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Inequalities
Greater-than points are always above the line
Less-than points are always below the line
If the inequality is an “or equal to” (≤≥):
o Solid line
If not equal to:
o Dotted line
Intersection and union
o Intersection = overlap
No solid lines inside shaded region allowed
o Union = everything
No lines inside shaded region
Absolute Value
Size of number (distance from 0 on a number line)
o |3| = |−3| = 3
o Brackets
Whenever possible, evaluate contents first
Result of |𝑥𝑥| = 2 is a set or an OR statement
o {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 = 2 OR 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
o 𝑥𝑥 = 2 OR 𝑥𝑥 = −2
|𝑥𝑥| cannot be negative
o |𝑥𝑥| = −3 has no solution
To solve |𝑥𝑥| = 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 0
o 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑎𝑎 OR 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎
To solve |𝑥𝑥 − 9| = 9
o 𝑥𝑥 − 9 = −9 OR 𝑥𝑥 − 9 = 9
o 𝑥𝑥 = 0 OR 𝑥𝑥 = 18 always reorder so that the greater is on the right, as on a number line
Absolute value inequalities
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚|𝑥𝑥|, 𝑚𝑚 > 0
produces a single-V opening up, where the slopes of the rays are ±𝑚𝑚.
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚|𝑥𝑥|, 𝑚𝑚 < 0
produces a single-V opening down, with slopes ±𝑚𝑚.
Backwards rule
o 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 + 3| moves the relation to the left by 3 units. 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 − 3| moves it to the right.
o 𝑦𝑦 + 3 = |𝑥𝑥| moves the relation down by 3 units. 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = |𝑥𝑥| moves it up.
|𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚| − |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑛𝑛| = 1 produces a double-V with the vertical line of
symmetry moved 𝑚𝑚 to the right, and the horizontal line of symmetry
moved up by 𝑛𝑛.
The distance away from the vertical line of symmetry is 1, and any
increase is reflected by an equal movement of the Vs away from the
line of symmetry.
|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
+ =1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
produces a diamond with horizontal ‘radius’ 𝑚𝑚 and vertical ‘radius’ 𝑛𝑛.
The centre may be transformed by means of the backwards rule.
|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
− =1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
produces a set of double-Vs with slopes ± and 𝑚𝑚 away from the
𝑚𝑚
vertical line of symmetry.
|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
− = −1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
produces a set of double-Vs opening up and down, 𝑛𝑛 away from the
horizontal line of symmetry. This equation, combined with the equation
above, form shapes that indicate the diamond formed with the same
variables.
Simple Transformations
Mappings
o Written (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (__, __)
o or with point names 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (__, __)
o May reference initial values (e.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (2𝑥𝑥, 2𝑦𝑦))
Translations
o Of the form
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑏𝑏) where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ
o Remain the same: shape, orientation, size, slopes, sense
o Change: location
Reflections
o When drawing, always indicate mirror line, perpendicular construction lines
o Remain the same: size, shape
o Change: orientation, (location), sense, slopes of sides
o Reflections in the x-axis
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦)
o Reflections in the y-axis
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
o Reflections in 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑦𝑦, −𝑥𝑥)
o Reflections in 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥)
Rotations
o Positive angles always clockwise
o Negative angles always counter-clockwise
o 90° rotation
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥)
Apply pattern for 180° and 270° rotations
o Remain the same: shape, sense, size
o Change: orientation, slopes, location
Dilatations
o k value is the multiplier for the distances from the centre to any point
o Negative k values: measure in other direction
o Remain the same: slopes, orientation (+ k), sense, shape
o Change: location, area/size, orientation (- k)
Composition of Transformations
o E.g. 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 ∘ 𝑇𝑇0,2
o The last transformation is done first
The Method for transformations
𝑥𝑥 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2
∴� ⇒ �
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑦𝑦 + 2 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2
Since (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the original line, it must satisfy its equation. (substitute second set of equations
into original equation of line)
3
𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2 = (𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2) + 3
2
3
𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 3 + 3
2
3
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 8
2
3
∴ The image equation is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 8.
2
Other Transformations
One-way stretches
o Multiplication of x value only or y value only
o E.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (2𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
2-way stretches
o Multiplication of x and y (if same factor, then it is a dilatation)
o E.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (3𝑥𝑥, 4𝑦𝑦)
Shears
o Adding x to y or y to x
o Horizontal shear: (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦, 𝑦𝑦) or even (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦, 𝑦𝑦)
o Vertical shear: (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)
Non-Standard Transformations
(not at the origin)
Any rotation or dilatation about a point not at the origin, or a reflection on a non-standard line
of symmetry may be solved by translating the problem to the origin or standard locations,
applying the transformation, and reversing the translation.
e.g.