GEO CHEMICAL MODELLING OF WATER POLLUTION USING GIS A CASE STUDY FOR TIRUPPUR DISTRICT

ABSTRACT
In this paper an attempt has been made to study water pollution in Tiruppur district a place known for its dying industries in Tamilnadu. In order to assess the extent of groundwater deterioration, detailed analysis of groundwater quality has been carried out. Totally 18 water samples have been collected from PWD wells during the year 2008 are tested for various chemical parameters like Electrical Conductivity (EC), Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH), Calcium(Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Sodium(Na),Potassium(K), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Carbonate (CO3), Sulphate (SO4), Chloride (Cl),The Geostatistical analysis using ArcGIS 9 was used to generate voronoi maps like mean, and simple to study the spatial distribution pattern of contaminants movement. The generation of above maps was used to identify the local smoothing, & local influence. The well known interpolation technique IDWA was used for finding unknown sample values from known sample value. Water pollution is classified into high, medium, low based on interpolation

technique. The results of voronoi maps clearly show that in the Tiruppur town and the surrounding villages where the dying industries are located, is heavily contaminated and water is not suitable for any drinking or agriculture purpose.

CONTENTS: 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 STUDY AREA 1.2 PREPARATION OF BASE MAP 1.3 LOCATION OF SAMPLING POINTS 2.0 INVERSE DISTANCE WEIGHTED AVERAGING 2.1 THIESSEN POLYGON ANALYSIS-A STATISTICAL BACKGROUND 3.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

4.0 CONCLUSION

5.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION Water is vital for all living organism including human beings and the major source is the ground water, which is being used for drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose. In recent years it has been recognized that quality of water is also equally important like quantity. Use of water with adverse chemical composition and quality (high sodium adsorption ratio) causes salification of agricultural soil, and over period of time renders unusable for further use. The rehabilitation of the unusable soil requires expensive treatment. Likewise use of water with high concentration of certain ions decrease the efficiency of industrial units, which results in loss of productivity and benefits. All the water sources contain salts in solution that are derived from the location and past movement of water. The type and concentration of salts present in water depend on the environment and movement. 1.1 Study Area Tiruppur is located in Coimbatore district, 50 km east of Coimbatore, and it is also known as textile city. It covers villages like Sokkanur, Toravalur, Kalipalayam, Chettipalayam, Muthanampalayam, Pongalur, Avanashipalayam. In 1991 from these villages agricultural productivity was around 70% out of total district production presently it drastically reduced due to textile industries. 1.2 Preparation of base map The base map was prepared using the Survey and land record map at a scale of 1: 75000. The various features like boundaries and sample points were included in the base map as shown in Fig 1. 1.3 Location of sampling points The method of random sampling were adopted to collect soil samples at 18 locations in and around Tiruppur and its surrounding villages and tested for various ground water parameters like Electrical conductivity, pH, Carbonate, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium and sodium The

geographical locations of various sampling points in the study area are collected by global positioning system (GPS) instrument are shown in Fig.1

Figure1: Study area map indicates sampling locations 2.0 INVERSE DISTANCE WEIGHTED AVERAGING IDWA is a deterministic estimation method whereby values at unsampled points are determined by a liner combination of values at known sampled points. Weighting of near by points is strictly a function of distance-no other criteria are considered. This approach combines idea of proximity such as thiessen polygons with gradual changes of the trend surface. The assumption is that values closer to the unsampled location are more representative of the values to be estimated than values from samples further away. Weights changes according to the linear distance of the samples from the unsampled point in other words, nearby observations have a heavier weight. The spatial arrangement of the samples does not affect the weight. IDWA approaches the neighrest neighbor interpolation method, in which the interpolated values simply takes on the value of the closest sample point. IDWA interpolators are of the form

(x)=iy(xi)
i = the weights for the individual locations y(xi)= the variables evaluated in the observation location

The sum of the weights is equal to 1. Weights are assigned proportional to the inverse of the Distance between the sampled and prediction point. So the larger the distance between sampled point and prediction point, the smaller the weight given to the value at the sampled point

2.1THIESSEN POLYGON ANALYSIS-A STATISTICAL BACKGROUND Voronoi polygons are created so that every location within a polygon is closer to the sample point in that polygon than any other sample point. After the polygons are created, neighbors of a sample point are defined as any other sample point whose polygon shares a border with the chosen sample point. Using this definition of neighbors, a variety of local statistics can be computed. For example, a local mean is computed by taking the average of the sample point and its neighbors. After this is repeated for all polygons and their neighbors, a color ramp shows the relative values of the local means, which helps visualize regions of high and low values. The Voronoi Mapping tool provides a number of methods for assigning or calculating values to polygons. Simple: The value assigned to a cell is the value recorded at the sample point within that cell. Mean: The value assigned to a cell is the mean value that is calculated from the cell and its neighbors. Mode: The value assigned to a cell is the mode (most frequently occurring class) of the cell and its neighbors. Cluster: If the cell value is different from its neighbors, then the cell is colored gray to distinguish it from its neighbors. Standard Deviation: The value assigned to a cell is the standard deviation that is calculated from the cell and its neighbors. The functional category is given in Table 1.

Table 1. The functional category Functional category Voronoi statistics

Mean Local Smoothing Mode Standard deviation Cluster Simple

Local Variation Local Outliers Local Influence

3.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS The spatial analyst extension from the Arc GIS platform was used to prepare inverse distance weighted average for EC and Chloride. Fig 2 & 3 clearly reveals the problem of study area. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization if EC values reach greater than 3 desimens per meter is not suitable for irrigation and drinking purpose. In the study area greater than 4 dsm-1 EC value observed. 4.25ds/m value observed from Velarasikallipalayam and above 9 dsm-1 observed from Chettipalayam and Nachipalayam. Chloride also reaches above 80 me/l against the standard value of 10me/l. High concentration of chloride particularly affect the sensitive crops. So its clearly reveals that water is not suitable for agricultural purpose.

Figure 2 and 3: Illustrating spatial distribution of Salinity and Chloride

The statistical analysis used to determine the local smoothing, and local influence of various chemical parameters in the study area is considered to find whether water quality has been deteriorated because of textile dying industry. For illustration the Electrical Conductivity (EC) is taken and voronoi maps were generated. The voronoi map of simple is shown in Fig 4. The hatched polygons (dark brown color) indicate the places of high EC values. The values range between 3 to 9 dsm-1. The maximum of 9 dsm-1 is observed at a place where the dying industries are located. This clearly indicates that in the Chettipalayam, and Nachipalayam has high electrical conductivity value due to presence of dying industry. The voronoi map based on mean is shown in Fig 5. The main advantage of mean, shows the regions of high and low values. Again as expected the zone of dying industries is having very high EC value. The results of mean can be interpreted as sample & its neighbors. That is almost all of the samples in the industrial zone is highly contaminated and the average as a whole is very high when the whole district is considered.

Figure 4 and 5: Shows statistical illustration of Salinity (simple and mean)

4.0 CONCLUSION

The following conclusions were derived from the study.

The electrical conductivity is very high in the Nachipalayam and Chettipalayam villages in Tiruppur district, where dying industries are located and reaching a maximum of above 9 ds/m

The results of mean indicate that almost all of the samples in the industrial zone are highly contaminated. EC values cross the standard limits and it is not suitable for irrigation purposes.

Chloride value also reaches above 80mg/l it is very high compare to FAO standard value of 10mg/l. it is also clearly indicates water is not suitable for agriculture and drinking purpose. Soil Ph value in most of the places are greater then the neutral value of 7 which implies the soil is slightly alkaline in the agricultural area and it is greatly affects the fertility of soil and quality of plant growth.

Department of soil science and Agricultural chemistry results also point out that water quality in industrial belt belongs to severely contaminated zone.

5.0 REFERENCES