Article

Remediation of Aerosolized Particulate Pollutants in Urban Areas

Morgan J. Boardman1
1

Morningstar Applied Physics, LLC Vienna, Virginia 22182 USA

E-MAIL: mb@morningstarap.com Received:/Accepted:/Published:

ABSTRACT: High voltage (hv) power lines have long been suspected of inducing cancer or in nearby residents. Electromagnetic-field (emf) radiation may have an impact on these illnesses. Testing of the effects of emf radiation have shown no increase in the incidence of cancer, rendering this concept unlikely. However, a recent study indicated that children in households with greater than 0.4 t (micro-tesla) are at greater risk. A later study indicated that high voltage power lines have a large corona of electrons that surrounds the power lines. The perturbation of the air splits ions into positive and negative sticky ions, which act to attract many aerosolized particulate pollutants including radon. Moreover, inhaling this concentrated aerosolized pollution is the likely cause of a statistical increase of acute lymphocytic leukemia in nearby residents. This study investigates the possible applications of a high voltage diode array used for the attraction of pollutants over a multi-kilometer distance extracted from the environment and converted into harmless material. If successful, a proposed approach using a diode array could clean the atmosphere and reduce the overall risk to health produced by pollution. This might be useful in reducing the health risks for long term space deployment. A second-order positive effect may be the remediation of the Earths atmosphere and the ozone layer. KEYWORDS: Sticky corona ions, pollution, high-voltage power lines, exotic microorganisms, nanobacteria, lipid algae, pollution remediation, environmental clean-up, electroporation.

1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to examine the value of combining high-voltage electrical and magnetic fields with the intent of developing a means to mitigate and eradicate aerosolized pollutants. Removing these pollutants would positively affect the health of those living in the local region. A requirement for the studys success is zero creation of dangerous byproducts. A holistic method of integration and function is proposed. The paper examines several approaches: Build an above-ground diode array, which would be placed upon a small manmade island in a water pond. The pond will contain a variety of micro-flora, our ugly yet lovely little friends - which feed off of the pollutants and each other, resulting in an organic process that ends with inert material as an excreted byproduct.
1

Experimentalist, Vienna, VA

Develop an alternative extraction and filtration methodology utilizing the diode array, wind and filtration systems. The first approach utilizes highly-fatty lipid micro-organisms, to combine with the attracted pollutants around the diode array. The organisms are then processed by the micro flora in the pond. These algae could be sprayed into the surrounding perturbed air acting as an oleophillic medium combining with the pollutants, falling back into a reservoir, and consumed by micro-flora that excrete silica or calcium and catalyze the destruction of the pollutants. Investigations regarding the effectiveness of the array, viability of micro organisms and secondary effects will need to be conducted. The second approach is the saturation of the perturbed air containing consolidated pollutants down into a spray of oil; the oil is then filtered, trapped, processed and recycled into reuse. An investigation into the efficacy of the filtration systems and the disposal of filtered material is warranted to examine these effects. The design and engineering for such a system would also need to be researched.

2. BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Composition of Aerosolized Particulates. Natural or organic particulate pollution is common; much of it comes from salt in the air, from natural releases of gas at the earths surface, from plant matter, mineral matter and some volcanic ash or ejectants, and wild-fire particles. Approximately 10% of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) on the globe is manmade or anthropogenic. Relationships between aerosolized particulate matter, whether it is dissolved or not, appear to have a direct effect on human health1,2. Respirable Suspended Particles (RSPs) are SPMs that are 10 micrometers or less in diameter.

Figure 1 - Various forms of natural and anthropogenic aerosolized pollutants, and the cycle of pollutant catalyzation (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

Nearly 200,000 deaths occur each year in Europe and up to 50,000 per year in the USA as a result of inhalation of aerosolized particulates. This presents a serious health concern. Even though the RSPs present a significant health risk, there are secondary risks as well. Fellicity Barringer3 identifies the relationships between organic and manmade aerosolized particles and the variety of effects. Elemental carbon (EC, also called black carbon) is a byproduct of organic process on the earth, however; when combined with manmade pollutants this materials creates micro tar balls which are inhalable and quite dangerous. EC is composed of pure carbon clusters, skeleton balls and buckyballs, and is one of the most important absorbing aerosol species in the atmosphere. It should be distinguished from organic carbon (OC): clustered or aggregated organic molecules on their own or permeating an EC

buckyball. BC from fossil fuels is estimated by the IPCC in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, TAR, to contribute a global mean radiative forcing of +0.2 W/m (was +0.1 W/m in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, SAR), with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W/m4 There are other effects as well, for example: sea salt which comprises the greatest volume of SPMs is light absorbing 5 . Manmade secondary particles derive from the oxidation of primary gases such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides into sulfuric acid (liquid) and nitric acid (gaseous). Many of these secondary particles are created by fossil fuel use, they are light scattering. EC is considered to be strongly lightabsorbing and to yield large positive radiative forcing. All of these conditions have an impact upon the refractive index of our atmosphere. The amount of organic particulate matter can have an effect on health, however; the increase in the amount of manmade material in the atmosphere is having a deleterious direct effect upon health in the form of RSPs, but the long term and much more difficult to change threat is the one to the changes within the atmospheres refractive index. 2.2 Health and high voltage power lines. Starting with investigations reported by Nancy Wertheimer of the University of Colorado in 19796,7, a prevalent concern has shown the potential for high-voltage power lines to increase the number of Leukemia cases in nearby residents. The original study identified extremely low frequency magnetic and electric fields as the likely causes. There is a low likelihood of low frequency magnetic radiation causing leukemia in the amounts typically found in these environments. An environment would need to continually produce >0.4 T for an appreciable difference to occur. The number of households where this is the case is extremely low. This does not exclude other phenomena that could be responsible. The Draper paper 8, an epidemiological study conducted in 2005, was able to demonstrate that an increase in leukemia cases was documentable based solely on data collected by the National Health Institute in the UK from 1965 to 1992. Approximately 300,000 records were sampled to create the control and dataset. The final dataset comprised 29,081 matched case-control pairs (9700 for leukemia).

Figure 2 - Definite increase of relative risk (RR) with relationship to distance from power lines.

Little is understood about whether or not extremely low frequency electric or magnetic fields do in fact increase the risk of Leukemia, though links have been indicated. In the Draper paper, all of these considerations are discussed at length. A paper by Ahlbom9 indicates that a relative risk of 2.00 of increased leukemia (1.27 to 3.13) occurs for exposures 0.4 T versus < 0.1 T; the risks for fields < 0.4 T were near the no effect level. Though distance from a power line at the time of birth demonstrated a relationship to childhood leukemia, the cause of this phenomenon is not well defined; whether through direct radiation, concentration of cosmic rays or in the attraction and consolidation of Radon (Rn222) or other aerosolized particulate matter may create the effects. However, a limited examination into this subject will be provided in some detail.

Figure 3 - Left is percentage of homes and bottom is distance from powerlines.

Additionally it was found that the magnetic field readings around power lines averaged around >0.4 T up to 60m in distance, however there was a significant drop off after that point, and that even where the field reading was at 0.1 T, which is lower than the electromagnetic field typically generated in the average household from appliances, the .23 increase in leukemia was reported to extend beyond that range - up to 600m. This indicates that electromagnetic radiation had no direct correlation to the effect upon cells causing leukocytes; though distance from a power line does have an effect.

Figure 4 - Profile of three magnetic field components under a 765kv, 60hz line.

The overall definable increase of Leukemia was marginal, though it did bring about a curious question: If the possibility of magnetic or electrical radiation causing cancer directly was ruled out, what would cause the increase of reportable cases? Many investigations have made a correlation between leukemia and proximity to high voltage power lines. It is possible that the increase of leukemia cases with relation to proximity to high-voltage power lines is a result of the corona of sticky ions that exudes from a high voltage power line. 2.3 High voltage electrical coronas and sticky ions. Electricity, when transmitted along a power line, primarily transports along the surface of the line. Very little actual energy moves along the interior of the wire where electrons move cyclically back and forth as a function of time. The wire acts more as a means of trapping the electrons and allowing them passage only along the route dictated by the wire. However, the electrons that travel along the surface of the wire also expand outward, away from the wire creating a field of electrons that surround the transmission line. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ee e e e Power line e e Electrons (e)

Figure 5 - Cutaway of electrons moving along surface of wire and creating a corona.

This is called a corona. The corona or aura consists of electrons that excite the surrounding air causing the particles of air to become perturbed and to then split into positive and negative component ions of the elements, which comprise air.

Figure 6 - Values of electric field strength at and above ground for various voltage transmission lines.

The corona of electrons produced by the power lines perturb the air splitting it into negative and positive sticky ions.
Sticky Ions (-&+) e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
+

e e e e

e +

Ne e ee e e e Electric field e + N+ e Ne N++

Ions N N N Perturbation

Figure 7 - The perturbation of Nitrogen in the air and resulting split into negative and positive sticky ions.

These corona ions are considered sticky because they are not grounded, they are suspended in the air looking for other particles to entrain and bond with. With regard to the nature of - and + ions in air, it is rare that a grouping of pure - or + ions will exist in a greater radius of more than 30 meters before collapsing to ground. If the electricity transported by the wire is DC, the ions produced will be the same polarity of the current carried by the wire. Typically these ions attract each other and balance in number. The resistivity of air (in ohm cm) is 6x1018 /N, where N is the number of ions/cc (whichever is lower of + or -). The "halflife" (in seconds) of charges on a charged object is approximately T1/2 = 1.2x105/N. Typically, a high concentration (1000 or more) of both may be found in one area outdoors while low concentration (300 or less) is found typically one city block away. A cloud of pure + ions (no -) with a concentration of 1000 ions/cm3 would be very unstable and would fall apart if its diameter were more than about 30m (100'). For this reason, high concentrations of exclusively + (or exclusively - ) ions tend to be compact, and don't extend more than about 30m. The only exception is during storms, when strong atmospheric electric fields can maintain a high concentration of exclusively one ion polarity. These sticky ions attract media suspended in the air and bond with it. This includes very small particles of Rn222, nitrogen, nitrates, carbon, carbon by-products, and even some organic particles. The density of these particles grow as the power line continues to eject electrons, exciting more air, and creating a vacuum where more particles are drawn in from an even greater distance. The movement of particulate matter draws yet more pollution in behind it. This then again combines with new sticky ions and the cloud becomes denser. This creates an ongoing cycle.

Figure 8 - How clusters of aerosolized pollutants form around sticky ions.

Of course this is bad news, because as we increase our use of low frequency magnetic and electric field producing devices, we increase the likelihood that we will be exposed to a wide variety of aerosolized carcinogens and other malefic substances. The use of cell phones, iPads and other tablets, the placement of more and more electrically driven products in the home, workplace and in transportation all contribute to a growing problem of electrosmog, which attracts and consolidates the real culprit - particles10. One might suppose that the increasing prevalence of electrical devices will eventually create a super corona. 2.4 Electroporation Corona ions may have a link to leukemia, but this does not easily explain the distance factor from the power line. Dr. Fews et.al. 11,12 indicated that the cases were likely increased due to a consolidation of inhalant aerosolized pollutants. These pollutants were attracted over several kilometers and consolidated near the high voltage power lines. If the electrically charged particles of pollutants could stick more easily to the cilia membrane of a potential patients lungs, then it would explain the increase of cases reported related to distance to a power line13. Electrical and magnetic fields can induce these currents that might alter the voltages across cell membranes. Magnetic fields might cause the movement of ferromagnetic particles inherent within the cells. They might also influence free radicals, atoms with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive and play a part in all sorts of biochemical processes. Low frequency electromagnetic fields alter the progress of cells through the cell cycle and reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. There is an indication that exposure to an electromagnetic field causes the phenomenon of electroporation to occur in cells. Elctroporation is where there is where there is a significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of a living cell plasma membrane, caused by an externally applied electrical current. In simple terms it is the conduction of an electrical current across the membrane of a cell, that cells membrane becomes porous temporarily allowing the cell to continue living, but for an exchange of certain qualities from the outside and inside of the cell.

Figure 9 - Demonstration of electroporation, where the electron transports across the surface of the cell causing media on the exterior of the cell to pass through the cells pores to the interior of the cell.

Figure 10 - The cell above is normal, whereas the cell below is experiencing a transfer due to electrons passing over the surface of the pore.

Electroporation14 is dependent upon the local transmembrane voltage at each point of the cell membrane and is a highly dynamic process. The factors which effect electroporation are pulse duration and shape there are specific voltage thresholds which allow for electroporation to occur; between 0.5 and 1 V. This definition of electrical field magnitude threshold for electroporation (Eth) is important to note at this point because it will become relevant later. With regard to electroporation, only cells in areas where EEth, are electroporated. If a second threshold is reached, (Eir ) it is possible, even likely that the viability of the cell will be compromised - resulting in irreversible dilation of the cells pores.

Figure 11 - Example of a variety of electroporation effects upon cells.

Electroporation is a multi-step process with several distinct phases. First, a short electrical pulse must be applied to the cell. In this first application, the ideal is Eth = 300-400 mV for < 1 ms across the membrane. A study on membrane electroporation 15 , atomistic electroporation simulations were performed on a palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine bilayer with electric field strengths between .04 and .7 V/nm. The model involves a first intermediate characterized by a differential tilt of the polar lipid headgroups on both leaflets, and a second intermediate (prepore), where a polar chain across the bilayer is formed by 34 lipid headgroups and several water molecules, thereby providing a microscopic explanation for the polarizable volume derived previously from the measured kinetics. An average pore radius of 0.470.15nm is seen, in favorable agreement with conductance measurements and electrooptical experiments of lipid vesicles. The distance from source of current needs to be considered. When the source is relatively constant (such as the corona of a power line) the first phase is achieved by entering the threshold range distance from the power line. Upon application of this potential the membrane charges like a capacitor through the migration of ions from its surroundings. Once the critical field is achieved there is a rapid localized rearrangement in lipid morphology. The resulting structure is believed to be a pre-pore since it is not electrically conductive but leads rapidly to the creation of a conductive pore.16 This raises yet another question: is it possible that the pulse and repetition of electrical current surrounding high voltage power sources could be responsible for permanently altering the structure of cells contained within organisms that reside nearby? With regard to this, it is worth considering the feasibility that even if the individual did not contract leukemia directly from the power line, the alteration of cells within the lungs could assist in the delivery of carcinogens encountered anywhere, thusly increasing the risk. 2.5 Previous success in controlling aerosols. Let us begin by treating the problem as an opportunity. These chemicals on their own have no value; however, if they could be converted into a useful material, the battle would be won. The first issue becomes asking how to extract the particles from the atmosphere. By definition, aerosolized means that the particle in question does not go to ground easily, but it floats in the air. Typically one way of getting an aerosolized particle to go to ground is to combine it with a lipid component. The fire retardant Foscheck was initially not nearly as effective as expected because after the fire retardant was dropped from an airplane, the

particles would continue to float in the air. Thus not protecting foliage from fire. Combining the flame retardant with a lipophilic, oleophilic base allowed the chemical to fall lightly to the ground covering the object to be protected from a flame. This is a good example of how an aerosolized material can be combined with a lipid substance causing it to go to ground. 2.6 Highly lipid fatty algae. Recent advances in developing highly fatty lipid algae for the purpose of bio-fuel may be used as a medium for bringing the aerosolized pollutants to ground, or in this case into water. Typically highly fatty lipid algae do not exhibit lipid qualities on the cell membrane surface. The lipid quality is within the interior of the actual cell. There are some possibilities for engineering an algae that would excrete some of its lipid byproduct to the surface of the cell creating a sticky surface for the entrained particles and sticky ions to adhere to. Cyanobacteria and several other life forms represent easily adaptable algae for this purpose. Electroporation may also facilitate exposure of the lipid interior cells to the surface and facilitate the bonding with ions and particles. Due to a profuse variety of micro-flora that exists, the purpose of these organisms must be defined for the scope of this experiment. Of course one would desire a variety to employ bioaccumulation with regard to any number of organic and non-organic media. Naoki17 discuss in their paper the effect of heat upon several candidates. Combining a menagerie of flora and fauna would provide a supporting ecostructure for propagation and remediation. Anabaena variabilis and anacystis nidulans are both viable candidates as highly fatty lipid algae though anacystis nidulans suffers a desaturation and breakdown of the length in the DNA chain in high temperatures, and is therefore an unlikely candidate as a oleophilic catalyzer for the aerosolized pollutants, unless there was a careful administration of thermal exchange between depths of the pond environment.

Figure 12 - anabaena variabilis (a) healthy organism; (b) heat application and breakdown of cell into bio-lipids

Desulfitobacterium halfniense DCB-2 has demonstrated a propensity for consuming chlorinated phenols, chlorinated ethenes and PCBs. It is a fairly hearty bacterium that is found in profuse amounts in freshwater ponds. DCB-2 and likes a wide variety of pollutants as a food source, which as an aside, it can process into electricity continuously. DCB-2 is considered an iron breather; consuming iron instead of Oxygen for its respiration. It is not very thermophilic, the growth range being between 13 and 40 C, however; the spore stage of the bacteria is known to be quite hearty and highly resistant to heat, radiation, and drying. DCB-2 is the strongest single candidate.

Figure 13 - Desulfitobacterium halfniense DCB-2

DCB-2 as a sustained source of electricity is intriguing. Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain DCB2 generates electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) when humic acids or the humate analog anthraquinone2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) is added as an electron-carrying mediator. When utilizing formate as fuel, the Gram positive , spore - forming bactrium generated up to 400 mW/m2 of cathode surface area in a single-chamber MFC with a platinum-containing air-fed cathode. Notably DC -2 colonized the surface of a current generating anode, but not of an unconnected cathode. Electricity was harvested fully within minutes during the experiment, and again within a week, after exposure of a colonized anode to 0C for 20 minutes. Because DCB-2 is an iron breather a graphite anode was formed for the purpose of the experiment.

Figure 14 - DCB-2 colony surrounding a graphite anode. 2.7 Nanobacterium and biocalcifiers Nanobacteria are a possible class of living organisms. There is much debate about whether an observed nano-scale structures in geological formations, including one particularly intriguing meteorite from Mars. Some researchers have claimed that nano-bacteria are a new class of organism; while others believe they are merely calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs). The fact is that the structures exist and do propagate in some manner. The current theory getting much validation is that CNPs are in fact a nonliving crystallization of minerals and organic molecules.

Figure 14 - Nanobacteria found on the Martian meteorite, ALH84001

In any event, the CNPs have been grown as biomorphic inorganic precipitates using silica and barium chloride. This brings about the novel notion that perhaps the pollutants and algae that are combined in some manner could be in the end processed in a similar manner, hopefully resulting in calcified matrices. Though not a true nano-bacterium, agrobacterium tumefaciens is a calcifying microorganism that may operate on a very similar path - in that it utilizes a chemical reaction to create calcified matrices, however; digestion of other microorganisms is a part of its living process - therefore it is considered a biocalcifier.

Figure 15 - agrobacterium tumefaciens

One clear consideration with regard to Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is the fact that it is a type of cancer that affects various food crops including grapes. Obviously a careful adaptation of the bacteria would be needed. Using this specific bacteria in an unadulterated form could be quite hazardous.

3. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Designating one specific area as a repository for toxic material is a temporary fix at best. To date, efforts to store toxic materials in dedicated areas are not as effective as one might have hoped. Nuclear waste has a terrible habit of bursting through its containment; the same is true for chemicals and biologically hazardous materials. New methods of dealing with the toxins have to be developed. Nuclear or biological transmutation, the conversion of one chemical or isotope into another, would be the ideal solution. We could view this as a closed loop salvage effort; wherein the pollutant or toxin is collected and processed into inert material, which is actually useful. Let us begin by treating the problem as an opportunity. These aerosolized chemicals on their own have no value; however, if they could be converted into a useful material, the battle would be won. Many bacteria that consume the variety of pollutants in RSPs and SPMs either produce electricity, or grow into healthy fatty lipid alga (for bio-fuel processing), and/or excrete an inert calicified matrice as a byproduct of its consumption of the dangerous organic or manmade material. How does this happen? The idea of biological transmutation, the research of Corentin Louis Kervran18, has long been refuted. With recent developments in observing the ability of various bacteria to consume pollution and produce energy, the question of this possibility arises again. The work of Solomon Goldfein 19 discusses the possibility of raising energy from elemental transmutations in biological systems. In any event - the observable facts of changing pollution into a more useful product in this instance are present. The line of inquiry regarding the possibility of nuclear or biological transmutation only creates potentially useful lines of further investigation. We have observed that a strong electron corona perturbs the air splitting it into positive and negative ions, which then attract and condense aerosolized pollutants.

Corona

Figure 14 - flow of SPMs towards Ion Array and resulting concentration of pollutants.

We also know that some life forms can actually consume the pollutants and provide a benefit, and that these same bacteria can in fact bond with the aerosolized material and cause it to go to ground, removing it from the air, and reducing its overall health threat via inhalation. It is conceivable that an artificial electromagnetic corona could be powered and used exclusively to attract and consolidate malignant aerosols. This would serve several purposes - the first of which would be to remove nasty pollutants from the growing background corona by creating a much more powerful single point for pollution removal. Moreover, this will have positive health benefits for the population at large. The second and less obvious benefit may be to improve the Earths ability to repair greenhouse gas effects and to repair the ozone layer by emitting large volumes of negative sticky ions. This particular approach investigates whether high-voltage power supplied to a diode array could create a large cloud of perturbed sticky ions, which would attract and consolidate pollution in rural and urban areas. The diode array itself can be constructed as a grouping of coiled emitters on a supporting grid, somewhat resembling an open box-spring mattress. This creates the resulting corona necessary to attract the pollutants.

Figure 16 - Ion diode array

The effective height above ground for generation of the negative ion cloud will be investigated to determine if there is a universal standard or, if each location has special requirements that would be met. This can be achieved through testing smaller emitters at different heights with capture reservoirs to test the parts per million of various pollutants compared to a control sample taken from four different directional

postings. Wind meters will be posted along with the control samples to determine direction and speed of wind and its effects upon the ability to consolidate and collect pollutants. Additionally it would be wise to read the ambient humidity to determine effects of humidity variations upon collection patterns and effects. A group of findings dictates that a non-linear phenomenon is dependent upon the frequency emitted by the diodes and this is important to determine the function of particle condensation 20. Passing 60Hz AC current through the coils initially offers a starting point to examine which current is the most effective in gathering pollutants over distance. It is expected that some frequencies will turn out to be more effective than others; furthermore it is possible that some pollutants will respond better to some frequencies over others. Continuing to sample the reservoir for collection in the testing phase will be necessary to determine whether there is any validity to this line of thinking. The greater preponderance of evidence supports the idea that wind has the same effect upon these clouds as any other effect 21; citing that cosmic rays and other forms of radiation saturate the atmosphere in any event, and wind would have the same effect upon a localized man-made phenomenon as upon natural atmospheric phenomena22. If the pollution can be collected into a central controlled airspace, removed from nearby human habitation, the next step for consideration is the removal of aerosolized pollutants from the air. How can the pollutants be removed? How can they be dealt with once removed? These are important questions. For example, can the cure present more problems than the initial conditions leading to illness? If radar is used to remediate the pollutants, microwave exposure could be quite harmful to health as a function of specific frequencies and power strength of the radar. One alternative is the use of shielded power lines that ground the exterior electric field although this would be very costly. The prospect of employing microorganisms to consume the aerosolized media, leaving behind a byproduct of calcium or silica is encouraging. The isolation of micro-flora that consume algae and or carbon or other waste is a priority. Defining the supporting nutrients, conditions favorable to growth, byproducts of excretion and other factors will be necessary to create a comprehensive approach to urban pollution remediation. With reference to the diode array, water cannons would surround the pond, and be aimed at the array with the objective of saturating the surrounding air with water containing the flora developed for this purpose. At intervals, the diode array would be turned off, and the cannons would eject water from the pond containing the micro-flora. Whether the diode array would be turned off during these brief bursts, or whether it would remain on needs to be investigated. One thought is that the effect of a 60 mHz frequency, maintained even while the main diode array is turned off or at least reduced from its 60 Hz output, may cause an enhanced electroporation effect upon the algae. The 60mHz current may enhance the transport of electrons along the surface of the cell membrane and through the pores already existing in the membranes surface. This is different than the desired 60 Hz array output desired for the attraction and consolidation of pollutants. Another consideration is that the hydration of atmosphere around the diode array may have a negative effect over time upon the physical apparatus. Engineering applications would need to examine these issues. The result hoped for is that the algae would combine with the particles of pollution and fall back into the pond. The capability of lipophilic, oleophillic fatty algae to exist outside of water for any period without severe damage to the cell, and/or the capability of said algae to be designed with a lipid cell excretion that would allow for bonding to particulate aerosolized media needs to be closely examined. Once in the pond the next stage of the process would be employed. Nanobacteria may offer an excellent alternative. There is a great deal of argument over whether nanobacteria are in fact a life form or some type of chemical process. In any event there is a conversion of carbon waste and other toxic materials that results into a calcified mass. These nanobacteria appear to be thermophyilic; in fact they have been identified as a portion of the life cycle for deepwater chemosynthesis thermal vent flora. There are varieties that are identified in freshwater thermal vents. This would provide an end point to the process of turning the excretion and detritus of the overall lifecycle of the other organisms resulting in a harmless silica or calcium matrix. This is a rough sampling of possible microbiological life forms to be employed. Investigation into the use of these diode arrays located near power plants to: 1) power the array, 2) clean up pollution emitted in the process of creating power, and 3) to use the deeper portion of the pond to pass

through into the external surface area of the powerplant cooling segment, which would require being a dark environment to support chemo-synthesis nourished hydro-thermo-vent life forms. At the surface the temperature of the water is cool and will support a variety of other life forms all engineered to consume various chemicals and pollutants gathered by the diode arrays corona of sticky ions; and in the end - to consume each other leaving calcification and silica as the by product. Furthermore, this would remediate the environment while providing energy to the local community and cooling to the power source. Considerable thought would have to be given to determine the altitude of the diode array platform. Experiments would need to be conducted examining the ability of the diode array to increase attracting the pollutants higher in altitude, therefore rising above the rooftops, for example, of any human habitation. The reason for this is that the sticky ions, when combined with any media, become a facile inhalant and potential carcinogen. One obvious concern would be the effect of consolidating the aerosolized pollutant in an area where there is any nearby residences. If it is possible that sticky ions may allow for an easier absorption of particulate toxins through the cilia of the lungs, a serious effort to ensure that the lines of collection over distance and the immediate area where collection of the pollution occurs be far away from human habitation. Testing this capability by dispersing relatively inert organic aerosolized material near a high-voltage power line, upwind and downwind, and then measuring the saturation of parts per million in samples obtained, would be a good idea. Pending success, the next issue to examine is whether or not microorganisms could work in concert as an engineered eco-system to effectively transform the pollutants into inert, useful material. As mentioned earlier in this study, one method might be to place a circular grid of concentric rings above the diode array. This ring assembly would then spray a mist of some type of oil downwards, combining with the aerosolized media and carrying it into a reservoir at the base of the assembly. This could be directed to pass through a filtration system that will separate the toxins from the oil. The oil would then be recycled through the process. The contaminated filters could then be taken to a closed reservoir containing microorganisms that would be designed to consume the filter, toxins, and remaining oil. If correctly engineered this system could be effective. The same process could be conducted utilizing a large fan replacing the concentric rings of oil emitters. This would provide a downward draft of air, maintaining a vortex shape to keep the pollutants close to the area. At the bottom of the support riser, a mist of oil would be used to circulate the processing. 4. CONCLUSIONS Given the required integration of unconventional technologies proposed, incremental component testing is a necessary portion of the process. The possible positive or negative second-order effects of the employed technologies need to be examined as well. The basic two components of this concept - sticky corona ions and microbiology - are not typically linked. The work conducted in this paper is a research approach. The author has sought to examine previous research conducted to provide an estimate of feasibility with regard to conducting physical experiments. With success these experiments will indicate lines of further investigations and final application in a publicly deployable model. Applied investigation would be required to determine feasibility. The rapidity with which genetically engineered organisms mutate is an obvious concern. Not enough is known about the long-term possibility of mutation into dangerous micro-life forms. Another obvious concern is the potential risk for those inhabiting the areas along the atmospheric vector of collection for the pollutants. The potential for the integration of technologies to accomplish the objective of atmospheric purification is present; however, further investigation will be necessary to ensure that the risks are understood

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