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Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
3.9G
2006
2007
3GPP
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an umbrella expression describing the work of RAN WG, whose objective is to:
Create a technology, which is intended to replace UTRAN and compete with other emerging broadband wireless solutions such as WiMAX
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is a work item for SA2 WG (also impacting other WGs). Its objective is to:
Higher-data-rate
Lower-latency
Packet-optimized system
The work focuses on creating an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) including interfaces to selected external network entities
LTE Requirements
Peak data rates: 150 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL in a 20 MHz spectrum allocation.
300 Mbps DL and 75 Mbps UL with 4x4 DL MIMO requirement for UE Class 5, not supported in Release 8
Control-plane latency: 100 ms from camped to active state User-plane latency: less than 5 ms
User throughput and spectrum efficiency: (bit/sec/Hz) 3-4 x HSDPA, 2-3 x HSUPA
Co-existence and Inter-working with other 3GPP Radio Access Technology (RAT) and selected non-3GPP RATs (e.g. IEEE 802.16, 802.11) Architecture and migration: single, simple E-UTRAN architecture, packet based, support for E2E QoS; minimal single points of failure. Radio Resource Management: enhanced E2E QoS, load sharing/balancing, inter-RAT policy management Complexity : minimum number of options, no redundant features
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
Mobility Management Entity (MME) Serving Gateway (S-GW) The Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
MME/S-GW S2b S2b MME/S-GW MME/S-GW
MME/S-GW
S1 S1 S1 X2 eNB
S1
S1 S1 X2 eNB eNB S1
S1
eNB
E-UTRAN
X2 X2 X2 X2
eNodeB (eNB)
eNB
eNB
E-UTRAN Architecture
Evolved NodeB (eNB) now has most of the Node B and RNC functionality in a single entity. MME & GateWay (xGW) has most of the SGSN and GGSN functionality.
eNB
Inter Cell RRM RB Control
Connection Mobility Cntrl.
MME
NAS Security
Air Interface
UE
RRC
PDCP
S-GW
Mobility Anchoring S1 PHY
P-GW
UE IP address allocation Packet Filtering
RLC
MAC
PHY
E-UTRAN
MIMO Concept
MIMO offers a higher transmission rate for the same bandwidth using spatial multiplexing with parallel data streams. Transmitter sends data streams in parallel on same frequency from multiple antennas. Receiver detects signals to separate spatial streams.
Data
Serial to Parallel
R bps
Parallel to Serial
R bps
Key Terminology
Multi-Element Receiver
h11 h12 h21
Multi-Element Transmitter
IFFT FFT
h22
MIMO Encoder
Y = Hs + n
MIMO Decoder
IFFT
Spatial Multiplexing
Enables transmission of independent sub-channels through space. The data stream to be transmitted is converted into two (or more, depending on the number of Tx antennas) parallel streams. Predistortion may be applied. The predistortion circuit inversely models the output amplifier's gain and phase characteristics and, when combined with the amplifier, produces an overall system that is more linear and reduces the amplifier's distortion. Equalisation is an inverse process to predistortion and restores signal characteristics. Data throughput can be increased almost linearly with min(number Tx, number Rx).
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
Precoding
Precoding is used in both spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity modes Precoding is applied in the downlink only. The signal is pre-coded at Node B side before transmission to achieve best reception at the UE. Optimum precoding matrix is selected from predefined codebook known at Node B and UE side The UE estimates the channel, selects the best precoding matrix at a given moment and sends back its index in the codebook
S2 Sn
SU (Single User)-MIMO
To increase user data rate, simultaneous transmission of different data streams to 1 user Efficient when the user experiences good channel conditions
S1
MU (Multiple User)-MIMO
To increase sector capacity Select users experiencing good channel conditions Efficient when a large number of users have an active data transmission simultaneously
In the downlink, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) is selected as the air-interface for LTE.
OFDM communication systems do not rely on increased symbol rates in order to achieve higher data rates.
Multi-Carrier Transmission
(e.g., LTE, WiMAX, Wi-Fi)
power
tim e
Transmission by means of OFDM is a particular form of multi-carrier modulation (MCM) i.e. a parallel transmission method which divides an RF channel into several narrower bandwidth subcarriers.
...
frequency Typical Bandwidth = 10.74 (WiMAX), 15 kHz (LTE)
Saved Bandwidth
Remove the Guard Band to save spectrum. Make each subcarrier orthogonal to the others by using the exact same modulation rate for all carriers and ensuring that the frequency separation is exactly the inverse of the modulation rate. OFDM makes more efficient use of available spectrum.
Sub-carrier spectrum overlaps and orthogonality means that all sub-carriers (except the wanted one) are zero at the decision point. Spectrum has been saved with no loss in performance... Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
Dont start second yodel until echoes of first yodel have finished.
Wait time = Guard Interval In an OFDM symbol the Cyclic Prefix is a repeat of the end of the symbol at the beginning. The purpose is to allow multi-path to settle before the main data arrives at the receiver. The receiver is normally arranged to decode the signal after it has settled because this is when the frequencies become orthogonal to one another. The length of the cyclic prefix is often equal to the guard interval.
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
Delay Spread
Transmitted signal
Cyclic prefix
In an OFDM symbol the Cyclic Prefix is a repeat of the end of the symbol at the beginning. The length of the cyclic prefix is equal to the guard interval. The purpose is to allow multi-path to settle before the main data arrives at the receiver. The receiver is normally arranged to decode the signal after it has settled because this is when the frequencies become orthogonal to one another.
copy of last part of the symbol
Prefix
Symbol
Guard interval
FFT-Output:
time
Cyclic Delay:
Guard Interval:
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CCD) is achieved by applying a cyclic delay to the effective part of an OFDM symbol. For example, for 2 antenna ports the CCD matrix is:
with
Fourier Transform
The continuous Fourier transform is one of the specific forms of Fourier analysis in mathematics. It transforms one function into another, which is called the frequency domain representation of the original function (where the original function is most often a function in the time-domain). The common representation is (the independent variable t represents time [s], the transform variable represents ordinary frequency [Hz]):
FFT/DFT in OFDM/OFDMA
FFT suits well to time discrete (sampled) OFDM signal, transmitted on different subcarriers Computationally efficient FFT allows low complexity implementation of OFDM modulator/demodulator structures. Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal
Power
h dt wi nd ba 15 kHz
subcarrier spacing
Time
FFT/IFFT
Frequency
Signal on each frequency is modulated, i.e. has a given amplitude and phase shift
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Duplex Multiple Access) is the uplink multiple access scheme for Evolved UTRA. SC-FDMA can be seen as precoded OFDMA (DFT-S-OFDM, Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM) SC-FDMA signal has lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than OFDM so is better suited for generation in UEs (simpler amplifier design, weaker requirements on linear and dynamic characteristics)
OFDM
SC-FDMA
power
tim e
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is the uplink multiple access scheme for Evolved UTRA. SC-FDMA can be seen as precoded OFDMA (DFT-S-OFDM, Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM).
subcarrier subcarrier
frequency
single carrier
OFDM
power
subcarrier
subcarrier
N<M
tim e
SC-FDMA
frequency
SC-FDMA signal has lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) than OFDM.
Transmission parameters (cyclic prefix, frame length, subcarrier spacing, ), coding and modulation for SC-FDMA are similar to the downlink OFDM transmission. Flexible bandwidth (like in OFDM) Easy use of MIMO (like in OFDM; however, UEs transmit in UL using only a single antenna)
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
Physical layer resource blocks Framing and resource grids Antenna ports and transmission layers
Resource Element
The smallest time-frequency unit for downlink transmission is called a resource element. A group of contiguous subcarriers and symbols form a resource block (RB). Data is allocated to each user equipment (UE) in terms of RB. For a frame structure type 1 using normal cyclic prefix (CP), a RB spans 12 consecutive sub-carriers at a sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz, and 7 consecutive symbols over a slot duration of 0.5 ms.
NDLSYMB OFDM Symbols
In LTE the radio bearer concept is replaced by Resource Block (RB) set concept
A set of RBs is a logical concept of a bearer over the radio interface. At a higher (NAS) level, the concept of an EPS bearer is used. The EPS bearer has been defined to be an aggregate of one or more IP flows related to one or more services. EPS bearers are dynamically mapped to sets of Resource Blocks.
UE performs the binding of the uplink IP flows to the EPS bearer while the PDN Gateway performs this function for the downlink packets. Each resource block consists of consecutive subcarriers.
Resource blocks are two dimensional (time-frequency) units with a set of sub-carriers and time slots.
Antenna ports
From the specifiaction point of view 1, 2 or 4 physical antennas used to simultaneously transmit the Downlink (DL) signal.
From the implementation point of view there may be more antennas used for beamforming (4, 8 or possibly more)
Antenna ports are logical entities. They do not 1:1 map to physical antennas. They are divided into 3 groups:
The 4 physical antennas are dynamically assigned to ports in the time domain, per slot.
Cell specific ports and the UE specific port cannot be simultaneously used (usage has to be time-multiplexed).
Reference signals
Cell-specific reference signals are transmitted in all downlink subframes in a cell supporting non-MBSFN transmission.
MBSFN reference signals are only transmitted in subframes allocated for MBSFN transmissions. MBSFN reference signals are transmitted on antenna port 4.
UE-specific reference signals are supported for single-antenna-port transmission of PDSCH and are transmitted on antenna port 5. The UE is informed by higher layers whether the UE-specific reference signal is present and is a valid phase reference for PDSCH demodulation or not. If higher layer signalling informs the UE that the UE-specific reference signals are present and is a valid phase reference for PDSCH demodulation, the UE may ignore any transmission on antenna port 2 and 3.
Frequency hopping can be applied to the downlink reference signals. The frequency hopping pattern has a period of one frame (10 ms).
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
6 l
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
6 l
6 l
Transmitted in all downlink subframes in a cell supporting non-MBSFN transmission. In case the subframe is used for transmission with MBSFN, only the first two OFDM symbols in a subframe can be used for transmission of cellspecific reference symbols Transmitted on one or several of antenna ports 0 to 3.
R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R0 l
0 6 6 l
R0 l l
R1
R1
0
R2 l
6 l 0
R3 l
6
6 l
6 l
odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
Downlink MIMO
The maximum number of codeword is two, irrespective to the number of antennas, with fixed mapping between code words to layers.
Description
Both spatial division multiplexing (SDM) and transmit diversity are supported. Both MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO are supported.
Valid Antenna Configurations 1 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 1,2,4
Transmission Mode 1 Single-antenna port; port 0 Transmit diversity Open-loop spatial multiplexing Closed-loop spatial multiplexing Multi-user MIMO Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding Single-antenna port; port 5 (beamforming)
2 3 4 5 6 7
Summary
LTE is a new technology for an air interface to support future mobile broadband requirements.
Key technologies such as MIMO and OFDM will be deployed to give highest performance.
s it r n .a u .e w w w
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008
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