://www.yorku.ca/mack/p336-mackenzie.pdf. ^ "MacBook design". Apple.com. http://www.apple.com/macbook/design.html. ^ "ClickPad". Synaptics.com. http://www.synaptics.com/solutions/products/clickpad. [dead link] ^ [1] ^ http://www.google.com/phone/static/en_US-nexusone_tech_specs.html a b c ^ "Touchable Hologram Becomes Reality (w/ Video)". Physorg.com. 2009-08-06. http://www.physorg.com/news168797748.html. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ Jacobus, C., et al., Method and system for simulating medical procedures including virtual reality and control method and system,US Patent 5,769,640 ^ "Honors And Awards". Ent.ohiou.edu. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080402111612/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~bobw/html/VHB/VHB. html. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ "Shadow Robot Company: The Hand Overview". Shadowrobot.com. http://www.shadowrobot.com/hand/. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ "Robonaut". Robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov. http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ Geary, James (2002). The body electric: an anatomy of the new bionic senses. Rutgers University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0813531942. ^ "FreeForm Systems". Sensable. http://www.sensable.com/products-freeform-systems.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-26. a b c ^ "Haptic technology simulates the sense of touch via computer". Newsservice.stanford.edu. 2003-04-02. http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2003/april2/haptics42.html. Retrieved 2010-02-26. a b ^ "Technology | Ultrasound to give feel to games". BBC News. 2008-09-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7593444.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-26. ^ http://www.uams.edu/info/zajtchuk.htm

[edit] References

Monkman. G.J. An Electrorheological Tactile Display. Presence (Journal of Teleoperators and Virtual Environments) Vol. 1, issue 2, pp. 219228, MIT Press, July 1992. Klein. D, D. Rensink, H. Freimuth, G.J. Monkman, S. Egersdrfer, H. Bse & M. Baumann. Modelling the Response of a Tactile Array using an Electrorheological Fluids. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol 37, no. 5, pp794803, 2004. Klein. D, H. Freimuth, G.J. Monkman, S. Egersdrfer, A. Meier, H. Bse M. Baumann, H. Ermert & O.T. Bruhns. Electrorheological Tactile Elements. Mechatronics Vol 15, No 7, pp883897. Pergamon, September 2005. Robles-De-La-Torre G. Principles of Haptic Perception in Virtual Environments. In Grunwald M (Ed.), Human Haptic Perception, Birkhuser Verlag, 2008. Vashisth, A.; Mudur, S. (2008). "Deforming point-based models using an electronic glove".

Proceedings of the 2008 C3S2E conference: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1370256.1370288

193.

doi:10.1145/1370256.1370288.

[edit] External links

Haptic technology at HowStuffWorks Levitating joystick improves computer feedback What is Force Feedback? (on telerobotic manipulators) - Kraft TeleRobotics Video of Novint Falcon demo at CES 2007. H3DAPI - Open source haptics API; developed by SenseGraphics BioRobotics Laboratory, Research on Haptics and Teleoperation An animation explaining how haptic force-feedback technology works IEEE Technical Committee on Haptics Special Interest Group on Haptics (Haptics SIG)

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sory abilities. Likewise, human cognition depends on highly developed abilities to perceive, integrate, and interpret visual, auditory, and touch information. Without a doubt, computers would be much more powerful if they had even a small fraction of the perceptual ability of animals or humans. Adding such perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers and humans to work together more as partners. Toward this end, the Blue Eyes project aims at creating computational devices with the sort of perceptual abilities that people take for granted. Thus Blue eyes is the technology to make computers sense and understand human behavior and feelings and react in the proper ways. Aims 1)To design smarter devices 2)To create devices with emotional intelligence 3)To create computational devices with perceptual abilities The idea of giving computers personality or, more accurately, emotional intelligence" may seem creepy, but technologists say such machines would offer important advantages. De-spite their lightning speed and awesome powers of computation, today's PCs are essentially deaf, dumb, and blind. They can't see you, they can't hear you, and they certainly don't care a whit how you feel. Every computer user knows the frustration of nonsensical error messages, buggy software, and abrupt system crashes. We might berate the computer as if it were an unruly child, but, of course, the machine can't respond. "It's ironic that people feel like dummies in front of their computers, when in fact the computer is the dummy," says Rosalind Picard, a computer science professor at the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge. A computer endowed with emotional intelligence, on the other hand, could recognize when its operator is feeling angry or frustrated and try to respond in an appropriate fashion. Such a computer might slow down or replay a tutorial program for a confused student, or recognize when a designer is burned out and suggest he take a break. It could even play a recording of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" if it sensed anxiety or serve up a rousing Springsteen anthem if it detected lethargy. The possible applications of "emotion technology" extend far beyond the desktop. A car equipped with an affective computing system could recognize when a driver is feeling drowsy and ad-vise her to pull over, or it might sense when a stressed-out motorist is about to explode and warn him to slow down and cool off. These machines have got their own personality and this personality depends upon the moods of the user. Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate

audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners.Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings. The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.

TRACKS USED Our emotional changes are mostly reflected in our heart pulse rate,reathing rate ,facial expressions ,eye movements ,voice etc.Hence these are the parameters on which lue technology is being developed. Please Use Search http://www.seminarprojects.com/search.php To Get More Information About A Seminar Or Project Topic

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BLUEEYES presentation.PPT (Size: 268 KB / Downloads: 2360) BLUE EYES What is Blue eyes? The U.S. computer giant,IBM has been conducting research on the Blue Eyes technology at its Almaden Research Center (ARC) in San Jose, Calif., since 1997. The ARC is IBM's main laboratory for basic research. The primary objective of the research is to give a computer the ability of the human being to assess a situation by using the senses of sight, hearing and touch. Animal survival depends on highly developed sensory abilities. Likewise, human cognition depends on highly developed abilities to perceive, integrate, and interpret visual, auditory, and touch information. Without a doubt, computers would be much more powerful if they had even a small fraction of the perceptual ability of animals or humans. Adding such perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers and humans to work together more as partners. Toward this end, the Blue Eyes project aims at creating computational devices with the sort of perceptual abilities that people

take for granted. Thus Blue eyes is the technology to make computers sense and understand human behavior and feelings and react in the proper ways. Aims 1)To design smarter devices 2)To create devices with emotional intelligence 3)To create computational devices with perceptual abilities The idea of giving computers personality or, more accurately, emotional intelligence" may seem creepy, but technologists say such machines would offer important advantages. De-spite their lightning speed and awesome powers of computation, today's PCs are essentially deaf, dumb, and blind. They can't see you, they can't hear you, and they certainly don't care a whit how you feel. Every computer user knows the frustration of nonsensical error messages, buggy software, and abrupt system crashes. We might berate the computer as if it were an unruly child, but, of course, the machine can't respond. "It's ironic that people feel like dummies in front of their computers, when in fact the computer is the dummy," says Rosalind Picard, a computer science professor at

the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge. A computer endowed with emotional intelligence, on the other hand, could recognize when its operator is feeling angry or frustrated and try to respond in an appropriate fashion. Such a computer might slow down or replay a tutorial program for a confused student, or recognize when a designer is burned out and suggest he take a break. It could even play a recording of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" if it sensed anxiety or serve up a rousing Springsteen anthem if it detected lethargy. The possible applications of "emotion technology" extend far beyond the desktop. A car equipped with an affective computing system could recognize when a driver is feeling drowsy and ad-vise her to pull over, or it might sense when a stressed-out motorist is about to explode and warn him to slow down and cool off. These machines have got their own personality and this personality depends upon the moods of the user. TRACKS USED Our emotional changes are mostly reflected in our heart pulse rate,reathing rate ,facial

expressions ,eye movements ,voice etc.Hence these are the parameters on which lue technology is being developed. Making computers see and feel Blue Eyes uses sensing technology to identify a user's actions and to extract key information. This information is then analyzed to determine the user's physical, emotional, or informational state, which in turn can be used to help make the user more productive by performing expected actions or by providing expected information. Beyond making computers more responsive to people's feelings, researchers say there is another compelling reason for giving machines emotional intelligence. Contrary to the common wisdom that emotions contribute to irrational behavior, studies have shown that feelings actually play a vital role in logical thought and decisionmaking. Emotionally impaired people often find it difficult to make decisions because they fail to recognize the subtle clues and signals--does this make me feel happy or sad, excited or bored?-that help direct healthy thought

processes. It stands to reason, therefore, that computers that can emulate human emotions are more likely to behave rationally, in a manner we can understand. Emotions are like the weather.We only pay attention to them when there is a sudden outburst, like a tornado, but in fact they are constantly operating in the background, helping to monitor and guide our day-to -day activities. Picard, who is also the author of the groundbreaking book Affective Computing, argues that computers should operate under the same principle. "They have tremendous mathematical abilities, but when it comes to interacting with people, they are autistic," she says. "If we want computers to be genuinely intelligent and interact naturally with us, we must give them the ability to recognize, understand, and even to behave' and express emotions." Imagine the benefit of a computer that could remember that a particular Internet search had resulted in a frustrating and futile exploration of cyberspace. Next time, it might modify its investigation to improve the chances of

success when a similar request is made. Affective Computing The process of making emotional computers with sensing abilities is known as affective computing.The steps used in this are: 1)Giving sensing abilities 2)Detecting human emotions 3)Respond properly The first step, researchers say, is to give ma-chines the equivalent of the eyes, ears, and other sensory organs that humans use to recognize and express emotion. To that end, computer scientists are exploring a variety of mechanisms including voicerecognition software that can discern not only what is being said but the tone in which it is said; cameras that can track subtle facial expressions, eye movements, and hand gestures; and biometric sensors that can measure body temperature, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other physiological signals associated with emotion. In the second step, the computers have to detect even the minor variations of our moods.For eg,a person may hit the keyboard very fastly either in the happy

mood or in the angry mood. In the third step the computers have to react in accordance with the emotional states. Various methods of accomplishing affective computing are : 1) Affect detection: This is the method of detecting our emotional states from the expressions on our face.Algorithms amenale to real time implementation that extract information from facial expressions and head gestures are being explored.Most of the information is extractewd from the position of the eye rows and the corners of the mouth. 2)MAGIC pointing: MAGIC stands for Manual Acquisition with Gaze Tracking Technology. a computer with this technology could move the cursor by following the direction of the user's eyes. This type of technology will enable the computer to automatically transmit information related to the screen that the user is gazing at. Also, it will enable the computer to determine, from the user's expression, if he or she understood the information on the screen, before automatically deciding to proceed to the next program. The user pointing is still done by the hand,ut the cursor always appears at the right position as if by MAGIC.By marrying input

technology and eye tracking ,we get MAGIC pointing. 3)SUITOR: SUITOR stands for Simple User Interface Tracker.It implements the method for putting computational devices in touch with their users changing moods.It is mostly used in we ased applications.By watching what we page the user is currently rowsing,the SUITOR can find additional information on that topic.The key is that the user simply interacts with the computer as usual and the computer infers user interest based on what it sees the user do. 4)EMOTION MOUSE: This is the mouse emedded with sensors that can sense the physiological attributes such as temperature,ody prewssure,pulse rate, and touching style, etc.The computer can determine the users emotional states by a single touch.IBM is still oerforming research on this mouse and will be availale in the market within the next two or three years.The expected accuracy is 75%. Blue Eyes enaled devices

Some of the blue Eyes enabled devices are discussed below: 1)POD:

The first blue Eye enabled mass production device was POD ,the car manufactured y TOYOTA.It could keep the driver alert and active.It could tell the driver to go slow if he is driving too fastly and it could pull over the driver when he feels drowsy.Also it could hear the driver some sort of interesting music when he is getting bored. 2)PONG: IBM released a robot designed for demonstrating the new technology.The Blue Eyes robot is equipped with a computer capable of analyzing a person's glances and other forms of expressions of feelings, before automatically determining the next type of action. IBM has released a robot called PONG, which is equipped with the Blue Eyes technology. PONG is capable of perceiving the person standing in front of it, smiles when the person calls his name, and expresses loneliness when it loses sight of the person. IBM is showing this robot to the public at the company's exhibition called "IBM Fair 2000" at the Japan Convention Center (Makuhari Messe) in Chiba prefecture, March 1-3. 3)SECURE PAD: This is an electronic badge that can identify the wearer and track his movements and activities with an array of sensors. The

device was designed for a major health-care provider to track the activities of doctors and other personnel at large medical facilities. It knows who you are and where you are, and it has a pretty good idea of what you are doing and when you are doing it. Although that may sound ominous, the device will ultimately benefit patients by enhancing the security and accountability of medical facilities. For example, the device will know who has accessed a drug locker and what drugs were removed. It will also allow doctors to access confidential medical information without carrying around paper charts, which can be misplaced or read by unauthorized personnel. When a doctor wearing the Secure Pad enters a patient's room, the patient's medical records will automatically appear on a wall monitor when the doctor looks at it. When he looks away, or another person enters the room, the records will disappear. Another advantage of Secure Pad is that it's interchangeable; when a wearer removes the badge from her body, the device automatically deactivates, its slate wiped clean until the next person puts it on.

SOFTWARE and HARDWARE BLue Eyes software is called agent which analyzes and modifies the mother program, according to the users needs and moods.The user modifies the mother program whenever the user requests or hardware finds that the user is changing his moods. For eg, in a we browsing ,if a particular search is found to e failure ,the agent might improve the searching y changing the searching key words so as to get the desired results. Hardware used is dedicated hardware.Usually emedded devices are used.For eg, a pc camera may drain the processing ailities of the system and can not e used. The embedded devices have their own processing capabilities and can function on their own to achieve specific purposes. CURRENT SCENARIO Pioneers in this field are IBM,MIT(Massachussets Institute of Technology),Sony.Egs of the technologies now under study have already been discussed.Limited success is achieved in translating neurological activities into identifiable emotional states y implanting electrodes in the rain.Researches are still going

on and commercial availability is supposed to happen within the next few years.

FUTURE Future applications of this technology is limitless from designing cars and developing presentations to interactive entertainment and advertising.Also it may become very common in our household devices also . For eg: A blue eyes enabled TV set would become active when we look in its directions.Voice commands could then tune your favourite channel and adjust the volume. CONCLUSION The Blue eyes technology ensures a convenient way of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities in computing devices. The gap between the electronic and physical world will be reduced.The computers can be run by using the implicit commands instead of the explicit commands. REFERENCES 1> http://www.philologos.com/ 2> http://www.techreviwe.com/ 3> http://www.almaden.im.com/

4> http://www.research.im.com/ 5> http://www.metropolismag.com/ 6> http://www.visuallee.com/ 7> http://www.howstuffworks.com/ 8> http://www.entecollege.com/

CONTENTS 1) What is blue eyes? 2) Aims of blues eyes technology 3) Tracks used 4) Making computers see and feel 5) Affective computing 6) Blue eyes enabled devices 7) Software and hardware 8) Current scenario 9) Future 10) Conclusion 11) References Please Use Search http://www.seminarprojects.com/search.php To Get More Information About A Seminar Or Project Topic

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project Posts: 1,062 report Joined: Feb 2010 tiger Hey...Ask More Info About Blue eyes (Download Project Thanks: 6 Full Report And Abstract) Seminar 86 thank was Technology given in 79 posts Expert

RE: Blue eyes (Download Full Report And Abstract) 1) Blue Eyes.doc (Size: 216.5 KB / Downloads: 567) ABSTRACT Is it possible to create a computer which can interact with us as we interact each other For example imagine in a fine morning you walk on to your computer room and switch on your computer, and then it tells you "Hey friend, good morning you seem to be a bad mood today. And then it opens your mail box and shows you some of the mails and tries to cheer you. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by "BLUE EYES" in the very near future. The basic idea behind this technology is to give the computer the human power. We all have some perceptual abilities. That is we can understand each

others feelings. For example we can understand ones emotional state by analyzing his facial expression. If we add these perceptual abilities of human to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. The "BLUE EYES" technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. 1 INTRODUCTION Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that pan listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the

computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection. Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audiovisuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings. The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses nonobtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and

microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states. 2 EMOTION MOUSE One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another noninvasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input

device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user's personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here. 2-1 EMOTION AND COMPUTING Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making as Picard

describes, but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a person's emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for productivity for a computer user. A study (Dryer & Horowitz, 1997) has shown that people with personalities that are similar or complement each other collaborate well. Dryer (1999) has also shown that people view their computer as having a personality. For these reasons, it is important to develop computers which can work well with its user. By matching a person's emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the person's personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its

user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its user's personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a person's emotional state (Johnson, 1999). We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web), people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, we will explore the possibility of detecting emotion through touch. 2.2 THEORY Based on Paul Ekman's facial expression work, we see a correlation

between a person's emotional state and a person's physiological measurements. Selected works from Ekman and others on measuring facial behaviors describe Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997). One of his experiments involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states Six participants were trained to exhibit the facial expressions of

the six basic emotions. While each participant exhibited these expressions, the physiological changes associated with affect were assessed. The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These zata were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis, a multidimenslcr.s" scaling (MDS) procedure was used to determine the dimensionality of the data. Tr'a analysis suggested that the physiological similarities and dissimilarities of the six emotional states fit within a four dimensional model. For the second analysis, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine the mathematic functions that would distinguish the six emotional states. This analysis suggested that all four physiological variables made significant, nonredundant contributions to the functions that distinguish the six

states. Moreover, these analyses indicate that these four physiological measures are sufficient to determine reliably a person's specific emotional state. Because of our need to incorporate these measurements into a small, non-intrusive form, we will explore taking these measurements from the hand. The amount of conductivity of the skin is best taken from the fingers. However, the other measures may not be as obvious or robust. We hypothesize that changes in the temperature of the finger are reliable for prediction of emotion. We also hypothesize the GSA can be measured by change in movement in the computer mouse. Our efforts to develop a robust pulse meter are not discussed here. 2.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An experiment was designed to test the above hypotheses. The four physiological readings measured

were heart rate, temperature, GSR and somatic movement. The heart rate was measured through a commercially available chest strap sensor. The temperature was measured with a thermocouple attached to a digital multimeter (DMM). The GSR was also measured with a DMM. The somatic movement was measured by recording the computer mouse movements. 2.3.1 Method Six people participated in this study (3 male, 3 female). The experiment was within subject design and order of presentation was counterbalance d across participants. 2.3.2 Procedure Participants were asked to sit in front of the computer and hold the temperature and GSR sensors in their left hand hold the mouse with their right hand and wore the chest sensor. The resting (baseline) measurements were recorded for five

minutes and then the participant was instructed to act out one emotion for five minutes. The emotions consisted of: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness and surprise. The only instruction for acting out the emotion was to show the emotion in their facial expressions. 2.3.3 Results The data for each subject consisted of scores for four physiological assessments [GSA, GSR, pulse, and skin temperature, for each of the six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise)] across the five minute baseline and test sessions. GSA data was sampled 80 times per second, GSR and temperature were reported approximately 3-4 times per second and pulse was recorded as a beat was detected, approximately 1 time per second. We first calculated the mean score for each of the baseline and test sessions. To account for individual variance in

physiology, we calculated the difference between the baseline and test scores. Scores that differed by more than one and a half standard deviations from the mean were treated as missing. By this criterion, twelve score were removed from the analysis. The remaining data are described in Table 1. In order to determine whether our measures of physiology could discriminate among the six different emotions, the data were analyzed with a discriminant function analysis. The four physiological difference scores were the discriminating variables and the six emotions were the discriminated groups. The variables were entered into the equation simultaneously, and four canonical discriminant functions were calculated. A Wilks' Lambda test of these four functions was marginally statistically significant; for lambda = .192, chi-

square (20) = 29.748, p < .075. The functions are shown in Table 2 Table 2: Standardized Discriminant Function Coefficients. Function 1 3 4 GSA 0.593 -0.926 0.674 0.033 GSR -0.664 0.957 0.350 0.583 Pulse 1.006 0.484 0.026 0.846 f emp. 1 277 0,405 0 423 -ft 293 The unstandardized canonical discriminant functions evaluated at group means are shown in Table 3. Function 1 is defined by sadness and fear at one end and anger and surprise at the other. Function 2 has fear and disgust at one end and sadness at the other. Function 3 has happiness at one end and surprise at the other. Function 4 has disgust and anger at one end and surprise at the other. Table 3: To determine the effectiveness of these functions, we used them to predict the group membership for each set of physiological data.

As shown in Table 4, two-thirds of the cases were successfully classified Table 4: Classification Results. Predicted Group Membership 1 Total 1 EMOTION Ancer Fear sadness hapf>iite sunwise Original anuer 2 0 0 0 1 5 fear 0 0 \ * n 0 " 'III IL'-> > i i :. 1 i' 5 J v-ll -.1 :: 1 1 i 1 11 > \ i 1 1 :. i ;; i < i 1 -> The results show the theory behind the Emotion mouse work is fundamentally sound. The physiological measurements were correlated to emotions using a correlation model. The correlation model is derived from a calibration process in which a baseline attribute-to emotion correlation is rendered based on statistical analysis of calibration signals generated by users having emotions that are measured or otherwise known at

calibration time. Now that we have proven the method, the next step is to improve the hardware. Instead of using cumbersome multimeters to gather information about the user, it will be better to use smaller and less intrusive units. We plan to improve our infrared pulse detector which can be placed inside the body of the mouse. Also, a framework for the user modeling needs to be develop in order to correctly handle all of the information after it has been gathered. There are other possible applications for the Emotion technology other than just increased productivity for a desktop computer user. Other domains such as entertainment, health and the communications and the automobile industry could find this technology useful for other purposes. 3 MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED (MAGIC) POINTING This work explores a new direction in

utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, clubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one conservative and one liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we developed. They

were then tested in a pilot study. This early stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing. The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports. In our view, there are two fundamental shortcomings to the existing gaze pointing techniques, regardless of the maturity of eye tracking technology. First, given the onedegree size of the fovea and the subconscious jittery motions that the eyes constantly produce, eye gaze is not precise enough to operate Ul widgets such as scrollbars, hyperlinks, and slider handles In Proc. CHI'99: ACM Conference on

Human Factors in Computing Systems. 246-253, Pittsburgh, 15-20 May1999 Copyright ACM 1999 0-201-485591/99/05...$5.00 on today's GUI interfaces. At a 25inch viewing distance to the screen, one degree of arc corresponds to 0.44 in, which is twice the size of*a typical scroll bar and much greater than the size of a typical character. Second, and perhaps more importantly, the eye, as one of our primary perceptual devices, has not evolved to be a control organ. Sometimes its movements are voluntarily controlled while at other times it is driven by external events. With the target selection by dwell time method, considered more natural than selection by blinking [7], one has to be conscious of where one looks and how long one looks at an object. If one does not look at a target continuously for a set threshold (e.g., 200 ms), the target will not be successfully selected. On the other

hand, if one stares at an object for more than the set threshold, the object will be selected, regardless of the user's intention. In some cases there is not an adverse effect to a false target selection. Other times it can be annoying and counterproducti ve (such as unintended jumps to a web page). Furthermore, dwell fee zsr only substitute for one mouse click. There are often two steps to target activation. A single click selects the target (e.g., an application icon) and a double click (or a different physical button click) opens the icon (e.g., launches an application). To perform both steps with dwell time is even more difficult. In short, to load the visual perception channel with a motor control task seems fundamentally at odds with users' natural mental model in which the eye searches for and takes in information and the hand produces output that

manipulates external objects. Other than for disabled users, who have no alternative, using eye gaze for practical pointing does not appear to be very promising. Are there interaction techniques that utilize eye movement to assist the control task but do not force the user to be overly conscious of his eye movement We wanted to design a technique in which pointing and selection remained primarily a manual control task but were also aided by gaze tracking. Our key idea is to use gaze to dynamically redefine (warp) the "home" position of the pointing cursor to be at the vicinity of the target, which was presumably what the user was looking at, thereby effectively reducing the cursor movement amplitude needed for target selection. Once the cursor position had been redefined, the user would need to only make a small movement to, and click on, the target

with a regular manual input device. In other words, we wanted to achieve Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC) pointing, or Manual Acquisition with Gaze Initiated Cursor. There are many different ways of designing a MAGIC pointing technique. Critical to its effectiveness is the identification of the target the user intends to acquire. We have designed two MAGIC pointing techniques, one liberal and the other conservative in terms of target identification and cursor placement. The liberal approach is to warp the cursor to every new object the user looks at (See Figure 1). Inic larsjct will be within the circle with 95% probability The cursor is warped to eye tracking position, which is on or near the true target Previous cursor position, far from targe! (c 200 ni\e'ls i I'i.L'inv I I IK- lilvrul M.V'IU point my kvhnk|iie cursor h placed in l he \icmii> ol a UIP.VI I hut I he

user lixuk's "ii The user can then take control of the cursor by hand near (or on) the target, or ignore it and search for the next target. Operationally, a new object is defined by sufficient distance (e.g., 120 pixels) from the current cursor position, unless the cursor is in a controlled motion by hand. Since there is a 120-pixel threshold, the cursor will not be warped when the user does continuous manipulation such as drawing. Note that this MAGIC pointing technique is different from traditional eye gaze control, where the user uses his eye to point at targets either without a cursor or with a cursor that constantly follows the jittery eye gaze motion. The liberal approach may appear "proactive," since the cursor waits readily in the vicinity of or on every potential target. The user may move the cursor once he decides to acquire the target he is looking at. On the other hand, the user

may also feel that the cursor is over-active when he is merely looking at a target, although he may gradually adapt to ignore this behavior. The more conservative MAGIC pointing technique we have explored does not warp a cursor to a target until the manual input device has been actuated. Once the manual, input device has been actuated, the cursor is warped to the gaze area reported by the eye tracker. This area should be on or in the vicinity of the target. The user would then steer the cursor annually towards the target to complete the target acquisition. As illustrated in Figure 2, to minimize directional uncertainty after the cursor appears in the conservative technique, we introduced an "intelligent" bias. Instead of being placed at the enter of the gaze area, the cursor position is offset to the intersection of the manual actuation vector and the

boundary f the gaze area. This means that once warped, the cursor is likely to appear in motion towards the target, regardless of how the user actually actuated the manual input device. We hoped that with the intelligent bias the user would not have to Gaze position reported by eye tracker Eye tracking boundary with 95% confidence True target will be within the circle with 95% probability. The cursor is warped to eye tracking position, which is on or near the true target Previous cursor position, far from target (e.g., 200 pixels) Figure 1. iepulis.<l K e\ li yet racking boundary with 95% confidence Initial manual actuation vector True turret <.vill be A it h in the en ek w ill) '>" pi olxihihu The cursor is warped to the boundary of the gaze area, along the initial actuation vector Previous cursor position* far from

target Figure 2. The conservative MAGIC pointing technique with "intelligent offset" The liberal MAGIC pointing technique: cursor is placed in the vicinity of a target that the user fixates on. Actuate input device, observe the cursor position and decide in which direction to steer the cursor. The cost to this method is the increased manual movement amplitude. Figure 2. The conservative MAGIC pointing technique with "intelligent offset" To initiate a pointing trial, there are two strategies available to the user. One is to follow "virtual inertia:" move from tie cursor's current position towards the new target the user is looking at. This is likely the strategy the user will employ, due to the way the user interacts with today's interface. The alternative strategy, which may be more advantageous but takes time to learn, is to ignore the previous cursor position and

make a motion which is most convenient and least effortful to the user for a given input device. The goal of the conservative MAGIC pointing method is the following. Once the user looks at a target and moves the input device, the cursor will appear "out of the blue" in motion towards the target, on the side of the target opposite to the initial actuation vector. In comparison to the liberal approach, this conservative approach has both pros and cons. While with this technique the cursor would never be over-active and jump to a place the user does not intend to acquire, it may require more hand-eye coordination effort. Both the liberal and the conservative MAGIC pointing techniques offer the following potential advantages: 1. Reduction of manual stress and fatigue, since the cross screen long-distance cursor movement is eliminated from

manual control. 2. Practical accuracy level. In comparison to traditional pure gaze pointing whose accuracy is fundamentally limited by the nature of eye movement, the MAGIC pointing techniques let the hand complete the pointing task, so they can be as accurate as any other manual input techniques. 3. A more natural mental model for the user. The user does not have to be aware of the role of the eye gaze. To the user, pointing continues to be a manual task, with a cursor conveniently appearing where it needs to be. 4. Speed. Since the need for large magnitude pointing operations is less than with pure manual cursor control, it is possible that MAGIC pointing will be faster than pure manual pointing. 5. Improved subjective speed and ease-of-use. Since the manual pointing amplitude is smaller, the user may perceive the MAGIC pointing system to operate

faster and more pleasantly than pure manual control, even if it operates at the same speed or more slowly. The fourth point wants further discussion. According to the well accepted Fitts' Law, manual pointing time is logarithmically proportional to the A/W ratio, where A is the movement distance and W is the target size. In other words, targets which are smaller or farther away take longer to acquire. For MAGIC pointing, since the target size remains the same but the cursor movement distance is shortened, the pointing time can hence be reduced. It is less clear if eye gaze control follows Fitts' Law. In Ware and Mikaelian's study, selection time was shown to be logarithmically proportional to target distance, thereby conforming to Fitts' Law. To the contrary, Silbert and Jacob [9] found that trial completion time with eye tracking input increases little with distance, therefore

defying Fitts' Law. In addition to problems with today's eye tracking systems, such as delay, error, and inconvenience, there may also be many potential human factor disadvantages to the MAGIC pointing techniques we have proposed, including the following: 1. With the more liberal MAGIC pointing technique, the cursor warping can be overactive at times, since the cursor moves to the new gaze location whenever the eye gaze moves more than a set distance (e.g., 120 pixels) away from the cursor. This could be particularly distracting when the user is trying to read. It is possible to introduce additional constraint according to the context. For example, when the user's eye appears to follow a text reading pattern, MAGIC pointing can be automatically suppressed. 2. With the more conservative MAGIC pointing technique, the uncertainty of the

exact location at which the cursor might appear may force the user, especially a novice, to adopt a cumbersome strategy: take a touch (use the manual input device to activate the cursor), wait (for the cursor to appear), and move (the cursor to the target manually). Such a strategy may prolong the target acquisition time. The user may have to learn a novel handeye coordination pattern to be efficient with this technique. Gaze position reported by eye tracker Eye tracking boundary with 95% confidence True target will be within the circle with 95% probability The cursor is warped to the boundary of the gaze area, along the initial actuation vector Previous cursor position, far from target Initial manual actuation vector 3. With pure manual pointing techniques, the user, knowing the current cursor location, could conceivably perform his motor acts in

parallel to visual search. Motor action may start as soon as the user's gaze settles on a target. With MAGIC pointing techniques, the motor action computation (decision) cannot start until the cursor appears. This may negate the time saving gained from the MAGIC pointing technique's reduction of movement amplitude. Clearly, experimental (implementation and empirical) work is needed to validate, refine, or invent alternative MAGIC pointing techniques. 3.1 IMPLEMENTATIO N We took two engineering efforts to implement the MAGIC pointing techniques. One was to design and implement an eye tracking system and the other was to implement MAGIC pointing techniques at the operating systems level, so that the techniques can work with all software applications beyond "demonstration" software. 3.2 THE IBM

ALMADEN EYE TRACKER Since the goal of this work is to explore MAGIC pointing as a user interface technique, we started out by purchasing a commercial eye tracker (ASL Model 5000) after a market survey. In comparison to the system reported in early studies (e.g. [7]), this system is much more compact and reliable. However, we felt that it was still not robust enough for a variety of people with different eye characteristics, such as pupil brightness and correction glasses. We hence chose to develop and use our own eye tracking system [10]. Available commercial systems, such as those made by ISCAN Incorporated, LC Technologies, and Applied Science Laboratories (ASL), rely on a single light source that is positioned either off the camera axis in the case of the ISCANETL-400 systems, or on-axis in the case of the LCT and the ASL E504

systems. Illumination from an off-axis source (or ambient illumination) generates a dark pupil image. When the light source is placed on-axis with the camera optical axis, the camera is able to detect the light reflected from the interior of the eye, and the image of the pupil appears bright (see Figure 3). This effect is often seen as the red-eye in flash photographs when the flash is close to the camera lens. 5-re %'r-i.yir.i. G_rjJr_*2n: College f Engg., Kolencherry 14 Bright (left) and dark (right) pupil images resulting from onand off-axis illumination. The glints, or corneal reflections, from the on- and off-axis light sources can be easily identified as the bright points in the iris. The Almaden system uses two near infrared (IR) time multiplexed light sources, composed of two sets of IR LED's, which were synchronized with the

camera frame rate. One light source is placed very close to the camera's optical axis and is synchronized with the even frames. Odd frames are synchronized with the second light source, positioned off axis. The two light sources are calibrated to provide approximately equivalent wholescene illumination. Pupil detection is realized by means of subtracting the dark pupil image from the bright pupil image. After thresholding the difference, the largest connected component is identified as the pupil. This technique significantly increases the robustness and reliability of the eye tracking system. After implementing our system with satisfactory results, we* discovered that similar pupil detection schemes had been independently developed by Tomonoetal and Eb'isawa and Satoh. It is unfortunate that such a method has not been used in the

commercial systems. We recommend that future eye tracking product designers consider such an approach. Once the pupil has been detected, the corneal reflection (the glint reflected from the surface of the cornea due to one of the light sources) is determined from the dark pupil image. The reflection is then used to estimate the user's point of gaze in terms of the screen coordinates where the user is looking at. The estimation of the user's gaze requires an initial calibration procedure, similar to that required by commercial eye trackers. Our system operates at 30 frames per second on a Pentium II 333 MHz machine running Windows NT. It can work with any PCI frame grabber compatible with Video for Windows. 3.3 IMPLIMENTING MAGIC POINTING We programmed the two MAGIC pointing techniques on a Windows NT system. The techniques work independently from the applications. The

MAGIC pointing program takes data from both the manual input device (of any type, such as a mouse) and the eye tracking system running either on the same machine or on another machine connected via serial port. Raw data from an eye tracker can not be directly used for gaze-based interaction, due to noise from image processing, eye movement jitters, and samples taken during saccade (ballistic eye movement) periods. We experimented with various filtering techniques and found the most effective filter in our case is similar to that described in [7]. The goal of filter design in general is to make the best compromise between preserving signal bandwidth and eliminating unwanted noise. In the case of eye tracking, as Jacob argued, eye information relevant to interaction lies in the fixations. The key is to select fixation points with minimal delay. Samples collected during a saccade are unwanted

and should be avoided. In designing our algorithm for picking points of fixation, we considered our tracking system speed (30 Hz), and that the MAGIC pointing techniques utilize gaze information only once for each new target, probably immediately after a saccade. Our filtering algorithm was designed to pick a fixation with minimum delay by means of selecting two adjacent points over two samples. 3.4 EXPERIMENT Empirical studies, are relatively rare in eye tracking-based interaction research, although they are particularly needed in this field. Human behavior and processes at the perceptual motor level often do not conform to conscious-level reasoning. One usually cannot correctly describe how to make a turn on a bicycle. Hypotheses on novel interaction techniques can only be validated by empirical data. However, it is also

particularly difficult to conduct empirical research on gazebased interaction techniques, due to the complexity of eye movement and the lack of reliability in eye tracking equipment. Satisfactory results only come when "everything is going right." When results are not as expected, I: difficult to find the true reason among many possible reasons: Is it because a subject's particular eye property fooled the eye tracker Was there a calibration error Or random noise in the imaging system Or is the hypothesis in fact invalid We are still at a very early stage of exploring the MAGIC pointing techniques. More refined or even very different techniques may be designed in the future. We are by no means ready to conduct the definitive empirical studies on MAGIC pointing. However, we also feel that it is important to subject our work to empirical evaluations early so

that quantitative observations can be made and fed back to the iterative designevaluation-design cycle. We therefore decided to conduct a small-scale pilot study to take an initial peek at the use of MAGIC pointing, however unrefined. 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The two MAGIC pointing techniques described earlier were put to test using a set of parameters such as the filter's temporal and spatial thresholds, the minimum cursor warping distance, and the amount of "intelligent bias" (subjectively selected by the authors without extensive user testing). Ultimately the MAGIC pointing techniques should be evaluated with an array of manual input devices, against both pure manual and pure gaze-operated pointing methods. Since this is an early pilot study, we decided to limit ourselves to one manual input device. A standard mouse

was first ^considered to be the manual input device in the experiment. However, it was soon realized not to be the most suitable device for MAGIC pointing, especially when a user decides to use the push-upwards strategy with the intelligent offset. Because in such a case the user always moves in one direction, the mouse tends to be moved off the pad, forcing the user adjust the mouse position, often during a pointing trial. We hence decided to use a miniature isometric pointing stick (IBM Track Point IV, commercially used in the IBM ThinkPad 600 and 770 series notebook computers). Another device suitable for MAGIC pointing is a touchpad: the user can choose one convenient gesture and to take advantage of the intelligent offset. The experimental task was essentially a Fitts' pointing task. Subjects were asked to point and click at targets appearing in random order. If the

subject clicked offtarget, a miss was logged but the trial continued until a target was clicked. An extra trial was added to make up for the missed trial. Only trials with no misses were collected for time performance analyses. Subjects were difficult to find the true reason among many possible reasons: Is it because a subject's particular eye property fooled the eye tracker Was there a calibration error Or random noise in the imaging system Or is the hypothesis in fact invalid We are still at a very early stage of exploring the MAGIC pointing techniques. More refined or even very different techniques may be designed in the future. We are by no means ready to conduct the definitive empirical studies on MAGIC pointing. However, we also feel that it is important to subject our work to empirical evaluations early so that quantitative observations can be made and fed back to the iterative design-

evaluation-design cycle. We therefore decided to conduct a small-scale pilot study to take an initial peek at the use of MAGIC pointing, however unrefined. 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The two MAGIC pointing techniques described earlier were put to test using a set of parameters such as the filter's temporal and spatial thresholds, the minimum cursor warping distance, and the amount of "intelligent bias" (subjectively selected by the authors without extensive user testing). Ultimately the MAGIC pointing techniques should be evaluated with an array of manual input devices, against both pure manual and pure gaze-operated pointing methods. Since this is an early pilot study, we decided to limit ourselves to one manual input device. A standard mouse was first ^considered to be the manual input device in the experiment.

However, it was soon realized not to be the most suitable device for MAGIC pointing, especially when a user decides to use the push-upwards strategy with the intelligent offset. Because in such a case the user always moves in one direction, the mouse tends to be moved off the pad, forcing the user adjust the mouse position, often during a pointing trial. We hence decided to use a miniature isometric pointing stick (IBM Track Point IV, commercially used in the IBM ThinkPad 600 and 770 series notebook computers). Another device suitable for MAGIC pointing is a touchpad: the user can choose one convenient gesture and to take advantage of the intelligent offset. The experimental task was essentially a Fitts' pointing task. Subjects were asked to point and click at targets appearing in random order. If the subject clicked offtarget, a miss was logged but the trial continued until a

target was clicked. An extra trial was added to make up for the missed trial. Only trials with no misses were collected for time performance analyses. Subjects were asked to complete the task as quickly as possible and as accurately as possible. To serve as a motivator, a $20 cash prize was set for the subject with the shortest mean session completion time with any technique. NT' 'I( >. *" srt la-'-vr--iii |<rir>r _MfV,"c Figure 4. Kxpcrirnental task: point at paired targets The task was presented on a 20 inch CRT color monitor, with a 15 by 11 inch viewable area set at resolution of 1280 by 1024 pixels. Subjects sat from the screen at a distance of 25 inches. The following factors were manipulated in the experiments: . two target sizes: 20 pixels (0.23 in or 0.53 degree of viewing

angle at 25 in distance) and 60 pixels in diameter (0.7 in, 1.61 degree) three target distances: 200 pixels (2.34 in, 5.37 degree), 500 pixels (5.85 in, 13.37 degree), and 800 pixels (9.38 in, 21.24 degree) three pointing directions: horizontal, vertical and diagonal A within-subject design was used. Each subject performed the task with all three techniques: (1) Standard, pure manual pointing with no gaze tracking (No Gaze); (2) The conservative MAGIC pointing method with intelligent offset (Gazel); (3) The liberal MAGIC pointing method (Gaze2). Nine subjects, seven male and two female, completed the experiment. The order of techniques was balanced by a Latin square pattern. Seven subjects were experienced Track Point users, while two had little or no experience. With each technique, a 36trial practice session was first given,

during which subjects were encouraged to explore and to find the most suitable strategies (aggressive, gentle, etc.). Tre practice session was followed by two data collection sessions. Although our e.z S~zrz \"irr. ir.i C_r_k_'2r^ C-r'lszscf Bogg.. Kolencherry tracking system allows head motion, at least for those users who do not wear glasses, we decided to use a chin rest to minimize instrumental error. 3.6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Sesslonl Given the pilot nature and the small scale of the experiment, we expected the statistical power of the results to be on the weaker side. In other words, while the significant effects revealed are important, suggestive trends that are statistically nonsignificant are still worth noting for future research. First, we found that subjects' trial completion time significantly varied

with techniques: F(2, 16) = 6.36, p< 0.01. Session2 Figure 5. Mean completion time (sec) vs. experiment session The total average completion time was 1.4 seconds with the standard manual control technique 1.52 seconds with the conservative MAGIC pointing technique (Gazel), and 1.33 seconds with the liberal MAGIC pointing technique (Gaze2). Note that the Gazel Technique had the greatest improvement from the first to the second experiment session, suggesting the possibility of matching the performance of the other two techniques with further practice. As expected, target size significantly influenced pointing time: f(1,8) = 178, p < 0.001. This was true for both the manual and the two MAGIC pointing techniques (Figure 6). Pointing amplitude also significantly affected completion time: F(2, 8) = 97.5, p < 0.001. However, the amount of

influence varied with the technique used, as indicated by the significant interaction between technique and amplitude: F(4, 32) = 7.5, p < 0.001 (Figure 7). As pointing amplitude increased from 200 pixels to 500 pixels and then to 800 pixels, subjects' completion time with the No_Gaze condition increased in a non-linear, logarithmic-like pace as Fitts' Law predicts. This is less true with the two MAGIC pointing techniques, particularly the Gaze2 condition, which is definite:, not logarithmic. Nonetheless, completion time with the MAGIC pointing techniques did increase as target distance increased. This is intriguing because in MAGIC pointing techniques, the manual control portion of the movement should be the distance from the warped cursor position to the true target. Such distance depends on eye tracking system accuracy, which is

unrelated to the previous cursor position. In short, while completion time and target distance with the MAGIC pointing techniques did not completely follow Fitts' Law, they were not completely independent either. Indeed, when we lump target size and target distance according to the Fitts' Law Index of Difficulty ID = \og2(A/W+ 1) [15], we see a similar phenomenon. For the No_Gaze condition: 7=0.28 + 0.31 ID (^=0.912) The particular settings of our experiment were very different from those typically reported in a Fitts' Law experiment: to simulate more realistic tasks we used circular targets distributed in varied directions in a randomly shuffled order, instead of two vertical bars displaced only in the horizontal dimension. We also used an isometric pointing stick, not a mouse. Considering these factors, the above equation is

reasonable. The index of performance {IP) was 3.2 bits per second, in comparison to the 4.5 bits per second in a typical setting (repeated mouse clicks on two vertical bars) [16]. For the Gazel condition: 7=0.8 + 0.22 ID (^=0.716) IP = 4.55 bits per second For Gaze2: 7=0.6 + 0.21 ID (^=0.804) IP = 4.76 bits per second Note that the data from the two MAGIC pointing techniques fit the Fitts' Law model relatively poorly (as expected), although the indices of performance (4.55 and 4.76 bps) were much higher than the manual condition (3.2 bps). Finally, Figure 8 shows that the angle at which the targets were presented had little influence on trial completion time: F(2 16) = 1.57, N.S. 1.6 1.4 I 2 1 Horizontal Diagonal Veitioal O No_Gaze Q Gazel p Gaze2 Figure 8. Mean completion time (sec)

vs. target angle (degrees) The number of misses (clicked off target) was also analyzed. The only significant factor to the number of misses is target size: F(1,8) = 15.6, p < 0.01. Users tended to have more misses with small targets. More importantly, subjects made no more misses with the MAGIC pointing techniques than with the pure manual technique (No_Gaze 8.2 %, Gazel -7%, Gaze2 7.5%). 4 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SPEECH RECOGNITION It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the user's speech are some factors that may affect the quality of speech recognition .When you dial the telephone number of a big company, you are likely to hear the

sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying "Welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want". You pronounce the extension number, your name, and the name of person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator. 4.1 THE TECHNOLOGY Artificial intelligence (Al) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc). Al is behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less expensive than natural intelligence.

Natural language processing (NLP) refers to artificial intelligence methods of communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally stored known words. Identification of a key word causes some action to be taken. In this way, one can communicate with the computer in one's language. No special commands or computer language are required. There is no need to enter programs in a special language for creating software. 4.2 SPEECH RECOGNITION The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which, in used; a simple system may contain a minimum of three filters. The more the number of filters used, the higher the probability of accurate recognition. Presently, switched capacitor digital filters are used

because these can be custom-built in integrated circuit form. These are smaller and cheaper than active filters using operational amplifiers. The filter output is then fed to the ADC to translate the analogue signal into digital word. The ADC samples the filter outputs many times a second. Each sample represents different amplitude of the signal .Evenly spaced vertical lines represent the amplitude of the audio filter output at the instant of sampling. Each value is then converted to a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the sample. A central processor unit (CPU) controls the input circuits that are fed by the ADCS. A large RAM (random access memory) stores all the digital values in a buffer area. This digital information, representing the spoken word, is now accessed by the CPU to process it further. The normal speech has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7 kHz.

Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitation of 300 Hz to3.3 kHz. As explained earlier, the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard, against which the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates, t is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap, etc. Due to this reason, there is never a perfect match between the template and binary input

word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit. The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not, the subtraction produces some difference or error. The smaller the error, the better the match. When the best match occurs, the word is identified and displayed on the screen or used in some other manner. The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that alignment of words

and templates are to be matched correctly in time, before computing the similarity score. This process, termed as dynamic time warping, recognizes that different speakers pronounce the same words at different speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the speaker-independent recognizers. 4.3 APPLICATIONS One of the main benefits of speech recognition system is that it lets user do other works simultaneously. The user can concentrate on observation and manual operations, and still control the machinery by voice input commands. Another major application of speech processing is in military operations. Voice control of weapons is an example. With reliable speech recognition equipment, pilots can give commands and information to the computers by simply speaking into their microphonesthey

don't have to use their hands for this purpose. Another good example is a radiologist scanning hundreds of X-rays, ultrasonograms, CT scans and simultaneously dictating conclusions to a speech recognition system connected to word processors. The radiologist can focus his attention on the images rather than writing the text. Voice recognition could also be used on computers for making airline and hotel reservations. A user requires simply to state his needs, to make reservation, cancel a reservation, or make enquiries about schedule. 5 THE SIMPLE USER INTERST TRACKER (SUITOR) Computers would have been much more powerful, had they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth. What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker

(SUITOR) is a revolutionary approach in this direction. By observing the Webpage a netizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at his desktop. By simply noticing where the user's eyes focus on the computer screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest. It can even deliver relevant information to a handheld device. The success lies in how much the suitor can be intimate to the user. IBM's BlueEyes research project began with a simple question, according to Myron Flickner, a manager in Almaden's USER group: Can we exploit nonverbal cues to create more effective user interfaces One such cue is gazethe direction in which a person is looking. Flickner and his colleagues have created some new techniques for tracking a person's eyes and have incorporated this

gaze-tracking technology into two prototypes. One, called SUITOR (Simple User Interest Tracker), fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with information related to^the user's current task. SUITOR knows where you are looking, what applications you are running, and what Web pages you may be browsing. "If I'm reading a Web page about IBM, for instance," says Paul Maglio, the Almaden cognitive scientist who invented SUITOR, "the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories that could affect IBM. If I read the headline off the ticker, it pops up the story in a browser window. If I start to read the story, it adds related stories to the ticker. That's the whole idea of an attentive systemone that attends to what you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs." 6 CONCLUSION The nineties

witnessed quantum leaps interface designing for improved man machine interactions. The BLUE EYES technology ensures a convenient way of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities in computing devices. Now that we have proven the method, the next step is to improve the hardware. Instead of using cumbersome modules to gather information about the user, it will be better to use smaller and less intrusive units. The day is not far when this technology will push its way into your house hold, making you more lazy. It may even reach your hand held mobile device. Any way this is only a technological forecast. 7 BIBILIOGRAPHY Ekman, P. and Rosenberg, E. (Eds.) Cl9a7)i What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS|

Oxford University Press: New York. Dryer, D.C. (1993). Multidimensional and Discriminant Function Analyses of Affective State Data. Stanford University, unpublished manuscript. Dryer, D.C. (1999). Getting personal with computers: How to design personalities for agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence Dryer, D.C, and Horowitz, L.M. (1997). When do opposites attract Interpersonal Complementarity versus similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Johnson, R.C. (1999). Computer Program Recognizes Facial Expressions. EE Times ' http://www.eetimes.c om/, April 5. Picard, R. (1997). Affective Computing. MIT Press: Cambridge. CONTENTS 1. INTRDUCTION 1 2. EMOTION MOUSE 2 2.1 EMOTION AND COMPUTING 2

2.2THEORY 3 2.3EXPERIMENTA L DESIGN 4 2.3.1 METHOD 4 2.3.2 PROCEDURE 5 2.3.3 RESULTS 5 3. MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED 7 3.1 IMPLEMENTATIO N 14 3.2 IBM ALMADEN EYE TRACKER 14 3.3 IMPLIMENTING MAGIC POINTING 16 3.4 EXPERIMENT 16 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 17 3.6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 19 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SPEECH RECOGNITION 22 4.1 THE TECHNOLOGY 23 4.2 SPEECH RECOGNITION 23 4.3 APPLICATIONS 24 5. THE SIMPLE USER INTEREST TRACKER 26 6. CONCLUSION 27 7 .BIBILIOGRAPHY 28 Please Use Search http://www.seminarprojects.com/search.php To Get More Information About

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ABSTRACT The computers we use in our day-to-day life have tremendous abilities to sophisticated tasks easily.They can do the tasks assigned to them with a lightning speed. They can understand a variety of computer

languages. They can effectively compile the programs written in these languages and understand what to do. Despite their lightning speed and awesome powers of computation, today's PCs are essentially deaf, dump and blind. If wc want our computers to be genuinely intelligent and interact naturally with us, we must give them the power to recognize and understand emotions. Imagine ourselves in a world where human interact with computers in the same way as with humans. It has the ability to gather information about us and interact accordingly. It can even understand the emotions of it's user at the touch of a mouse. This can be brought into reality with the help of the upcoming technology The BLUE EYES. For the implementation of The Blue Eyes technology we must give our personnel computers the power to recognize and understand our emotions. The search for a unique and reliable technique for securing resources has finally led to the realization that human physiological traits are unique enough for it to be used as an identifier. The thing lacking was the

technology to exploit the potential of these characteristics. The new technology, BIOMETRICS emerged as a solution for this situation. Thus BLUE EYES used biometric sensors can make incredible effect in the field of emotion detection which itself can act as a security measure. 1. INTRODUCTION The BLUE EYES project was started at IBM's Almaden Research Centre in USA. It aims at giving computers highly developed abilities to perceive, integrate and interpret visual, auditory and touch information. The project explores various ways of allowing people to operate computers without conscious effort. Gaze tracking seemed like the natural place to start. This is because the eyes are the most expressive part in a human being and all the emotions are reflected in the eyes. These days it is the humans who have to adapt to the computers by learning various languages, modes of operations etc. The BLUE EYES project aims at creating computers, which can adapt to humans and thus enable them to operate much more

conveniently. The project enables computers and humans to work together more as partners. Effective utilization of existing Biometric techniques for the purpose of the emotion detection is done in the Blue Eyes project. Different Biometric sensors are used to monitor different parts of the human body. By proper processing of the output of these sensors the emotion of a person is identified. The Blue Eyes uses non-obtrusive sensing technologies such as video cameras and microphones, to identify user's action and to extract key information. These clues are analyzed to determine the user's physical, emotional or informational state. 2. BIOMETRICS The computers must be given power to sense emotion of its user, in order to make them 'attentive computers'. BIOMETRICS is the science used for the implementation. It is the science by which we measure the physiological and behavioral characteristics of a person. And by using these characteristics the emotional state of the user is identified. The eyes are the most expressive part of a

human being. So iris scanning is the most important technique used. The emotions of a human being will directly reflect in his physiological attributes. So the measure of heartbeat, blood pressure etc. will give straight information about the emotional state of the user. Several techniques like eye gaze tracking, facial expression detection, speech recognition, detection using Emotion mouse, Jazz multi sensor etc. are used for emotion detection. Besides the emotion detection, the Biometric techniques can be used for security purposes. The physical characteristics like the finger prints, hand geometry, retina, voice etc. are unique for every human being. Thus by analyzing these characteristics a person can be easily identified. Thus several methods like fingerprint identification, retinal scan, voice identification etc are successfully implemented for the purpose of security. Here in the implementation of Blue Eyes, the biometric techniques are used mainly for the purpose of emotion detection. 3. MAIN BIOMETRIC

TECHNIQUES 3.1 Facial expression detection The facial expression detection consists of two steps The Face recognition and Expression detection. Face Recognition Face recognition is applied in a variety of domains, predominantly for security. The user's face must be identified before further processing. The first problem to be solved before attempting face recognition is to find the face in the image. The first stage of the process is color segmentation, which simply determines if the proportion of the skin tone pixels is greater than some threshold. Subsequently candidate regions are given scores.Next instead of searching for all the facial features directly in the face image, a few 'high level' features (eyes, nose, mouth) are first located. Then other 26 'low level' features that may be parts of eyes, nose, mouth, eyebrows etc. are located with respect to high level feature locations. The approximate locations of the high level features are known from statistics of mean and variance relative to the nose position, gathered on the training database

Expression Detection The facial expression determination is a field in which fast researches are going on. The most intriguing invention is Expression Glasses. This is a mobile device which can be worn by the user. This is very comfortable to wear and the survey about it among the subject users provide a good result. This device measures the movement of face muscles. The movement is then compared with some reference index to determine emotion. This device is used to determine the user's level of interest or confusion by measuring the movement of muscles around the eyes. The output from the expression glasses is fed to the computer for further processing. There it is converted into a two colored bar graph, in which red bars indicate confusion and green for interest. This graph will give a clear indication about the level of interest or confusion. 3.2 Speech Recognition Speech recognition is the process of converting a speech signal to a set of words, by means of an algorithm implemented as computer program. Voice

or speaker identification is a related process that attempts to identify the person speaking, as opposed to what is being said. Speech is processed by means of complex voice processing algorithms. First the speech signal is converted into a set of words, by proper sampling, quantization and coding. These words are called voice prints. There is already a reference index which contains different voice prints corresponding to each emotion. By comparing the subject user's voice print with these reference the emotion is identified. Mainly the tone of the voice is compared, besides what is being said. 3.3 Emotion Mouse A non-invasive way to obtain the information about the user's emotional state is through touch. People use their computer to store and manipulate data. The proposed method for obtaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. The computer determines the user's emotional state by a simple touch. Sensors in the mouse sense physiological attributes, which are correlated to

emotions using a correlation model. The emotion mouse consists of a number of sensors which will sense individual attributes. The different sensors incorporated in the emotion mouse are IR sensor, thermosister chip, galvanic sensor. The IR sensor will measure the heartbeat from the fingertip, the thermosister chip will measure the body temperature and galvanic sensor will take the measure of skin conductivity. All these attributes are combined to form a vector which is the representative of the emotional state of the user. This vector is used to determine the present emotion of the user. This vector is being compared with the emotion-toattribute correlation model and the emotion detection is realized. 3.4 Eye Gaze Tracking The eye gaze tracking system monitors the eye movement of the user to detect his emotional state. This system uses a technique called Pupil finder to monitor subject user's eye movement. 3.5 Jazz Multi Sensor Jazz multi sensor is a sensor which will sense multi attributes. This

sensor is a mobile device that the user can wear it on his forehead. This device is a marvelous one which has multi sensors incorporated on it. This device uses all the techniques of emotion detection described above. This single device is capable of detecting a subject user's emotional state. This device is developed at the research laboratory of Poznan University, Poland. The different sensors in a Jazz sensor are IR sensor, oculographic transducer, environment illumination sensor, expression glass, microphone etc. The different sensors senses different physiological attributes which will give a complex output. The plethysmographic signals, which are the signals from cardiac, circulatory and pulmonary systems, will give direct indication of the emotional state. The sensors sensing these signals are collectively known as plethysmograhic transducers. The IR sensor senses the heartbeat and level of blood oxygenation. The heartbeat pulse rate is calculated at the analysis section by making use of the level of

oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin sensed by the Jazz sensor. The voice data is sensed by microphone. The audio signal corresponding to this voice data is properly coded and transmitted to the analysis unit. The expression glasses will monitor the muscle movement around eyes, and the facial expression of the subject user is examined. The saccades are the most abrupt eye movement It will directly give indication about level of visual attention of the user. The eye movement is monitored by oculographic transducers. The implement the principle eye gaze tracking. The two axial accelerometers provided will sense the velocity of eye motion along with head acceleration. The sensor provided for detecting eye movement are optical transducers. So for getting accurate processed data about eye position and eye movement ,we need some information about the operating room. The environmental illumination sensor will serve this purpose. It will provide data regarding the light conditions of the room. The Jazz sensor thus

senses different physiological attributes which will point to the emotional state of the user. The separate attributes will have different values and hence they have to be appropriately multiplexed. The Jazz sensor will take measure of saccadic activity in an interval of every lKHz and other parameters at an interval of 250Hz. Thus they are properly transmitted for suitable analysis to acquire emotion detection. 4. BLUE EYES HARDWARE 4.1 System Overview Blue eyes system provides technical means for monitoring and recording the operator's physiological parameters . The Blue Eyes hardware consists of mainly two parts. They are the Data Acquisition Unit and The Central System Unit. Data Acquisition Unit is a mobile measuring device, which consists of a number of modules like physiological parameter sensor, voice interface, ID card interface etc. ID card assigned to each of the operators and adequate user profdes on the central system unit provide necessary data personalization, so different people can use a

single mobile device. The mobile device is integrated with Bluetooth module for providing wireless interface between sensors worn by the operator and the central unit. Central System Unit actually provides the realtime buffering of incoming sensor signals and semi-real-time processing of the data. It consists of different data modules for the proper functioning . The overall system diagram is shown below. The explanation for individual components is as follows. Overall picture diagram 4.2 Data Acquisition Unit Data Acquisition Unit is the mobile part of the Blue Eyes hardware. Main tasks of mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain Bluetooth connections, receive the information from the sensor and sending it over the wireless connection, to deliver the alarm messages send from the central system unit to the operator and handle personalized ID cards. The components which constitute the data acquisition unit are Atmel 89C52, a PCM Codec, personal ID card interface, Jazz

multisensor interface, a beeper, an LCD display, LED indicators a simple keyboard, and finally a Bluettoth modue. The arrangement of these blocks to realize a DAU is picturized below. Microphone f^f v:: 'CM AZZ 3 earphone

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The DAU of the Blue Eyes hardware composed of the different components as explained below. a. Personnel ID card interface. ID cards are assigned to each of the operators and corresponding adequate user profiles on the central system unit provides necessary data personalization, so different people can use the single mobile DAU. In order to start the proper functioning of the DAU the operator should insert

the personal ID card. After inserting the ID card into the mobile device and entering proper PIN code, the device will start listening for incoming Bluetooth connections. Once the connection has been established and authorization process is succeeded (PIN code is correct) central system start monitoring the output of the DAU. b. Jazz multi sensor The multi sensor will sense different physiological parameters and send the complex output signal to DAU. This signal is received, properly coded and send to the central system unit over the Bluetooth connection. The Jazz sensor is properly interfaced to the microcontroller. c. Bluetooth module The ROK 101008 Bluetooth module is used here to establish a wireless connection between a mobile DAU and the stationary central system unit. The Bluetooth module provides wireless connection between two transceivers in a range of about 10m ie the vicinity of a room. d. Atmel 89C52 Microcontroller The Atmel 89C52 is the microcontroller which

forms the core of the DAU. It enhances serial data transmission, bidirectionally. The 89C52 is chosen since it is has well established industrial standards and it provide necessary functionality. It has a very high speed serial port which makes the serial data transmission smooth. All the DAU software is written in the 8051 assembler code and the assembler used here is the AS-31. This ensures highest program efficiency and lowest resource utilization. e. PCM Codec Since the Bluetooth module supports the synchronous voice data transmission, the Blue Eyes hardware uses PCM Codec to transmit operator's voice and central system sound feedback. The codec employed reduces the microcontroller's task and lessens the amount of data being send over the UART. The PCM Codec performs voice data compression, which results in smaller bandwidth utilization and better sound quality. The codec used here is Motorola MC 145483 linear 13 bit 3.3V codec which is voltage level compatible with

Bluetooth module. f. Beeper, LED, LCD and Keyboard The central system unit will sense the user defined alarm conditions from the input given to it by the DAU. The beeper will produce alarm sound when the exceptions are detected. It is used to inform the user or his colleagues about the exceptions detected. A simple keyboard is provided to react to the incoming events, ie for example to silence the alarm sound. This keyboard is also used to enter the personal PIN code, while performing the authorization procedure. The alphanumeric LCD display gives more information about the alarm conditions. It helps the user to enter his personal PIN number accurately. In the authorization process ,if the user is not entering his ID card, the system will undergo a self test and the LED indicators associated with the DAU will shows the output of the self test. It also shows the current power level and the state of wireless connection. An assembled DAU which is developed in the Poznan University is shown below.

DAU stores the received data from the sensor in an internal buffer, after the whole frame is completed it encapsulates the data in an ACL frame and send it over the Bluetooth link. The fetching phase takes up approximate 192us ( 8us x 24 frames) and the sending phase takes at 115200 bps approximately. In the DAU there are two independent data sourcesthe Jazz sensor and the Bluetooth host controller. Since both are handled using the interrupt system, it is necessary to decide which of the source should have higher priority. Giving the sensor data the highest priority may results in losing some of the data send by the Bluetooth module, as the transmission of the sensor data takes twice as much time as receiving one byte data from UART. Missing a single byte data send from the Bluetooth causes the lose of control over the transmission. On other hand, giving the Bluetooth the highest priority will make the DAU stop receiving the sensor data until the host controller finishes its transmission.In this case the interrupted sensor

frame shall be discarded. We do not consider the data being send from the DAU to the Bluetooth as it does not affect the operation. Since the missing 1 byte of Bluetooth communication affects the functioning of DAU much more than losing one single sensor data frame, the high priority is obviously given to the Bluetooth link. 4.3 Central System Unit The central system unit constitute the second peer of wireless connection. This box contains the Bluetooth transceiver and PCM codec for voice data transmission. The main functions of the CSU includes maintaining Bluetooth connection, buffering incoming sensor data, performing online data analysis, recording the results for further reference and providing visualization. The main parts which constitute the CSU are connection manager, data logger module, data analysis module, alarm dispatcher module and visualization module. The connection manager forms the front end of the CSU which receives the incoming data. The data logger module buffers the incoming data and the processed information. The data analysis module

processes the output of the sensor and identifies the emotion. The incoming data is loaded into the alarm dispatcher module together with the data logger. This module checks the alarm conditions and produce suitable output. The visualization module provides a convenient way for the supervisor to access the database. CSU intermodule communication C onnection Manager Ope ra tor manager (OM) ager(OM) ... OM OM Separated physiological data streams 1 Data Visualization D ata Analysis Module Logger

t r Processed data Recorded (off-line) data The individual units which constitute the CSU are explained below. a. Connection Manager Connection Manager's main task is to perform low-level Bluetooth communication using host Controller Interface commands. It is designed to cooperate with all

available Bluetooth devices. Additionally, Connection Manager authorizes operators, manages their sessions, demultiplexes and buffers raw physiological data. Bluetooth Connection Manager is responsible for establishing and maintaining connections using all available Bluetooth devices. It periodically inquires new devices in an operating range and checks whether they are registered in the system database. Only with those devices, the Connection Manager will communicate. After establishing a connection an authentication procedure occurs. The authentication process is performed using system PIN code fetched from the database. Once the connection has been authenticated the mobile unit sends a data frame containing the operator's identifier. Finally, the Connection Manager adds a SCO link ( voice connection) and runs a new dedicated Operator Manager, which will manage the new operator's session.. b. Operator Manager The data of each supervised operator is buffered separately in the dedicated Operator Manager. At the startup it

communicates with the Operator Data Manager in order to get more detailed personal data. The most important Operator Manager's task is to buffer the incoming raw data and to split it into separate data streams related to each of the measured parameters. The raw data is sent to a Logger Module, the split data streams are available for the other system modules through producer-consumer queues. Furthermore, the Operator Manager provides an interface for sending alert messages to the related operator. Operator Data Manager provides an interface to the operator database enabling the other modules to read or write personal data and system access information. c. Data Logger Module The module provides support for storing the monitored data in order to enable the supervisor to reconstruct and analyze the course of the operator's duty. The module registers as a consumer of the data to be stored in the database. Each working operator's data is recorded by a separate instance of the Data Logger. Apart from the raw or processed physiological data, alerts

and operator's voice are stored. The raw data is supplied by the related Operator Manager module, whereas the Data Analysis module delivers the processed data. The voice data is delivered by a Voice Data Acquisition module. The module registers as an operator's voice data consumer and optionally processes the sound to be stored (i.e. reduces noise or removes the fragments when the operator does not speak). The Logger's task is to add appropriate time stamps to enable the system to reconstruct the voice. d. Data Analysis Module The module performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about the operator's physiological condition. The separately running Data Analysis Module supervises each of the working operators. The module consists of a number of smaller analyzers extracting different types of information. Each of the analyzers registers at the appropriate Operator Manager or another analyzer as a data consumer and, acting as a producer, provides the results of the analysis e. Alarm Dispatcher Module

Alarm Dispatcher Module is a very important part of the Data Analysis module. It registers for the results of the data analysis, checks them with regard to the user-defined alarm conditions and launches appropriate actions when needed. The module is a producer of the alarm messages, so that they are accessible in the logger and visualization modules. f. Visualization Module The module provides user interface for the supervisors. It enables them to watch each of the working operator's physiological condition along with a preview of selected video source and his related sound stream. All the incoming alarm messages are instantly signaled to the supervisor. Moreover, the visualization module can be set in the off-line mode, where all the data is fetched from the database. Watching all the recorded physiological parameters, alarms, video and audio data the supervisor is able to reconstruct the course of the selected operator's duty. 5. APPLICATIONS OF BLUE EYES BLUE EYES enables the computer to adapt a working style that fits

users personality to increase his productivity The technology can also be incorporated into automobiles and the interactive entertainment such as toys etc. An alarm can be devised in the steering of a vehicle to warn the driver, if his stress level goes beyond the critical level. Also, Blue Eyes is going to find its way in the routines of human beings with application such as TV, washing machine etc. Also if we take case of a company, the supervisor can be given the power to access the database containing his employees profile, which is linked with Blue Eyes technology. Thus he can check the emotional state of any of his worker at any time at his own will. Thereby he can evaluate the performance of his employees. For example, the boss can monitor the saccadic activity of a worker at his night duty time, and if the saccadic activity is smaller, the boss can infer that the worker is sleeping. He can trigger an alarm at this condition or can inform others to wake him up. 6. FUTURE SCOPE We find it possible still to improve our project. The use of a miniature CMOS

camera integrated into the eye movement sensor will enable the system to calculate the point of gaze and observe what the operator is actually looking at. Introducing voice recognition algorithm will facilitate the communication between the operator and the central system and simplify authorization process. Future applications of this technology is limitless from designing cars to controlling your household devices. 7. CONCLUSION The BLUE EYES is the most modern technology, which dealt with giving the computers emotional intelligence. This innovation can make our life so simple that anybody can operate any household devices, sophisticated machines, manufacturing machines in industries which have complicated operating procedures etc without much conscious effort. By the implementation of this technology we can have devices which will do our tasks when we speak to them. We will work with our personal computer which can hear us, speak to us and even scream aloud. This amazing technology will simplify

our life by providing more delicate means to operate our devices. Thus the BLUE EYES will find its way to our day-to-day life and will become an integral part of it.

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http://www.wikipedia.org/ ,ets ROK101008 Bluetooth Module, Erickson Microelectronics CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .1 2. BIOMETRICS 2 3. MAIN BIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES 3 3.1 FACIAL EXPRESSION DETECTION 3 3.2 SPEECH RECOGNITION 4 3.3 EMOTION MOUSE 4 3.4 EYE GAZE TRACKING 5 3.5 JAZZ MULTISENSOR 5 4. BLUE EYES HARDWARE 8 4.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 8 4.2 DATA ACQUISITION UNIT 10 4.3 CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT 14 5. APPLICATION 18 6. FUTURE SCOPE 19 7. CONCLUSION 20 8. REFERENCE 21

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BLUE EYES.pptx (Size: 3.57 MB / Downloads: 1057) Introduction Developed by IBM at Almaden Research centre. Aims at giving computers highly developed abilities. Enables computers and humans to work together

more as partners. Employs video camers. Basic Principle Human physiological traits are reliable resources for identification of emotions. Measures GSR, heart rate, skin temperature. Measures six basic emotions. Data subjected to two analysis 1. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) 2. Discriminant function analysis. Physiological measurements were correlated to emotions. . Recent developments MAGIC Pointing Eye tracker Emotion Mouse MAGIC POINTING Pointing and selection were aided by gaze tracking. Use gaze to redefine the position of cursor. Two MAGIC pointing techniques are, Liberal Conservative Advantages of magic pointing Accurate High speed Reduce manual stress and fatigue. Ease of use

Disadvantages Eye gaze is not precise enough to operate Movements of eyes are voluntarily controlled while at other times it is driven by external events. Eye tracker More compact and reliable Illumination from an offaxis and on-axis source generates a dark pupil image and bright pupil image. Working. Advantages of eye tracker Very Robust. Able to detect pupils from wild field of view. Range up to 5m from camera. Can be used for even people with glasses. Fast and low cost pupil detection technique. EMOTION MOUSE Emotions are important to the computing community. A non-invasive way to obtain information about a user is through touch. The computer determines the user's emotional state by a simple touch on the mouse. Sensing of physiological attributes, related to emotions.

SIMPLE USER INTEREST TRACKER SUITOR-The Simple User Interest Tracker. Finds out the areas of interest of the user. The attentive system FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS Security purposes. ordinary household devices . Eg : Working of television , refrigerators & ovens when we look at them. REFERENCE Affective Computing Picard. R. Advantages of Eye Gaze InteractionSilbert.L. Bluetooth Module, Ericsson Microelectronics, BLUE EYES system overview, Datasheet, Poznan University. http://www.eetimes.com/ http://www.ibm.com/ Please Use Search http://www.seminarprojects.com/search.php To Get More Information About A Seminar Or Project Topic

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