1

Dyadic Greens Function

Dyadic Greens Function
Textbook: Sec. 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 2.10

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Outline
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Greens Functions (1-4)
3.2 Greens Functions for Hn0 Modes in a
Rectangular Guide (2-4)
3.3 Dyadics (3-5)
3.4 Dyadic Greens Functions (4-3)
3.5 Infinity-Space Dyadic Greens Functions (5-5)
2

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Excitation of waveguides
Antenna (probe or loop) excitation:
Aperture coupling:
Wire/Aperture antenna in waveguide:
Transitions
Coaxial-to-waveguide transition
3.0 Introduction

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3.1 Greens Function
1
Basic Concept: ( ) ( )
: given linear differential operator (DE+BC)
( ): given source distribution;
( ): the field to be determined
key: the inverse integral operator with kernel ( ,
r S r
S r
r
G r

=
'
, ,
,
, ,
L
L
L
( ) ( )
1
1 1
) :
( , ) ' the solution:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) '
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' [ ( , )] ( ) ' ( );
( , ) ( ) where ( , ) the Green's
r
G r r dv
r r S r G r r S r dv
r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv S r S
G r r r r G r r

' =
' ' = = =
' ' ' ' = = =
' ' ' = =
}
}
} }
, ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
L
L L L
L L L
L function of L
3

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Properties of Greens Functions -1
1
Math: Green's function ( , ) is the kernel of inverse operator . G r r

'
, ,
L
Phy: ( , ) is the solution or field measured at field point due to a
unit point source ( ) at source point .
G r r r
r r r o
'
' '
, , ,
, , ,
Solution ( ) ( , ) ( ) superposition of point-source fields. r G r r S r dv ' ' ' = =
}
, , , ,
If * self-adjoint operator
( , ) ( , ) :
math: symmetric
phy: reciprocity
G r r G r r
= =
' ' =
, , , ,
L L
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 1
pf: ( , ) ( ), ( , ) ( )
= *
( , ), ( , ) ( , ), ( , )
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( )
( , ) ( , )
G r r r r G r r r r
G r r G r r G r r G r r
r r G r r dv G r r r r dv
G r r G r r
o o
o o
= =

< >=< >

=
>=
} }
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
L L
L L
L L

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Properties of Greens Functions -2
DE: ( , ) ( ) ,
( , ) :
BC: ( , ) 0,
=linear differential operator
= linear differential boundary operator
( ):
G r r r r r
G r r
G r r r
r
o

' ' = eO
'

' = eI

, , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
L
B
L
B
DE: ( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ,
BC: ( , ) 0 ,
Same homogeneous boundary conditions
pf: ( ) ( , ) ( ) ' [ ( , )] ( ) '
r G r r S r dv r
G r r r
r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv

O
O O

' ' = eO

' = eI

' ' ' ' = =

}
} }
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
B
L L L
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' [ ( , )] ( ) ' 0,
r r S r dv S r r
r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv r
o

O
O O
=
' ' ' = = eO
' ' ' = = = eI
}
} }
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,

B B B
O
I
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` `
`
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
,
( ) ,
Uniform unit line current: ( ') ( ')
, 0
0 (field) 0
( ) ( ) (
y
y x z
y y y
J
y y
x z
A
E j A H A
j
k A J k
J yJ y x x z z
A yA A A
k A k A J x
e
ec
e c
o o
o
c c
c c
c c
c c
VV
= + = V

V + = =

= =
= = =
= =
V + = + + = = ') ( ')
x
A
x z z
A
o
c

V =
0
y
y
A
x
c
c
c
+
0
z
A c
+
` `
0
2 2
2
2 2
0
,
DE: ( ) ( ') ( ')
BC: ( 0) 0 and ( ) 0
RC: ( ) outgoing
y y y y
y
y y
y
z
x z
E j A j A y E y E j A
k E j x x z z
E x E x a
E z
e e e
eo o
c
c c
c c
=
= = = =

+ + =

= = = =

Greens Fx. for H

n0
Modes in Rectangular Guide
x
y
z
0
a
x
0 z z
y

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Derivation to Greens Functions
2 2
2
2 2
DE: ( ) ( , ; ', ') ( ') ( ') (A)
BC: ( 0) 0 and ( ) 0 (B)
RC: ( ) outgoing (C)
y
x z
k G x z x z x x z z
G x G x a
G z
A G
o o

c c
c c

+ + =

= = = =

, .
y y
E j A j G e e = =
0
1
mod
(B) ( , , ', ') ( ; ', ') sin
n
n
n
H e
n x
G x z x z g z x z
a
t

=
=

2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
(A) ( ) sin { [( ) ]} sin ( ') ( ')
n
n n
n n
n x d n n x
k g k g x x z z
x z a dz a a
t t t
o o
=I
c c
+ + = =
c c


( )
0
sin
a
n x
dx
a
t

}
2
2
2
2 '
DE: ( ) ( sin ) ( ')
BC: ( ) outgoing
m m
m
d m x
g z z
dz a a
g z
t
o

I =

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Derivation to Greens Functions -2
2
2
2
2
DE: ( ) 0
Source cond.: ( ' ) ( ' )
( ' ) ( ' ) sin
RC: ( ) outgoing
m m
m m
m m
m
d
dz
dg dg
m x
a a dz dz
g
g z g z
z z
g z
t
+
+
'

I =

' '
2
' '
at ' ' ~ , '' ~ '
at '
2 '
( " ) ( sin ) ( ')
m m m
m
z z
m m m
z z
g C z z g g
g C z z
m x
g g dz z z dz
a a
c c
c c
o o o
t
o
+ +

e = =
e =
I =
} }
( ')
( ')
'
; '
; '
2 '
sin '( ' ) '( ' ) ( ) 2
1 ' '
sin ; sin
m
m
m
z z
m
z z
m m m m m
z z
m
m m
Ae z z
g
Ae z z
m x
g z g z A A A
a a
m x e m x
A g
a a a a
t
t t
I
+I
+
I
>
=

<

= = I I = I
= =
I I
'
2 2
1
'
( , , ', ') sin sin ; ;
m
z z
n cn cn
n m
e m x m x n
G x z x z k k k
a a a a
t t t
I

=
= I = =
I

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Physical Intepretation
0
0
a) modes are excited, sin
n y
n
n x
H E G
a
t

2 2
1
1
;
b) propagation constant: ;
;
, 1, min mod
, 2, higher-order evanescent modes
n cn
n cn cn
n cn
c
c
a
a
j k k
n
k k k
k k a
k k n do ant propagating e
k k n
t
t
|
t
o
>
I = = =

>

> = =
> = >
2 2
1 ' 1
c) modal coefficient sin ,
( )
n
a
n x
a n
k
t
t

'
2
a
x =
J
J
'
4
a
x =
d) excitation of H
no
modes: e) excitation of H
no
modes:
'
2
b
y =
J
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3.3 Dyadic Basic Concept
1 2 3
1 2 3
Cartesian coordinate systems: ( , , ) ( , , )

Basis vectors: ( , , ) ( , , ): Constant orthonormal (ON) vectors
Differential operator: , ( , , )
Vector differentia
j
j
x x x x y z
i i i x y z
D
x x y z
=
=
c c c c

c c c c
3
1 2 3
1 1 2 3
l (or del) operator, :


j j j j
j
x y z i i i i D i D
x y z x x x
=
V
c c c c c c
V + + = + + = =
c c c c c c

( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
3
3 1 2
1
1 2 3
Scalar: ( )

Vector: ( )



; = component of in
x y z
j j j j j j
j
r
A A r A x A y A z Ai A i A i
i i
i
A i A i A i
A A A

=
=
= = + + = + +
= = =

A
Matrix representation

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Tensor of Second Order
3 3
1 1

( )

jk j k
jk j k
j k
T T r T i i
T i i
= =
= =
=

dentity dyadic :
1 0 0

0 1 0 identity matrix;
0 0 1
1,
Kronecker delta
0,
jk j k
jk
I
I i i
j k
j k
o
o
| |
|
= = =
|
|
\ .
= =
= =

= =

Notation:
Scalar:
Vector: , , , , ,
Dyadic: , , ,
Triadic: , , ,
A A A A
T T T
T T T

A
,

`
3 1 2
11 1 1 12 1 2 13 1 3
1
13 11 12
21 2 1 22 2 2 23 2 3
matrix
2 21 22 23 representaion
31 3 1 32 3 2 33 3 3
31 32 33
3

i i i
T i i T i i T i i
i
T T T
T i i T i i T i i
i T T T
T i i T i i T i i
T T T
i
+ +
| |
= + + + =
|
|
+ + +
|
\ .
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Algebraic Operations
13 11 12 1 1
21 22 23 2 2
31 32 3 3 33

( ) ( ) vector
kl
jk j k l l j k l jk l j jk k j j
jk k j
T A T i i Ai i i i T A i T A i B B
T T T A B
T A B T T T A B
T T A B T
o =
= = = = = =
| || | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

( ) ( )
kl
jk j k l l j k l jk l j jk k j j
I A i i Ai i i i A i A i A A
A I A
o
o o o
=
= = = = =
=

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Differential Invariants

vector differential (or del) operator
scalar, =vector, =dyadic function
j j j
j
x
i D i
A T
c
c
V = =
=

vector; ( ) ( ) dyadic

( ) ( ) scalar
jk
j j j j k k j k j k
j j k k j k j k j j
i D A i D A i i i D A
A i D A i i i D A D A
o

=
V = V = =
V = = =

2
2

( ) vector

( ) triadic

( ) vector

( ) dyadic
j j k k j j
j j kl k l j k l j kl
j j kl k l j k l j kl l j kl
j j kl k l j k l j kl j l ijk j kl
A A i D i D A D D A
T i D T i i i i i D T
T i D T i i i i i D T i D T
T i D T i i i i i D T i i D T
T T
c
V = V V = = =
V = = =
V = = = =
V = = = =
V = V V =

( ) dyadic
j j k k j k j k j j
i D i D T i i D D T D D T = = =
1, (i, j, k)=(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)
-1, (i, j, k)=(1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3), (3, 2, 1)
0, (i, j, k)=otherwise
ijk
c

3 1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3


( ) ( ) ( ) vector
j j k k j k j k i ijk j k
i i i
A i D A i i i D A i D A D D D
A A A
c V = = = =
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Identities
0

( )

0
i i j j kl k l i j k l i j kl i j k l i j kl
j i k l j i kl i j k l i j kl
i j S S S
T i D i D T i i i i i i D D T i i i i D D T
T i i i i D DT i i i i D D T
= =
V V = = =
= VV = = =
2

( ) ( )

[( ) ( ) ] ( )( )
i i j j kl k l i j k l i j kl
i k j l i j k l i j kl j j i i k l kl i i j j k l kl
T i D i D T i i i i i i D D T
i i i i i i i i D D T i D i D i i T i D i D i i T
T T T T
VV = =
= =
= VV V V = VV V

( ) ( ) ( ) [( ) ]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
j j k l kl j k l j kl j k l j kl j kl
j j k l kl j j k l kl
T i D i i T i i i D T i i i D T D T
i D i i T i D i i T T T


V = = = +
= + = V + V

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3.4 Scalar Greens Functions
scalar field ( ) ~ scalar source ( ); Linear problem:
DE: ( ) ( )
Linear operator equation: BC (homogeneous) for bound space
RC for space
r S r S
r S r

, ,
, ,
L

| |
1
1
The inverse operator with kernel ( , ) such that
( ) ( , ) ( ) '
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ( , ) ( ) ' ( ),
G r r
r S G r r S r dv
r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv S r S

'
' ' = =
' ' ' ' = = =
}
} }
, ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
L
L
L L L
1
DE: ( , ) ( )
;
same BC (homogeneous) & RC
( , ) : kernel of , Green's function of
G r r r r
G r r
o

' ' =

'
, , , ,
, ,
L L
L
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Dyadic Greens Functions
Vector field ( ) ~ vector source ( ); Linear problem:
DE: ( ) ( )
Linear operator equation: BC (homogeneous) for bound space
RC for space
F r S r F S
F r S r

, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
L

1
1
The inverse operator with kernel ( , ) such that
( ) ( , ) ( ) '
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ( , ) ( ) ' ( ),
G r r
F r S G r r S r dv
F r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv S r S

'
' ' = =
(
' ' ' ' = = =

}
} }
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
L
L
L L L
1
DE: ( , ) ( )
;
same BC (homogeneous) & RC

( , ) ( , ) : kernel of , Dyadic Green's function of
jk j k
G r r I r r
G r r G r r i i
o

' ' =

' ' =
, , , ,
, , , ,
L L
L

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Properties of Dyadic Greens Functions

( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
each comp. ( , ) : ( , ) ( )
( , ) ( ), 1, 2, 3; ( , ) 0,
jk
j k j k jk
jk
jk jk
ii ij
G r r G r r i i I r r i i r r
G r r G r r r r
G r r r r i G r r i j
o
o
o
' ' ' ' = = =
' ' ' =
' ' ' = = = =
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
L L
L
L L

( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ' ' '
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ( , ) ( ) ''
For ( ) ( ) , k-directed unit point source a
jk j k l l j k l jk l j jk k j j
j jk k jk k
k jk
F r G r r S r dv G i i S i dv i i i G S dv i G S dv i F
F r G r r S r dv G r r S r dv
S r r r o
' ' = = = = =
' ' '' '' = =
'' '' ' =
} } } }
} }
, ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , ,
t
( ) ( , ) ( ) '' ( , ) : j-comp. field at .
j jk jk
r
F r G r r r r dv G r r r o
'
'' '' ' ' = =
}
,
, , , , , , , ,
the j-comp. field at due to a
Physical interpretation: ( , ) .
k-directed unit point source at
jk
r
G r r
r
' =
'
,
, ,
,
field source
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-Space Greens Dyadic for A
2 2 2 2
DE: ( ) ( , ) ( );
( , )
RC: ( ) outgoing 4
jk r r
G k g r r r r k e
g r r
G r r r
o e c
t
'
' ' = V + = =
' =

' =

, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
L
2 2
1
Dyadic Green's fx. ( , ) for : vector potential ( ) vector source ( )
DE: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( , ) (
RC: ( ) outgoing
A
A
G r r A A r J r
A r k A r J r
A r J r G r r J
A r

'
= V + =

' ' = =

}
, ,
, , , ,
~
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , , ,
,
,
L
L ) '
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ( ),
A
r dv
A r G r r J r dv J r J
(
' ' = =

}
, , , ,
, , , , ,
L L
( ) [ ( , ) ] ( ) ' ( , ) ( ) ' A r g r r I J r dv g r r J r dv ' ' ' ' = =
} }
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
2 2
DE.: ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
RC.: ( ) outgoing
[ ( , )] ( , ) ( ) ( , ) is a solution
uniqueness theorem solution
A A
A
G r r k G r r I r r
G r
Ig r r I g r r I r r Ig r r
G
o
o

' ' ' = V + =

' ' ' ' = =

, , , , , ,
,
, , , , , , , ,

L
L L
( , ) ( , )
A
r r I g r r ' ' =
, , , ,

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-Space Greens Dyadic for E
( )
2
Vector field , ( ) vector source ( )
( )
E H E J r
E j H
E j H j j E J k E j J
H j E J
e
e e ec e
ec
V =

VV = V = + =

V = +

, , ,
,
~
2
1
DE: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) '
RC: ( ) outgoing
( ) ( , ) ( ) ' ( ),
E r k E r j J r
E r J r j G r r J r dv
E r
E r j G r r J r dv j J r
e
e
e e

= VV =
' ' = =

(
' ' = =

}
}
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , , ,
,
,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
L
L
L L J
2
0
0
2
To find
[ ( )]
( )
1
( )
G
G k G I r r
I I
G r r
k
o
o o o
o
=
=
VV
' V VV V = V
= V + V = V
' VV = VV
, ,

, ,
2
DE.: ( , ) ( - ) ( , ) ( )
RC.: ( ) outgoing
E
G r r k G r r I r r
G r
o

' ' ' = VV =

, , , , , ,
,
L
2
2 2
( )
G G G
G G k G I r r o
VV = VV V
' VV V =
, ,
2 2
2
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) k G r r I r r
k
o
VV
' ' V + = +
, , , ,
r
,
11

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-Space Greens Dyadic for E
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
DE: ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
,
RC: ( ) outgoing
consider ( )[ ( ) ( , )] ( )( ) ( , )
k G r r I r r
k
G r
k I g r r I k g r r
k k
o
VV
' ' V + = +

VV VV
' ' V + + = + V +
, , , ,
,
, , , ,
2
2
2
( ) ( )
by uniqueness theorem, the solution:
( , ) ( ) ( , ) : -Space Green's dyadic for
( ) [( ) ( , )] ( ) '
I r r
k
G r r I g r r E
k
E r j I g r r J r dv
k
o
e
VV
' = +
VV
' ' = +
VV
' ' = +
}
, ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,

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Reciprocity for Greens Dyadic
Two completely independent (or unrelated) problems with
same freq. and environment, in linear isotropic media (,c).
, ( , ), ( , ))
source field
Reciprocity
Prob. A: ( , ) ( , )
, , Prob. B: ( , ) ( , )
a b a a b b a b a
a a a a
a b b a b b b b
f s E H J M E J H
J M E H
f s f s J M E H
< >=< >

`
=
)
, , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
( )
b
V
M dv
}
,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
Given Green's dyadic , : ( ) , ( ) '.
( ) ( ): ( ) , ( ) ' Reciprocity:
( ) ( ): ( ) , ( )
a a a a
b b b b
G r r E r G r r J r dv
E r J r E r G r r J r dv
E r J r E r G r r J r dv
' ' ' =

' ' ' =

`
' ' ' =
)
}
}
}
, ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) '
( ) , ( ) ' ( ) , ( ) ' , ,
b a a b
b a a b
J r E r dv J r E r dv
J r G r r J r dvdv J r G r r J r dvdv G r r G r r
' ' =
' ' ' ' = = ' '
} }
}} }}
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
12

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Problems