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O)
ATO
UTHYPHRO A
MEN E XE N U S
E.
GRAVES M.A.
PA
4279
E9
1096
SEEN BY PRESERVATION
SERVICES
DATE
PREFACE.
THE two
Dialogues contained in this Edition form
They do not
nor
is
is
present any
serious
grammatical
all
difficulties,
the subject-matter at
abstruse.
of
and exhibits in
its delicate
mean
The Menexenus
is
interest
com
In
preparing
this
edition
have
consulted
and Jowett.
I have also to
Menexenus ; and
am
indebted to
Mr
A.
W.
Spratt,
PREFACE.
Fellow of St
Catharine
s
College,
Cambridge, for
many
of
in
main
part of
Appendix B.
and Goodwin s grammar to Madvig s Greek Syntax As it is possible that my Greek Moods and Tenses.
edition of Thuc. iv.
141
may
already be in the
tion of the
same
note.
CONTENTS.
PA.GH
INTRODUCTION
v
1
TEXT
NOTES TO EUTHYPHRO
,,
53
83 125
MENEXENUS
APPENDICES
INDEX
128
INTRODUCTION.
EUTHYPHRO.
THIS Dialogue is very closely connected with the trial and condemnation of Socrates himself. Socrates meets Euthyphro, and tells him that he is threatened with an indictment as an innovator in religion, and as On hearing from corrupting the youth of Athens. that he too is involved in legal business, Euthyphro he inquires further, and learns that he is about to
prosecute his father for murder, being convinced that Socrates naturally piety requires this at his hands. assumes that the duties of piety, and its nature, are fully known to such a man; and Euthyphro acknow Socrates begs Euthyphro to ledges that they are. instruct him, in order that he may appease his an tagonist, and escape the threatened trial.
Euthyphro agrees readily enough, and states his views without hesitation or misgiving. The remainder of the Dialogue is an admirable example of the sys
tem of question and answer by which Socrates tested unsound opinions. Euthyphro tries statement after statement, but he has no power of argument, and is
Socrates, as usual, easily led on to contradict himself. leaves the question unsolved. He raises difficulties but does not find an answer. as His talent Mr Grote observes, consists in exposing bad defini tions not in providing good ones. This negative
,
vi
INTRODUCTION
.
function is all that he claims for himself with deep The only points regret that he can do no more which may be considered as fully established in the Euthyphro are that the ordinary and obvious con ceptions of piety are inadequate and unworthy, while the questions of duty to God and man are complex and manifold. Precisely the opposite is the view on which Euthyphro is religious bigotry has always acted. While utterly destitute of the type of a bigot. imagination or logical faculty, and almost of think
ing power, he
scientious
an upright, well-meaning, and con But above all things he is possessed with a firm conviction that he is right in theory and in practice he has no misgivings or hesitation he
is
man.
:
ready to carry out his convictions to the revolting extent of putting his father on his trial for murder. This last circumstance seems indeed a touch of cari At the cature, a kind of reductio ad absurdum. same time brutality towards the old, and harshness to parents, formed a part of the darker side of Attic Such a prosecution as this is only worse civilization. in degree than many an act recorded or alluded to in the literature of Greece. For further analysis of the Dialogue the student should refer to Grote and Jowett, and to the excel
is
Wells
s edition
of
the
Euthyphro.
MENEXENUS.
Socrates meets a friend who informs him that the Athenians are about to appoint an orator to pronounce the funeral eulogium of those who have been slain in war. Socrates responds in a tone of
INTRODUCTION.
vii
of the playful exaggeration, extolling the powers to Menexenus, public speakers ; and then, in answer allows that he does not think it a difficult matter He himself could speak to speak on such a subject. if he were chosen. Nay more, he has learned a speech from Aspasia which would be suitable on this
The speech itself follows, and is very occasion. Its supposed date indeed the main part of the work. Peace of Antalcidas long after the real is after the
,
Whether this speech was a serious effort on the part of Plato to surpass the rhetoricians of the day, or whether it was meant as a parody on their speeches, is a question which has given rise to some discussion. On the one hand it is too good for a parody. If regarded as such, it reminds us of the criticism passed by a matter-of-fact reader on the Rejected that they seemed very good addresses, Addresses, and for his part he did not see why they were re So too this oration, though falling far short jected of the magnificent speech of Pericles which Thucydides has preserved, seems to have been fully equal to the They conformed says average of such discourses. to a regular type. Professor Jowett, They began with gods and ancestors, and the legendary history of Athens, to which succeeded an almost equally fictitious account of later times. The Persian war formed the centre of the narrative in the age of Isocrates and Demosthenes the Athenians were still living on the The Menexenus glories of Marathon and Salamis. casts a veil over the weak places of Athenian history. The war of Athens and Boeotia is a war of liberation ; the Athenians gave back the Spartans taken at Indeed... we democrats Sphacteria out of kindness. are the true aristocracy of virtue. These are the
t . ,
:
viii
INTRODUCTION.
.
is
platitudes and falsehoods in which Athenian history On the other hand it is too like a disguised rhetorical exercise to seem worthy of the most brilliant
and imaginative of Greek writers. With the excep tion of the splendid and impassioned appeal in the
closing chapters, there is little originality of thought or expression, and no characteristic breadth of view. Plato only shows that he can equal Lysias or Isohe does not surpass them. crates There remains the view that the Menexenus is not Plato s work. To quote again from Jowett Internal evidence seems to leave the question of authorship in doubt. There are merits and there are defects which might or might not be ascribed to Plato. The form of the work makes the enquiry difficult ; the introduction and the finale wear the look either of Plato or of a skilful imitator of Plato. In this uncertainty, the express testimony of Aristotle may perhaps turn the balance in its favour. It must be remembered also that the work was famous in antiquity, and is included in the Alexandrian catalogues of the Platonic writings See also Grote who believed the Menexenus to have been written especially in rivalry of Lysias, who had lately put forward a funeral oration, and to whom Plato was undoubtedly antagonistic. The Panegyricus of I socrates, though not a funeral oration, follows the same order of events, and may be consulted with advantage. Sandys s edition has been in my hands throughout, and throws much light on the funeral speeches and on the Greek rhetoricians generally"
:
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of
deest.
46
IIAATON02
ot
XarrovTO Kat
ei/
TroXe^uot
ai/SptoV /xevrot
aya0(3v Kai
ev
Kopu/$a>
TWV re
246 XP 7
a/
>t
^I/cov
dyaOol
K
30
81 KCU Ot j3aOTL\a
Kdl eK/?aA.Ol/TS
/xej/
v/>tas
AaKeSaijuoi/iVus
ID,
wv eyw
ava-
vfjiois
TOIOVTOVS avSpas.
18
Kat
Kt/XJ/0)V
TCI
^u,ei/
87^
Kttt
etp^ei/a
KaXa, TroAr 8
TroXXat yap av
T<3
B en
TrXetco Kat
Kttt
KaXXtw ra
V7roXet7ro/x,ei/a
tKttVttt
TTJIJLZpaL
WKT6S OV^
yeVOtVTO
TCt
TTaVTtt 5
/xeXXovrt
TOIJTWV
ei>
Trepa.ivf.lv.
TOVTOJV
rots
eKyovots TTOLVT
yLtT^
av8pa TrapaKeXevecr^at,
TToXe/xa),
XetTretv r?yv
raiv
T)yv
TW
eyco /xev
1
/xiy8
ets TOVTrtcro)
ava^wpetv etKOvras
KCIKT^.
ow
Kai avTO?,
<3
TralSe? avSpcov
aya^o>v,
vuv re TrapaKeTO) c
Tr
Kat
aVayu,v?7<no
Kat StaKeXcvcro/x-at
W5 apto-TOus
ct
ej/
et/xt etTreti/,
7TO/>tei/oi5,
ri
Tratr^otei/,
15
vv
TOT
IXeyov.
aXXa
vo/>tt^etv
a ay a TrayyeXXw* eXeyov
8c ra8e.
D 19
*O
7rat8e5,
ort
/xev
<rre
Trarcptoi/
aya^tuv,
p.^
avro
TO
vvv Trapov
"Jj^uv
8e
c|ov
^v
KaXws,
MENEEENO2
TOVS
7reira cts d vet
17
(18, 19)
vrpti/
47
v/xas re
/cat
Ty/xcre5
pous TraTepas Kat TraV TO irpocrOev yevos ato ^i vat, rjyovtievoi TO) TOVS auTOu atcr^uvovTi a/3ta)TOv etvat, Kat
TO>
TOIOVTO) OVT
7Tt
TtFtt av^/30)7TO)V
OUT6 $e(OV
<f)l\.OV
eiVttt
OVT
V^5 OV^ V7TO V^5 TeXeVTT^CTaVTt. XP 1? O E /x,i/ov9 TWV ly/Aerepwv Xoywv, eav rt Kat aXXo a acrKctv /xer dpeTrjs, ctSora? ort TOUTOV XetTro^teva Travra
Kat Krrjp.cLra Kat eTriT^Sevjaara atcr^pa Kat KaKa.
10
ovre
/ACT
avav-
aXXw yap
o TOIOUTO? TrXovTet
OVTC (T(u/xaT09 KaXXos Kat to-^vs 8eiXa) Kat KaKo) woiKovTa TrpeTTOVTa <^ati/Tat aXX ctTrpeTn;, Kat CTTt^avearrepov
Trotet
15
TOV
e^ovTa
Kat
eK^atvet
r>yv
wpt^o/xei/7;
StKatoo-uv^s Kat
<aiveTai.
Trai/ovpyta,
Kttt
oi)
(ro<f>ia
(S
TTpWTOV
Kttt VO-TttTOV
Kttt
8ttt TTttVTOS
TToVai/
7TLpS.(r@
X etV
OTTOS
/XaXtCTTtt
/XV V7Tpet
TJ
20
Kat
/A?;,
77/i.as
8e
IO-TC
o>s
^/Atv,
T;
av
VLKTJ
ala")(yvf]v
^)epet,
/xaXto-Ta
av vtK(o/x^a Kat
ct
Trapa-
avaXwo-ovTes avrrjv, avSpt oto/xej/w Tt OVK eo-Ttv atcr^toj/ ovSev ^ Trape^etv eavTOv TtttweTvat /xei/ov /xiy Si eavToV aXXa 8ta oV^av TrpoyoVam
ttev
80^ yvovTes cm
KaTa^p7yo-o/xevot 25
yap
Ti/xas
ys
yovecov
^(prjcrOaL
30
Kat
/XT;
TOIS
48
KOA.
IIAATONOS
avavSpov, oVopta iStwv avrov KT^/ACITCDV re Kat eaV /xci/ ravra cTUT^Sevo-^TC,
<jf>t
Kat
ev8ot<3i/.
<j>iXoi
C Trapa
A.ous ^/xas
77
Trpocn^KOvaa
35
/xoipa KOfjiLa-y
a/x,eXiy(7avTas 8e v/xa?
Kat KaKtor^evTas
ouocts
cv/xev<3s
VTroSe^erat.
20
Ilarepas Se
TrapafJLvOtia-OaL
^/xcoj/,
ols
ctat,
^p>;
oJs
pcurra
KCU
^>epcti/
eav
apa
TOW
I) T;
vjjt.f3fj
yeveaOai,
pr)
^vvoBvpeaOai
A.U7n;<rovTOS
Trpoa-SetjarovTaL
ytvofAtvr)
Tv^r)
TOVTO Tropt^etv
avrovs,
aXX
tw/xevov?
Kat
ava/xt/xnycrKet)/
on
(Si/
ev^ovTO ra
OTJ
avrot?
o-^)to-t
ot
^eot
ITTIJKOOI
ycyovacrti/.
yap
aAX ayaT(3
Kat evKXeets*
oe
oi>
eavrov
avetto? ras
Trarepes
^>opas
oo^oucrt
rw
ov Tt avSpetwv
7rat8a>v
VTTOlj/LaV
TTapt^
fjLrj
^ /xerepot
pTy
etvat
-^
^wv
cpy<j>,
cTratveras
T<3
6Wi
/x-^Sev
Tra/Vat
yap
87)
TO
yap a^Spt
et5
eavroi/
eyyi)?
e^o>^
ev8at/x,ovtaj/
aV0pa>7rots
(f>epovra rf
ao
atcoperrat,
eu ^ KaKaJs Trpa^avrwv TrXavacr^at 7^i/ayKao"Tat Kat ra CKCIVOV, TOVTW apto-ra Trapeo-Kevacrrat ^v, OVTOS
MENESENO2
TTtJ/
(20)
KO.I
49
<pOVl/AOS
O
<T(0<p<OV
Kat
8ta</>0et-
25
pwv cure
XVTTOU/XCVOS
ayav
(jxunjcreTai
TOIOVTOUS 8e
eTvai
^/>tets
Kat
ftovXo^Oa
t
Kat
T^ /xds
avrovs
vvi
Trape^o/xei/
TOIOVTOUS,
8et
OUK
ayavaKTOuvras
T(3
30
3ov/jtvovs ayav,
877
reXcurav eV
TTJ
avrrj
Stavota
et8evat,
vjfjiLV
^pw/xeVovs TOV eTrtXoiTroi/ yStov 8tayetv, Kat ort ov Oprjvovvres ov8e oXo</>vpo/xevot 7;/xds
/xaXtcrra ^aptovvrat,
aXX
O)I/TO>V,
ct
C XevT^KOcrtv atcr^^cri? TOJV OVTW? a^apto~Tot av //.aAio-ra, eavrous TC KaKovi/rc? Kat /?apea>s ^ep
KOV<^>0)9
ra /AV yap
ly/x-eVepa
reAevnyv
^87;
e^et,
lyT
ytyverat av^pooTrots,
oSo-re 7rp7ret
avra
/xdA.- 40
Xov
Kocr/xetv
77
Oprjvtlv
ywatKcov 8e
Tpe</)OVTS
roJv
Ti
yaerepwv Kat
VOVV Tp7TOVTS TT^S TC TU^T^S yLtttAtCTT aV *V V XlfjOy Ka XAtov Kat opOorepov Kat T^/xtv Trpoo-^tXecrTCKat
<3ev
pov.
Tavra
877
tKava Tots
>7)U,Tpoi?
Trap
l
T/
/XWV ay- 45
T/ /AIV
ycXXeti/*
T^
8e
WXet
TrapaKcXevot/ie^ av
OTTCOS
jLtev
iratSevvi;v
t
ovT5
tcryitev
Koor/xto)?,
8e
OTt,
Kat eav
77/xers
TrapaKeXevwyote^a,
50
21
TOUTO. ovv,
(3
IIAATON02
TratSes /cat yoi/et?
TWV
E eKetvot T
v?rep
T(3i/
/xev
/u//<eto-$ai
avroJv,
o>9
rj/jiwv
KOL
Kat
8^/x,oo"ia
av
t<7T
eKacrrw lvr\)y\dvri orioovv raJv CKCIVCOV. -r^s 8e 7TOV Kttt ttVTOt T7/V C7rt/X,eXeiaV, OTt VO/XOVS
Trept
TOVS
rwv
cv
TW
TroXe/xw
TcXcvr^crai/Twv
T
as re xat yervr/ropa?
249
Tt3v
aXXwv
7roXtT(3/
Trpoo-TeraKTat
av
ot
Trarepes re
aur)f,
Kat /XTyrepes
TOVS Se TratSa?
TrpoOviMovfjLtvr) o ri /xaXto-r
aS^Xov avror?
TT}V
15
op<j}avia.v
yevecr^at,
ei/
Trarpo?
(Titian
KaracrTao"a
Tratcrti/ overt,
reXo?
tw(rtv,
aVoTre/xTret
e:rt
ra cr^erep* avrwi/
B row Trarpo?
SiSovcra, Kai.
eTrtTr/Sev/xara
opyava
TT/?
Trarpwas
7rt
a^a
otwvoi;
/xevov.
avrous
8e
Ktt^
TOI;?
reXcvTTycravTas Tt/x(3(ra
ovoeVO/Xt-
7TOTC
^ottei/a
K\LTTL,
Trotovcra
CKaOTTOV
CVtaVTOV aVTT/
tSta
Ttt
eKa(rra)
iota
25
Kat ITTTTIytyvcrat, Trpos Se TOUTOI? aywi/as yutiviKOvs Kat arc^vw? TWV /xev KOI;? Tt$etcra Kat /xouortK?;? Trdcrrjs,
TeXeur^o-avTwv ev KX-^povo/xov Kat vteos ttotpa Ka^eC crTr;KVta, TWV 8e vtewv ev Trarpos, yovewv 8e Kat TWV
ev eTTtrpOTrov, Trao-av TravToav Trapa Trai/ra TOJ/
MENEEENOS
ovov
eTTi/x-eXetav Troiov/xev^.
<epeiv
(21, 22)
51
ei/$u/AOV/AeVovs 30
wv
\pirj
Trpaorepov
crao"i
T^V
vfj,<j>opav
rot? r
yap
TeXeu-nyCIT/TC
KOL TOIS
<3o-tv
OVTCOS aV
7rpoo-</>tXeoTaTOi
Kat
6epa7TV(r@ai.
vvv 8e ^8^7
TercXevT^Koras
a7roXo</)vpa/xcvot
aTrtre.
22
OUTOS
o-ot
Xoyo?,
(3
Meve ^evc,
Ao-Tracrtas
r^s
MEN.
\>i
Nr; Ata,
/
>
(S
N
TT^V
eo-Tt
AcTTrao tav,
et
yvvrj
crwrt^eVai.
^O.
AXX
et
/AT;
Trco-revets,
aKoXou^et
/ACT
e/xou,
MEN.
Aa Trao ta,,
SO.
*X
L<S
IIoXXaKts,
/cat
(S
^SwKparc?,
eyai
cvrcrv^ryKa
oTSa (Ha
ICTTLV.
Tt
ovv
ou/c
;
ayaa-at aur^i/
Kat
yuv X^P LV
10
T0 ^ Xo yov aur$
^CO
Kat TroXX^v ye, w ^WKpares, LV TOVTOV TOV XoyOU KtVry ^ KtVW, OO"Tt5 O~Ol O 2 t7T(OV IcTTW CLVTOV Kat TTpO y aXX(OV TToXXwi/ ^aplV
eya>
MEN.
X"*P
15
^O.
Kat aval s
Ev av
o-oi
c^ot*
aXX
OTTO? jaou
/xr)
KaTepets, tva
av
MEN.
SO.
[juovov
aTrayycXXc.
AXXa
TTOXX??!/.
NOTES.
EUTHYPHRO.
The name of the dialogue is as usual taken from one of the speakers, in this instance the only one besides Socrates him The further title, 77 irepl offlov, denning the subject of the self. dialogue, is of ancient authority though not due to Plato ; while grammarians have added the description
CHAPTER
I.
Socrates meets Euthyphro, and tells him that he is threat ened with a prosecution. One Meletus has discovered that he is corrupting the youth of Athens, and being a radical reformer begins at the beginning and has laid an indictment against
him.
1. T veompov so Protag. 310 B, ^77 TI vewrepov dr/ often used in a bad sense, of misfortune, but not necessarily so cf. ve6s and vewrepi^w. For the idiomatic use of the com 93. parative, without any definite comparison, see Madv. The comparatives veurepov and Ktuvbrfpov have the accessory idea of an alteration of what previously existed Acts xvii. 21, Kal diKoteiv Kaiv6repov either to tell or to hear some \tyeiv
:
:
new
thing
Iv
a yv/jivdffiov situated in the S.E. suburb of the city. It was named, according to Pausanias, from Lycus son of Pandion: according to other authorities from Apollo The gymnasia and palae Afoetos, near whose temple it stood. strae were favourite resorts of Socrates, who delighted in inter course with his fellow-men, especially with the young.
2.
,
AvKLco
54
EUTHYPHRO.
; ,
CHAP.
I.
ib. talks fr. Starpt/Sw, lit. spending of time Siarpipds hence employment discussion etc.: from the last mean comes our use of diatribe, for an elaborate invective or ing harangue.
,
o-Toav cornp. Theaet. 210 D, vvv ^tv ovv airavTOV /Jaa-iX^ws aroav eirl rj\v MeXr/rov ypaffiv -fjv The second or King Archon, who was invested /j.t yeypairrai. with the sacred functions of the ancient kings, had jurisdiction in cases of impiety and bloodshed. Such offences brought pol lution on the city, and it was the King s duty to purify it by bringing the offender before the proper tribunal. Cases of murder he brought before the Areopagus. The crod was in the ayopa it was also called orod /3a<rtXetos.
3.
TOV
rt]r^Qv
fj.oi
4.
TOI)S
irpos
0e<rfj.o6tTas
before
lex ap.
.
Dem. Held.
let
6 /SouXoyt/.ei os,
him
6.
<{>i]v
SiKfj,
which in
its
-sense means any legal procedure, denotes in particular a civil action or suit to obtain compensation for in jury or loss ypatfyfj a criminal indictment or prosecution, in which the penalty is inflicted by the state.
;
most extended
has laid an indictment against here takes cogn. ace. ypa^v as well as ace. of the object. It is to be observed that in legal terms the middle voice is commonly used of the litigants, the active of the law officials ypd<po/j(.ai. lit. I cause a bill of indictment to be drawn or entered is used of the prosecutor: n/xdw, to fix a penalty applies to the court, rt/AWyuat, to propose a penalty to the prosecutor or plaintiff. There is however an exception in the case of Kpivw, which is often used of the prosecutor in the sense of to bring to trial .
8.
.
YP cu
>1
v ---Y YP a irTat
you
ypd(pofjt.at
I will not think this of you . am going to say. The full construction of with gen. of person and ace. of thing lit. to form a judgment that the thing belongs to or applies to the person. Hence it is often used in a bad sense = to accuse (mentally) any one of anything, but this sense is not inherent in the word.
9.
ov yap
this
i.e.
what I
Ka.Tayi.yj uffKO) is
NOTES.
55
Similarly Karijyoptu (T thing belongs to or applies to accuse (openly) any one of anything. In the same way /card with genitive comes to mean against, though just like the Latin in (e. g. Cicero s speech in Verrem) strictly /card denotes merely what concerns another, and in what extends to and belongs to another.
;
TWOS) means to affirm that some to some one, hence in a bad sense,
The old reading in this passage was ou yap TTOU, for which was an emendation which naturally suggested itself. The would however be awkward, as we should position of and irov is removed by Stallbaum on the expect 7^
<TOV
<rou
<?/cetV6
<rov,
s o-v
rpov
sc.
common
:
in dialogue.
OVTOS often
so 4. 9.
It
= the
must
14.
Tt is
ov8
avros
Train*
= see
is
note on ou
.
irdvv,
Menex.
3. 2.
often added
minuendi caussa
the
frequently written MAtros. Aristophanes speaks with utter contempt of ovcoXta MeX^rou, Ran. 1302. get a most distasteful impression of the man s looks and character from the short but most suggestive sketch which Socrates here gives us. The indictment was laid against Socrates in the name of Meletus, but the most formidable accuser was Anytus, who with Lycon was associated in the prosecution.
16.
M&.TJTOS
name
We
only
know
that he
was a poor
poet.
We
T&V 8rjp.ov as regards his deme 17. respect: Horn. Od. 15. 267, I0a/c?7S ytvos
<?
ace. of quality or
.
The by race reading TUV 5ijfj.w, from among the demes i. e. of all denies in the world must be explained as a partitive genitive. Pitthis was a deme of the tribe Cecropis. It seems also to have been called Pithos (TTI^OS, a jar) see Buttmann on Dem. Meid.
e//*/,
,
,
534.
if y u remember ?x l Eep. 490 A, el v$ On the other hand fr v$ l%cti = you bear in mind to be minded i.e. to intend, propose: Thuc. iv. 12, where
ib.
vo>
?Xs,
if
see note.
G. P.
56
18.
EUTHYPHRO.
otov T6Tav6Tpi\a
CHAP.
1.
of man . The construction is an instance of attraction TOIOVTOV olos: Madv. 106. TCTCW. fr. reifu, reraxos, with long straight hair.
21.
rjvTiva
commonly used
of Aristophanes.
do you ask? sc. so &ms; O7ro?os; etc. are in beginning a reply, especially in the dialogue
:
ib. OVK dYvvT] no ignoble one , ayewfy and yevraios are often used by Socrates with a tinge of irony Rep. 529 A, OVK ayewus /J.OL Sonets .. .\aiJ.fia.ve<.v Phaedr. 264 B, OVK ay. dpfjo-dcu in both passages OVK dy. means with a noble disregard of cf. Pers. vi. 21, hie bona dente grandia magfacts or reason
: : :
to
have
decided
question,
is
made up
adopted.
25. 26.
his
KivSvveva = he probably
cf.
Menex.
2.
1.
usually taken as appositional gen. with tfjLijv cf. Menex. 19. 32. It is however possible that the comma should be placed after KO.TLOUV, ws 5ia00. going with the following pov.
ws
;
8ia4>0tpovTos
27.
ws
preposition
77/tSs
the second
irpbs
ira-ldas
ira.lov<Ta$
= irpbs ^as
:
Legg. 905
B,
TOIS
Trpaecn...Ka.6eupaK{i>ai.
Sometimes
irTal<rai>Ta
28. TWV iroXiTiKwv neut. to begin on public matters or masc. with ^tovos (Jowett). The rhythm of the sentence is in favour of the former besides which TO. iroKi.Ti.Kd is a common expression: Thuc. vi. 15, 5tct0o/)os TCI TTO\. at variance in public
,
;
matters
29.
6p0<5s
Yap
sc. dpxfcrBai,
the right
cf.
way
is
6 TI oipiorroi
=quam
clears
,
optimi,
,
Madv.
96.
KKa0cupt
away
like
next following irpwrov ^v. Plato and De frmTa mosthenes use ^TreiTa in this sense without St. Thucydides after writes (ireira and tireiTa 8t indifferently. liri|iXT)06(s,
taking under his care
;
for aor.
cf.
Menex.
9. 32.
NOTES.
57
CHAPTEK
The nature of the charge new gods and denying the
II.
Socrates is accused of making old ones. Euthyphro declares that the Athenians will never listen to reason in matters of religion. They even laugh at him.
2.
<x<{>
<rras
&p\.
a proverbial expression,
beginning
at the hearth , the central point of the house, i.e. setting to work in a regular and effectual way. Another explanation is
a? The proverb is also olKei.oTa.rwv, beginning at home read ti0 Ecm as, because the first offering was made to Hestia proverbium quod usurpabatur, fere in malam partem, de iis qui in aliquo genere inciperent a suis, vel ab Us qni essent quodam in genere principes : cf. Ar. Vesp. 846,
r<2v
d<f>
KaL what can it be that you do? T Kal iroiovvra 4. gives an emphasis as in 6. 25, rL yap Kal 0Tj<ro/xec ; what are we to say? Phaed. 61 E, ri yap av TIS Kal TotoZ; what could one
do?
6.
0av|id<ri
so Menex.
1. 7,
be represented by our just Gorg. 464 B, /j.lav ou rws x w Dem. Meid. 537, tv diaTpifirj oi/rws IdLq. (see Buttmann s index). There is a similar use of sic: Hor. Od. ii. 11. 14, sic temere iacentes : Ter. Heaut. iii. 2. 12, sic satis.
may
6vo/Mffat OVK
: 8. acknowledging, believing vojjtC^ovra i/o/ufw is used with a simple accusative, although possibly full phrase would be j/o/ufw deoiis (deovs elvai).
in
in this sense
the
10.
(wxvOcivw
it
on
see
Appendix A.
I see, (it is) because etc. TO Scupdviov, 6Kao-TOT = from time to time, lit. on each
.
occasion (that
happens)
52
58
EUTHYPHRO.
:
CHAP. III.
11. KOUVOTOHOVVTOS so 5. 6 cf. 2 Tim. ii. 15, dpOorofiew TOV \6yov TTJS dXydeias. The metaphor is derived from cutting a or passage: cf. Ar. Vesp. 876, Ka.ivoTop.ovfj.ev with ace. path
to 13. 8iapa\wv on Thuc. iv. 22. For
excite odium, or prejudice : see note constr. cf. Ipyerat Kar-nyop-nfftav. supr
1.26.
ovS^v o TI OVK ovTis is usually followed by ny, an 17. exception being the phrase otfSeis 6Wis ov = every. This phrase (without ecrriv) is practically equivalent to a single word, and is declined by attraction, gen. ovdevos OTOV ov, dat. ovdevl
ov, etc.
or<f
19.
6fi,6<re
.
U vcu
come
to
close
quarters
CHAPTEE
in.
Socrates does not mind being laughed at. He is afraid that he has excited serious prejudice as a dangerous innovator by openly avowing what he thinks, and discussing with any one whom he meets.
2.
,
ovS^v irpaypa
no matter
so Gorg. 447 B
cf.
ovdev
Menex.
6v 8
3.
12.
,
dent
= whenever they see etc. As the antece not expressed with fvpaorriu the construction is Stallbaum com practically equivalent to civ (eav) o riva K.T.\. pares Soph. Track. 906, frcXcue 5 dpydvwv OTOV ifsaixrettv = she wept whenever she touched any of the furniture
4.
oiv
(rovTif) is
5.
6.
TOIOVTOVS
such as himself
ovv thus used implies that whichever side be conies to the same thing Madv. 266: Apol. 33 E, efr ovv d\rj6s, efr ovv \f/ev5or d\X ovv, K.T.\.
iV o5v
taken
it
9.
o-irdviov
tnro
<j>i\.
seldom seen
lit
scarce
11.
NOTES.
eKKex^pVeos so Cic. Orat. i. 34. 60, effudi vobis quae sentiebam : Plin. Ep. i. 20. 20, effuse dicere.
12.
59
omnia
without fee ; in which respect Socrates 13. aveu }uo-0ov differed from the ordinary sophists or professors of wisdom whose high demands he often refers to : see Apol. 19 E sq. ; cf.
Protag. 311 A sq. where see
av, sc. /j.Hrd6v
<ro(J>i<rTtjv.
irpo<r-
in, if etc.
16. ircUtovras Sia-ya/yeiv court with sport and laughter in court, including Socrates.
. . .
we
then it becomes doubtful TOUT* ^8t) 17. So Menex. 12. 3. oirg dirop., in get to this .
: . .
77577
= when
it
what way
,
Another reading is OTTOI, whither i. e. to For the use of *$, TTOI, and TTOV (?) what issue it will come with words of direction or motion see Lid. and Scott.
will turn out
in
some
he
this is a hint that Euthyphro was we have already seen that sort a professional divine put forward matters of religion in the assembly ; cf. 2. 16.
18.
vjiiv TOIS jidvTctriv
;
20.
on>
^706 re,
but the
construction
ib.
this accus. is te be noted. Usually words in agreement with Troi-ri<riv, the subject of the verbs being in the nom. case. The accus.
otjicu
Kal
(i
I think I shall
inf.
do
is ol/tat
and
construction
it ol/iai
is
<5
however perfectly admissible, and is was desirable to express the pronoun nal auras would have been equally
av
fyte
c, pov\ot/j.r]v
re
SiW<r0cu
K.T.\.
CHAPTER
He
IV.
Socrates asks Euthyphro what business brings him to court. is going to prosecute his father for causing the death of a slave. Piety makes it his duty to do so. In answer to Socrates Euthyphro acknowledges that he is perfect in the knowledge of his duty to the gods.
60
2.
<j>vvis
EUTHYPHRO.
are
CHAP. TY.
it
you
defendant in
Two
lines
below
irT6|ivov
nva
of dtuicu.
is
So in the
legal
the pursuer.
7.
os Y
4>ovou
seeing that he
= quippe
qui.
14.
words of accusing, condemning, etc. take a the charge see Madv. 61. The construction is the
:
16. oirfl ITOT^ dpOws how it is right , = what is the fyti The subject has to be understood from the right way to act. context, somewhat awkwardly. Stallbaum therefore suggests 07T77 TOVT opdus %x l : TOVTO meaning a question like this .
in the power of any chance person TOV emruxovTos 17. Rep. 352 D, ov yap trepl TOV eV. 6 Xoyos, the discussion is not on some casual subject so often o TVX&V = quivis, ol Tux<Wes, ordinary persons. For the gen. denoting the person to whom 54: cf. Gorg. 500 A, ap our something belongs, see Madvig iravTbs aVSpo s tffTiv ^/cX^cur#cu is it in every one s power to
: :
;
make
ib.
the selection
ir6ppo>...eXawvovTos
;
one who
is
in
troppw del (piXoaocplas cXavvovras Cratyl. 410 D, 7ro ppw...o-o0/as e\avveiv: also with TJKW, iropevo/j,ai etc. is a partitive genitive, cf. TTOU yijs ; hue viciniae o-o<|)Las
A,
wisdom
Gorg. 486
etc.
IXavvovros
19.
iroppa)
p.e
driving or pushing,
vToi
far indeed
;
,
sc.
rb
ntvroi here is
an
expletive
so Menex. 3. 14.
:
so Menex. 14. 46, TeXevTijcravTuv viro 20. 6 reflvews two such words are equivalent to passives and are constructed
accordingly.
21.
T|
8i]\a
8ij
of course
it is
cf.
note on Menex.
I. 4.
instead of seeing that this one 24. ov TOVTO fiovov 8etv depends on ofet. It seems plain point must be observed : that Euthyphro is now speaking with great volubility, without taking time to arrange his ideas and sentences.
eu>
NOTES.
,
61
if indeed not even if. Euthyphro is speak 27. idv irp ing of the pollution incurred by living with a murderer as the main reason for prosecuting him.
o -flj. 29. subj. after kav. otj T-Q SKT|, dat. of the instrument with d0o<riors, eireiuv being added in expla nation. Not by prosecuting the suit for eirt&ifju takes dat. of the person only.
d<j>ocriots
a hired servant derived by grammarians 30. irXaTT]S from TrAar, TreXdfw: compare Luke XT. 15, he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country This person is elsewhere called a 0js, a word which origi
: .
nally meant a
Whatever his exact serf attached to the soil. condition was, he was not an olK^rrjs or slave, but a free man. The condition of such hired labourers was proverbially wretched, and their lot a hard one.
35. row the expounder d erjyovjj.evo$ ret lepd, r)YTjTOU Cf. Dem. Harpocr. interpres caeremoniarum et luris sacri. Euerg. 1062 (in a case of murder), yXOov ws TOVS efryyTas, IV Their duties were to expound the (Ideiyjv o TI /ue X/M? ToietV. law and tradition in cases of pollution and religious matters and therefore in such matters as the guilt of murder. generally, Timaeus (Gloss. Plat.) says that they formed a board of three and were nominated by the Pythian oracle. Plutarch, TJies. ch. 25, says that Theseus made the Eupatridae bviuv /cal iepu;/ t&yrjrds but the word has possibly no official meaning in this
,
instance.
Instead of
\oi/[ it
it is
has been proposed to read the opt. xpefy, subordinate to ir^wei, which is virtu
to a past tense. The indicative is however often thus found, especially with words and expressions such as which denote the fixed rules of right and justice. For in X/3T7, stances see Stallbaum.
37.
ws
it
KaC
dv8p<>4>.
thinking
no matter,
etc.*
:
regarding him as a murderer and ovS^v tfv, ace. absolute in the sense
cf.
Menex.
10. 16.
ravra
with ayavaxrei.
O#T...OV Seiv
nor even
if
he had
is it right,
they say,
cure
cwr.,
62
ovre
.
EUTHYPHRO.
. .
CHAP. IY.
OVTI, or there might be an absolute con fyfj.las struction, it being right or the like. As it stands there is a and delv is put as a de slight irregularity or anacoluthon pendent inf., as if $a.alv had gone before and not us (pacnv. or on the The following avo<nov elvai also depends on idea of they say, they maintain , which the sentence conveys. There is a somewhat similar irregularity, Menex. 16. 5.
<xiy
<J>curiv,
D, r6Se ye pty, ws ofytcu, avrov dvayKa-Lorarov elpai \tyeiv, where elvcu depends on also Cic. de Off. i. 7. 22, atque, ut placet Stoicis, quae oZ/xat in terris gignuntur ad usum hominum omnia creari. Such irregularities are common in the best writers, who are seldom the slaves of strict grammatical rules.
Trepi
:
45.
ov Sciv
01)
before Sew
is
redundant and
has no separate
47.
v.
force.
TO 06iov
7-179
105,
in the name of Zeus 49. -rrpos thus used irpos AuJs always implies an appeal or supplication = I beg you, I ask It is never an affirmation or oath, which is expressed by you vf\ or P.OL with the accusative.
.
ib.
ovTwerl
aKpi|3<3s
thus fully
a/cptjSws
implies
exact
knowledge of
details
and particulars.
Thus
diligently, i.e.
New
av
(TV
you accuse.
54.
The
in your turn as well as your father whom tables are in fact turned, and Euthyphro is
,
now defendant
what
is
ovS^v...o<j>\os
cf.
55. Euthyphro speaks of himself by name poi EiO. with considerable complacency, and then in the next clause cf Apol. 26 D, TO.VTO. Trap epov /j-avreverts to the first person 6cu ovffi... Z(t)KpaTovs KarayeXav, where we have the first person
8icuJ>e
9 :
.
NOTES.
CHAPTEK
V.
63
Socrates begs Euthyphro to become his instructor. What he wants is to know his duty to the gods. First then, is the idea of piety and impiety identical in all cases ? Euthyphro replies that it is.
1. it is then, I take it, my best course, etc.? ; dp* ov a conclusion in interrog. form, connected by ovv with what has
gone before
see
Madv.
263.
,
i.e. the charge which he 3. with Meletus irpos M\. We see that irpos can be used of either brings against me. party in the case. So rl e/xoi ?rp6s at ; what have you to do irv\w 4ffrl, Dem. Meid. 44, ovdev with me? -jrpbs TIJV the state has nothing to say to him .
:
O.VT<J)
ib.
irpoKoXeurOcu
to offer
him
of
an action before the final hearing. Oue party challenged the other to take an oath to certain facts, to examine a slave under torture, or the like.
this
was accepted the result settled the action. Here the challenge is that Meletus shoiild give his opinion of Euthyphro s wisdom, and abide thereby. Note that irpoKa\eicrdai, like other words describing legal procedure, takes a cognate ace. avra ravra, besides an ace. of the person chal
If the challenge
lenged
4.
Xfyovra
common
irregularity
of construction.
6.
avToo-xeSidtovra
:
speaking off-hand
without
due
Menex.
3. 5.
your action
10.
Kal ipl r\yov think me so too, and do not go on with note the force of the pres. imperat.
:
:
Xdx 8CK. = institute an action* the order of hearing being determined by lot. The full constr. is with dat. of the sued and gen. of the thing at issue ; see Lid. and Sc.
15. avrd Taura Xt-yeiv going back to the original con struction dependent on KpdriffTov cart. Socrates says that he shall urge before the court that his find such a statement adversary has refused a challenge.
We
64
EUTHYPHRO.
CHAP. V.
repeatedly insisted upon in the private speeches written by Demosthenes. Indeed a challenge was often made, not with a view to its acceptance, but in order that a refusal to accept it might be made a point in the speaker s case.
17.
cl
aptt
eir.
if
it
he should try ; dpa implies that the cf. Menex. 13. 30. likely
:
oraGpos
unsound
Dem.
19.
KCvov
i.
e.
Meletus.
Though he has
just
been
men
tioned, yet he is absent, and is not a party to the question at issue between Euthyphro and his friend : he is therefore called
yonder man For Xoyos Heindorf suggests 6 X67os, the question would be which is undoubtedly the more usual phrase. Instead of y&oiTO several manuscripts have tytvero, which must be rejected as giving a wrong sense, the question would have been dv with the indie, denoting a condition which is now impossible. If it were retained we should have to resort to an awkward and (if he had laid a charge against me) he would ellipse: have found himself called to account instead of me
&KCIVOS,
.
an uncertainty about the read some MSS have drexvw, absolutely following 6^ws some omit o ^wy some few have drexj/cSs /coi o^ws. KdTciSfiv = saw and understood, KaOopav has a stronger meaning than opav.
24. otfrws 6|lo>s ing of this passage:
;
There
is
28. TavTov...avr6 ad, on the other hand . concrete, as seen in act; or holiness. 29.
avT<
the same with itself, identical. is piety or holiness in the offioTijs is the abstract quality of piety
r6
6<riov
TOV
;
every case
may
with
be rendered,
6<riov,
in
and corre
sponds to
30.
before.
av having some one definite idea, ^xov f^ av Ttv i.e. in all particular cases of impiety the notion of involved is one and the same. So in all things called impiety white, some may be whiter than others, but the idea of white ness is the same in all. For /5^a see Appendix B.
or
form\
NOTES.
Note that
eTs
65
TIS
without specifying
fectly indefinite 31.
means one in particular = quidam, but TIS on the other hand is per what fc y some one or other
:
when we
ib.
icarA TIIV dvoo-wTtjTa call different things impious, of impiety in our mind in every case. irdv 8 TI
,
i.e.
impious
jr3,j>
is
hi the case of everything which is to he dv which can be classed under the head of impiety. predicate in agreement with TO dvoviov o TI a.v .gives
i.
e.
definition.
jUXX-jj,
is likely to
be
is fairly to
be so called.
CHAPTER
VI.
now then, go on to state Socrates having 1. Xfye 8tj ascertained that the conception of piety and impiety is the same in all cases, now asks for a general definition of piety and impiety. Euthyphro however only gives him an instance piety is what he is doing himself, bringing an offender to
.
justice.
6.
idv T...dv TC
is
re,
which
7.
very
= common
whether. ..or
:
a disjunctive use of
cf.
so e?re...e?re;
,
Menex.
since
(if
7.
16.
ir...0curai
etc.
lit.
it),
look
So Ar. Vesp.
7173
-jrel
you doubt
ijj>
voaov yap 6 irar^p aXXoxorov aurou ovS Sv els yvoit] ITOT ov5 av
et
fj.r)
irvdoiQ
TJ/JIUV
ToirdfeTe.
with a strange complaint, which no one could find out or conjecture if he were not told by us since (if you doubt), just try and guess
His father
is afflicted
TOV vopou #TI i. e. to shew that the law proof itself is introduced by yap, infr. 1. 11.
8.
is
so
the
9.
is
8ri Tttvra
to
etc.: the
next clause
to
/j- fj
him
to go
on
Legg. 802
B,
tiriTptTrovTas,
not giving
way
to
66
11.
EUTHYPHRO.
avTol...ol av0.
CHAP. VI.
Euthyphro means
his
own
rt
13. TOV avrov ira/r^pa Cronos, son of Uranus both were see Class. Diet. punished by their sons Aristophanes ridi cules such references to the faults attributed to the gods, Nub.
: :
1080,
elr
i$
ui>
Kolrot
fffi
dvrjrbs
Then refer to the example of Zeus. How could you, a mortal So Falstaff, in the Merry man, be stronger than a god? Wives of Windsor: Bemember, Jove, thou wast a bull for thy Europa. You were also, Jupiter, a swan for the love of
Leda
do?
15. Kaicetvov
^ceu/oj is
0.3 he in his turn , continuing to go -y Cronos, who deposed his father Uranus. for a similar offence*, repa Totavra erepot often be rendered corresponding
.
When
men
back,
ib.
81
TOIOVTOS
18.
may
? a form of this then must be the cause 19. dpa -ye interrogation in which the interrogator believes, or pretends Madv. 263. to believe, that the thing is as he says
;
I make a difficulty of 8v<rxps irws diroSfy. !^ Socrates banished Homer accepting , i.e. I refuse to believe. and Hesiod from his republic, because they attributed violence and injustice to the gods, Rep. 377 c 378 E. Euripides too protests again and again against the current legends of Zeus and Apollo. He like Socrates was charged with being an atheist and a corruptor of morals.
21.
1
24.
dvd-yio) 8rj
in the name of the god of friendship 26. irpds <3?iX.fov Phaedr. 234 E, irpbs AIOJ i.e. I appeal to you as a friend: It was the special part of friends to discuss with a <pi\lov.
,
view to discovering the truth. We see that Socrates through out declines to admit that there can be strife among the gods though he takes Euthyphro s view as a ground of argument. In such adjurations the name of the god invoked is appro Thus when one servant finds a kindred spirit priately chosen.
;
NOTES.
:
<J>o?/3
67
cf. Eur. in another, he exclaims opbyvie Zeu, Ar. Ban. 750 : ib. 921, Ate Andr. 900, to aKtvrop, ir^druv dol-rjs KaXoOa 6/j.6yviov, when Hermione is appealing to her cousin cf. Hec. 345, -n-tyevyat rbv IJMV IK^IOV Aia=you are Orestes now safe from my entreaties.
XiW
28.
Kal
5-ri
ye
an affirmative answer
thing farther.
30.
minor
conclusio
Kal 33. TWV d-y- a slight change of construction. Socrates was about to say, such as are both related hy poets and depicted by painters the latter clause is however ex panded into a statement which itself branches into two mem
;
bers, the second of these being a long demonstrative clause. It is to be noticed that when a relative introduces two subordinate clauses, a demonstrative is commonly found in the second clause, especially if there be a change of case Gorg.
:
452 D,
ri
<TTLV
5 crv
dy/juovpybv dvai.
greatest
human
0gs fj.^yi(TTov ayaObv tivdpuirois elvai Kat auroO what is it which you assert to be the good, and of which you profess yourself to be So infr. 8. 31, irepl uv Stei/ex^Tes Kal ov 8vr.
<re
6 ir&rXos a tapestry, or embroidered shawl, worked 35. by high-born maidens, representing the triumphs of Athene over the giants. It was carried in procession at the great Panathenaea, which were celebrated every four years. The statue and temple of Athene stood on the Acropolis thus els
:
rrjv oLKpoir.
corresponds to
TO.
d\\d
lepd.
:
38. yes, and not only these [iova -yc instead of ou because of the preceding 0w/iei are it has an imperative or hortatory force.
,
yu?j
is
used
?
we
to say
CHAPTEE
piety, defines
VII.
Euthyphro, being pressed to give a general definition of it as that which is loved by the gods impiety
,
68
EUTHYPHRO.
. .
CHAP. VIII.
there are
8. Kal <5L\Xa...&rnv you say which are pious So there are so far as I know, in all editions. given by tarlv is however equally So they are things are pious
.
many
other things
The emphatic tarw appears, The sense which would be good you say many other
:
12.
by which
18.
cf. 5.
30.
eZ5os is
looking model.
19. 21.
eis iKetvTjv dirop\ira>v making it our model : lit. off at as a painter looks off from his canvass at his
ToioCrov
P.JI
like
I
it
cf. 3. 5.
(j>w
may
say
it is
not
Qrj/uL
and
ou
^77^ = to
affirm
and
to deny.
will teach
cf.
:
me
fully besides
t-rrl
implies
CTT:-
7ri^3i6w,
inf. 8. 1, etc.
etc.
CHAPTEK
VIII.
Socrates shows that if the gods are at variance, as Euthyphro believes, they must differ about right and wrong. There fore what is loved by one god is hated by another; and we can
come now, let us review our position i.e. 1. 8tf the definition which we have now laid down. In good Greek is always followed by the subjunctive; e.g. \tu is aor. subj., not fut. indie.
<f>lp
0^/>e
<^/>e
I take it so: such is our statement 8oK 7. This seems the meaning, if the text be right Euthyphro is asked if he is satisfied with the definition, and replies that he is. There is however much awkwardness in the position of at the beginning of a sentence. Stallbaum, being unable to find
. ;
So/c<3
NOTES.
any similar the words
:
69
arrangement of
2. E.
ovx OVTWS
OUTOJ
fj.fr
ovv
nal
ev
ye
(fralverai
elpTJffdai,
5o/vi2>,
Sw/cpares.
teal
(sc. ev)
OVKOVV
/cai
ort
<rTa<ridfov<riv
ol 6eol...
statement to be a good one . the reply of Socrates. 5o/cw is par enthetical, like oZ/icu, of Parmen. 126 B, T$ nev yap irarpl, 5o/cw pot is similarly used. So/cw, lIvpi\dfj.Tri)s foo^a.
Euthyphro
says,
I believe our
,
is
12. x.6pav 8^ the argument is as follows questions which produce quarrels and enmity ?
What
and wrong, justice and injustice, etc., not disputes which can be easily settled by reference to an accepted rule. If then there is enmity among the gods, it must follow that they differ about the principles of right and wrong, and we can not make their judgment our standard.
right
13. dp av o.v belongs to iroio? it is put at the beginning of the sentence to shew its contingent character and repeated with the verb. might render, would it be the case, if... that this would make us enemies ?
:
We
14.
ircpl
dpiOjiov, OITOT.
about
.
(a
question
of)
number,
we should settle our dispute depart from, i.e. cease from and give up (a quarrel): Dem. Meid. 578, dTr^XXay/uu, I have compromised the matter also with be reconciled to.
dira\X(rye4i.ev
.
airaXXa.TTo/j.ai, lit. to
7r/>6s,to
23.
rd lordvcu
weighing
lit.
to
Hdt.
65, Iffrdai ffraOfj.^) wpbs dpyvpiov rds rptxas, the hair against silver coin .
ii.
24.
8iaKpi0ei[j.v
cf.
.
Hdt.
ix.
58,
fj.dx.ri
SiaKpiOrjvat,
to
8iVx<MvTs
to
what decision?
about what?:
after a dispute , not lirl rCva pres. i.e. to a conclusive settlement cf. Liv. ii. 22, hac ira legiones duxere huius rei.
70
28.
EUTHYPHRO.
CHAP. IX.
you
ready to hand , promptum, i.e. perhaps irpoxcipov cannot answer off-hand. ra8 = the things I mean.
again, to take the case
rl 84
to this
39. TOUT.
iroXXij dva-yKT]
it is
absolutely necessary
sc. irepl
8ia(f>.
39.
aXXoi aXXa
.
ij-y-
differ in their
conceptions of right
and wrong
ou Y^p civ the imp. indie, with av is lit. 42. they would not have been in a state of variance (which they are). We we should not find them thus at variance may render
.
44. -^ Yf pronounced sharply like our eh ? It is generally used at the end of a question, especially a rather long one, when the other speaker is not ready with an answer or his
av
T]
will be
TO>
inference
so infr.
and
11. 7
.
14. 3.
TOVT(>
XoY4>
according to this
argument
CHAPTEE
Euthyphro urges that
guilty should be punished.
1. 2.
IX.
all
OVK
d"pa
ravT<5v
with
3.
o.
at the same time ; predicate in apposition idem is often used in the same way.
civ
6o<j>.
38
by the gods
9.
is also
= whatever may be defined (as o 3v) loved hated by the gods i.e. what one god loves
sc.
7rpo<r0iX&
another hates.
Kal 6KCivois Kard rd avra
cos
or tydpov.
ov Set i.e. maintaining the view that the guilty ought not to be punished.
11.
NOTES.
13.
etc.
71
rl 8^ ; dv6p
man
argue ?
The use nay, they never stop etc. modify what has gone before, either strengthen ing or diminishing its force it may generally be rendered nay rather or yea rather ; thus Aesch. Ag. 1395.
16.
ov&v
jxlv oflv
of
pv
ovv is to
fl
771*
irpeTrovTWv
TJP,
wW
:
eTna"jr&5eiv
fj.kv
rdd av diKatws
virepSlKus
ovv.
Thus translated by
Prof.
to
Kennedy
Had
this
it
been
fit
had been
justly, yea,
Euthyphro does not answer the question. He replies that wrongdoers always endeavour to escape punishment whereas Socrates had asked if anyone maintained that a wrongdoer ought not to be punished.
;
pfc
ov To\[i.a
<ri
who
ib etc.
33.
awTa
-y*
TaiiTa...ir irov0a(ri,v
<
same
fact,
case
35. dXXijXovs ace. after ddiKew. It is a question of not an attempt to justify injustice. TO -y* so far as the main point goes 40.
.
K6<j>.
41.
^Kaorov Y*
They
<TTI.
join issue
CHAPTER
murder?
1
.
X.
But, says Socrates, how do you know that all the gods think your father s offence one which deserves prosecution for
Kal
G. P.
lfi
as well as yourself
72
3.
EUTHYPHRO.
os
CHAP. XI.
in the following
dv
we may render
:
circumstances
5.
(J>0d<rg
T\....irpv
irplv
oirra<rcu.
died before
Horn.
II.
xvi.
322,
8.
eirioTKijirreo-Oai
:
lit.
to
fall
upon
846,
hence to prosecute,
Dem. Aph.
^TTKTK. \f/ev5o(ji.apTvpiw,
iravros jiaXXov
<ro4>ux
for
wisdom
eiri
follows
fault)
;
oXfyov .eirtl the connexion of thought is as seems a serious undertaking (but this is not my for (tird) I could make it clear enough (if you would
.
OVK
it
but see it) tird is often thus used in elliptic sentences, when the sense must be supplied from the context : cf. 5. 7.
.
15.
(xav0dvw
on
1 see
you think,
etc.
cf. 2.
10.
19. lav rap aKovwo-i instead of laughing at him, as they did in the assembly, 2. 16.
CHAPTER
Socrates suggests the
all the
XI.
definition, that piety is what all hate. Euthyphro
amended
this Ocopurte JJL^V -yap the argument is as follows action may, as you say, be hated by the gods this, however, we found, would not help to distinguish piety and impiety; for we found that what was hated by the gods might also be
6.
: ;
NOTES.
73
loved by them, i.e. by other gods. The ph with Qeofiiffts im plies that so far Socrates is wishing to agree ; there is no regular apodosis with 5^; but we have instead the general objection introduced by dXXck, ydp.
I let you TOVTOV OU|HT]|U 9. ask you to go on with the proof of it.
<r
off this
i.e. I will
not
10.
let
us grant that
all
7,
an action
i.e.
dpa...liravop9ov}t0a do we agree to
amended statement ?
14. ovSlrcpa T} d|i(j>6Ttpa or both at the same tune
.
15.
topkr6cu
are
we
18.
r&
<r6v
quod ad
attinet.
TOVTO
viro9.
with this
assumption
for one s
26.
virorLdeaBat, is to lay
down
as a basis or premise
own arguments.
of being satisfied with, or accept admitting the truth of arguments or statements Phaed. 92 E, Ar. Eth. u* ^ ^^X 1? tffrtv ap^ovia /tT/re fyioO yUTjre aXXou arrodtx to be 1. 1 (3). 4, fjiadij/JMTiKov TridavoXoyovvTos a.iro5tx r6 at satisfied with probable (i. e. not exact) reasoning from a mathe
diro8xwn6a
<
>
matician*.
CHAPTER
Socrates shows that piety
is
XII.
what the
is
is
gods love.
2.
dpa rA
#<riov
is it
OVK ot8 8 TI
Xfyon^v TI
1
:
I do not
<f>ep6(tvov
cf.
call folly ?
being
moved or
,
there a in
74
8.
fl
EUTHYPHRO.
Tpa
13.
CHAP. XIII.
.
that which is in motion, so called because it is being moved; or not? The English present passive is always an awkward tense, and the absence of inflexion makes it difficult to translate such a distinction as that between fori and (p^perai. The distinction is made clearer when we get the term 0eo0tX^s substituted for In fact we must consider fapbuevov as U7r6 deuv. equivalent to an adjective we may then suppose a question to
Tr6Tpov TO
<f>ep6fj.ev6v
<f>i\oufj,evoi>
be put thus
15.
why do we
call
a thing
<pep6/j.evov
answer, on
owe,
this.
not
(for
some other
it is
reason),
but for
-^"19.
OVK #pa
it is
visible,
but
the next step in the argument: if ovKovv...vir6 rov 30. a thing is loved, it must be loved by something, rt IO-TIV, is something ; the accent is thrown back from the enclitic
tffriv
is
i.e.
38.
dXXo
TI (fuXetrai
is it
?
not loved ?
lit.
the subject of the sentence is found in TO 47. the two concluding words TO 0eo<pi\ts. These words, though though they have no manuscript authority, are absolutely necessary to the sense. The argument is as follows
:
because it is loved by the gods but rb QCTLOV is not oviov because it is loved by the gods nor is rb ocrioy 0eo0. therefore TO 0eo0. is not
rb
6eo<p.
is
and
<f>i\.
Oeo<j>.
o<riov
CHAPTER
it
XHI.
?
This definition being unsatisfactory, what is rb foiov It is ; or rather a part of justice. justice ?
2.
Is
avTw Tovno TW
simply by virtue of
its
being loved
NOTES.
5.
et
75
the foroe subordinate to it are two 8e... line 8, both of them
identical
:
Tavriv
-ijv
tl
giving inadmissible conclusions, and completing the reductio ad absurdum. The imperfect tenses with av denote what would have been the case if oatov and 0eo0tX& were the same.
= TO
:
6eo<t>i\es
it is ocnov (1) TO otnov is loved because is loved because it is therefore also TO because it is loved by the again (2) TO 6eo(p. is
then
6to(f>,
6eo<j>.
6eo<f>.
gods:
therefore also rb
o<rioi>
is oaiov
because
it is
loved by the
gods.
ib. d Y..ordinate to the
|J^v
first,
el,
supposing some one asked us a question, then if we gave him such and such an answer, would it not seem absurd ? Stallbaum cites several
airoKpi.valp.eQa aiJTy...,
rts
was
poiTo...el
other instances.
7.
Ka
9.
then also
i.e.
this
so also line
12.
e<sr(v
such as to be loved
r)
<j>iXei<rG(u
Protag. 330
c,
14.
T r^v
iror
<i<rn
with
ep<)TU>/j,evos
= rogatus
really
is.
,
rb
So-toy
quid
sit.
ovo-iav,
its
essence
what
it
irdOos 8^ TI something which befalls it something it ; further explained by 8n ire irovO* TOVTO, namely that this is a condition of the ocrto, to be loved by all the gods . I have written on instead of the ordinary 6 TI, as it is plain that TOVTO is the accusative after treTrovde, while TO oVtoi
15.
done to
is
co-io?
not
o TI 8^ ov sc. TOWTO ire-jr. being what it is in this i.e. you have not told me you have not yet told me what it is. The same construction is repeated below, eiirL..rl
case,
:
76
JEUTHYPHRO.
CHAP. XIII.
or suffers whatever it may suffer el re 8 TI 8^ irdo^ci 19. for we will not quarrel about that i. e. I do not care what irddos befalls it : I want to know what it is.
,
comes round , to the same difficulty, 23. ircpilpxerai S av viro0n0a, whatever we have laid down . This is a cor rection due to Stephens, and adopted by Bekker, for Trpodu>/jt.eda
cf. VTToQtfievos, 11. 19,
and
irpoTl0e/jicu is
to
TOV I}|A. irpo-y....Acu8a\ov Daedalus was a sculptor, the story was told that he made figures which could a legend due, according to rationalists, to the fact that he first gave his works an air of life and motion. Socrates, who was brought up to the craft of a statuary, claims Daedalus on that account as an ancestor cf. Ale. i. 121 A, TO
of
whom
:
move
...fit
27.
TCI virA
<rov
Xe-yojieva
;
handiwork of Daedalus
complain.
ib.
el k-yd 4ri0|j.T)v
if
your arguments must be the they will not stand still, as you
been I that uttered them and seems to apply either to = inroTideadai), or to putting a
it
had
:
ir(.Q^f\v
(
down an argument
37.
IvTiOefe
as
we
talk of a sculptor
putting
life
into
a statue.
38.
IHQV Y ?vKa
so far as concerns
me
Lat. per
me
quidem.
by assimilation to the preceding roo-oury, which used with the comparative Seworepos: Tac. Ann. xii 11, quanta ignara barbaris tanto toleratiora, the more popular as they were novel cf Stallbaurn.
40.
S<rcp
is rightly
fr.
adv. = satis ; 46. &STJV sc. 2xAtej/ enough of this For obsol. ddtw, to satiate, and o5os, Horn. II. xi. 88. constr. cf. Aesch. Ag. 828, afyv Aetev cu/zaros, lapped his fill of blood
.
&drjt>
NOTES.
47.
rpvj>av
77
those
means
a
man
48.
and self-indulgent , of luxurious living here it to be too lazy or out of condition for the task, like in bad training for a race.
lit.
to be
delicate
in what way you might teach av...8i8oais The you chose) av is to be taken with the verb. old reading was diddfys OTTWS av would then be taken together
Sirws
me
(sc. if
in order that
50.
with subj.
<riov
irav TO SI KCUOV 6
:
Socrates asks
if
all
ocriov
is
Euthyphro says, yes. Socrates next asks if all LKO.LOV is offtov or not. Euthyphro fails to follow the question, and it is some time before Socrates makes him see his meaning. A familiar illustration shows it at once, e. g. are all dogs ani mals ? Yes. Then are all annuals dogs or some animals dogs and some not ?
SlKaiov
;
54.
be.
rd 84 TI
of
it,
whatever that
may
;
Ka emphasizes aXAo.
Kal JJL^V vuTpos and yet you are younger than i 56. and therefore you ought to be better able to keep up. Socrates plays on Euthyphro s answer that he is not able to follow
Kal -yap pull yourself together also not, oi)5^ may often not hard rather than not even; the same is the case with ne quidem.
58.
|vvTiv
o-avrov
ox>8^
xa
^->
besides,
it is
these verses are commonly stated to be first in the order of the events which it It de related, of the poems which formed the Epic Cycle. It was attributed scribed the period antecedent to the Iliad. by the grammarians to Staslnus of Cyprus.
60.
iroit]<ras
verty:
\
*~\
the plural implies different instances of po irevfos so Cic. Miir. 20. 42, provincia multas bonas gratias Murenae attulit, his province gained for Murena influence in many quarters
66.
.
70.
etvcu
lirl
sc.
is more extensive sc. carlv, to be of further value
.
76.
ir\&>v
Gorg. 453
A,
6tva<r0ai,
78.
irtpiTToV
of number,
odd
opp. to Aprios,
even
78
EUTHYPHRO.
CHAPS.
XIV.
XV
CHAPTEK
XIV.
it
Whafc part of justice is piety? Euthyphro defines part which concerns the service of the gods.
3.
i
as that
had you been asking me... I av have said Meno 72 B, rl av aireKplvu /J.QI et ripow. When the aor. with av thus follows e/ with the im perfect, it denotes what would have followed statim, et uno see Stallbaum, and Goodwin, Moods veluti ictu et momento
p.iv
tjpwTas...e!irov
:
should
(at once)
<re
and Tenses,
6.
49, n. 5.
fr. <r/caw, to limp, lit. halting : hence rplywa triangle with unequal sides opp. with Here the language of geometry equal legs or sides : Tim. 54 A. is applied to number, with sense of odd and even.
<rKo\T]v6s
vov
<TK.,
l<ro<rK\es,
15.
fj.{pos
:
r6 irepl TTJV subject, in apposition with the predicate of the sentence is ever, re /cai
6epaireiav
TOVTO
rb
16.
service
CHAPTEE
XV.
Of what nature is this service ? Not like the care of ani mals, which aims at the improvement of the animals, but such as slaves pay to their masters.
5.
Xe-yo|Xv
.
"yap
irov
well,
we
say,
for
Socrates was about to describe what he meant, but stops short and explains his drift by a series of questions.
example
9. The first sense which Socrates pro sc. Texyf). t-mriKi] poses to attach to depawda is the care and attention bestowed on animals by those who keep and manage them.
18.
0wv
NOTES.
79
:
some such thing as this, for example 22. olov Toi6v8c the words are in apposition with rai/ro.
37. you make, render ; direp-ydtei the results produced by any art or system,
especially used
e. g.
of
education.
47.
fjvirep
,
the
very
:
masters
cognate ace.
pay their
49. ministering or serviceable , sc. depairela, vmjperiKt] or Texvn this word being used of the ministrations employed arts and crafts generally, Socrates puzzles Euthyphro still by
:
CHAPTEE
all
XVI.
What do the gods effect by this ministration? They bestow kinds of blessings in requital for prayer and sacrifice.
1.
if
,
vir. the service which ministers to phy the various resources and appliances of the heal ing art, by the use of which the physician accomplishes his end.
larpois
sicians
i.e.
30.
ble
1JP
Horn. Od. xvi. 184, things pleasing Iva rot Kexapurptva. Scio/xe* Ipa, that we may offer acceptable
32.
:
sacrifices
CHAPTEE XVH.
Then
1.
with fSpaxvTepwv Rep. 589 K, iro\v irl Stallbaum gives other instances of 6\40p(f xfvffbf SwpoooKfi. this position of iro\v and frt: Phaed. 110s, xal ZTL TOVTWV
iroXiJ
\iu.
3.
STjXos
et
it is
clear
4.
circiSi]
:
ir
point
Phileb. 18 D,
avrw ^o-0a when you were on the very eir avry ye rjdrj yeyorires.
80
5.
EUTHYPHRO.
:
CHAP. XVIII.
:
the pluperfect with av is rare it refers dv...(ie|j.a9tJKT] to an action which would have been completed had the condition
been fulfilled if you had answered me I should by now have learned fully the nature of piety see Goodwin, Moods and
:
Tenses,
6.
49.
oirfl
dv
whatever way
;
rnatiuscript authority
OTTOV av
and
OTTOI
14. 86o-ws Oeois giving to gods : the verbal substan tives take the same case which would follow the verb ; so infr.
cf. 18. 23. Stallbaum cites numerous examples in Greek and Latin Aesch. Pers. 529, yy re Kal Qdlrois dajp^/j-ara, Plaut. Amph. i. 3. 21, quid tibi Rep. 493 D, diaKovla ir6\ei hanc curatio est rem ? what have you to do with this affair?
: :
line 20:
18. x a ta ^ "nweiTai cf. 1 Sam. iii. 19, and the Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground Here however the idea is rather what you say will be treasured up by me .
f .
CHAPTEE
XVIII.
Piety
But what we give the gods is not for their profit. must be to give them what is pleasing in their sight.
3.
,
can
ciXXd rC= certainly , lit. but what? i.e. what else ? so rl y^v ; is a common affirmative reply. between gods and men . 10. Scots Kal dv6p.
it
be
if you prefer to call it so which is not their gift dv fu]...8w<ri which ^xlB. not come under this description and definition cf. St James i. 17, iraaa ayadri K.T.\. Here otidtv o TI with &v and ^arlv expressed takes the usual f cf. 2. 17. \/ construction with Sorts av, viz. the subj. and 22. T 8ijiroT* dv ett] ravra what may these things be ? : so Phaed. 58 c, rl r)v ra \exdtvra Kal irpaxdtvra The initial use of the singular ce in French is somewhat similar, ce sont
11.
cl
OVTWS tjSiov
<roi
6 TI
"cloes
d6<ns
les
anti quite*.
NOTES.
25.
81
it is
x^P ls
not grati
what
is
acceptable.
CHAPTEE
But
if
XIX.
they love
7. 8.
piety is what is pleasing to the gods it must be what and this was proved not to be identical with piety.
TO>
iv
T)
ep/rrp.
ch. 12
and
13.
ov8
|i|Avii<rai ;
17
or do
;
Stallbaum read
thority.
ov
^fj-vrjaac
T[
aXXo rt vj = nonne. Stephens proposed to read OVK before aXXo TI, making the clause a statement, followed by the ques
tion
77
same as
ou
CHAPTEB
phro
XX.
:
but Euthy-
2.
goes
if I
can avoid
it
lit.
so far as will
oucovffai, 2. 6.
e/cw^ elvcu is
much
stronger
than
3.
only.
JJL*
It is
|M]
ctTi|j.do"ns
do not treat
me
:
my
request
ft
art/AacrflS
rb
fj.7]
ov davetv re
<rvv
aoL K.T.\.
so
arifj^ov
it is
Vesp.
1203
al.
diuKadetv, as aorist.
82
EUTHYPHRO.
CHAP.
XX.,
:
10. irapaKivSuvevEiv dependent on TOT)S Oeofc 25erai and added in explanation as if 5et(ras had stood alone you would in fear of the gods have hesitated to run the hazard
.
you should not be going to do it fi.TJ...iroii}(rois The future optative may be rightly = /j.^...Troi-f]aeiv /^XXois. used in subordination to a past tense when the optative of ju^XXw can be substituted as in the present passage. It may also be used when we turn a future indicative into oratio obliqua with a past tense thus TTOITJO-W became \eyev on so infr. line 22, ti>5ei!;diJi.evos...on /3tw<ro^v. See also Goodwin,
ib.
lest
iroi-rj<roi
Moods and
14.
Tenses,
46.
elcrcuJOis
TOIVVV
Protag. 357 B,
subordinate to a 18. dira\\d|o|jLai...-y Yova...piw<roCp,T]v past tense we have first the indicative then the optative mood. It is generally said that in such cases the indicative is used of matters of fact, while the optative applies to things which are hypothetical: such a distinction is often to be noted, but its invariable application is very doubtful cf. Menex. 10. 28, note.
:
and moreover that I should live These words are either (1) like my a7raXXooMcu, dependent on 171; d^pv us or (2) like ytyova etc. The former view, which is dependent on ei/5etd/xei/os on. adopted by several editors, makes Socrates hope for a better life henceforward the latter, which is defended by Stallbaum, makes him hope that he may satisfy Meletus of the chances of
21. Kal8i^...pwi)(ro|XT]v life better the rest of
.
:
:
his leading a better life, that is to say of his ceasing to corrupt the youth of Athens.
Either view gives an excellent sense, while neither has a preponderance of grammatical considerations in its favour. I rather incline to (1) as giving a more solemn and senten tious conclusion to the dialogue. On the other hand (2) agrees very well with the quiet irony of Socrates.
MENEXENUS.
This dialogue is mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Athenaeus, and Plutarch under the title of The Menexenus Plato s dialogues being usually designated from one of the
;
the funeral oration interlocutors. Aristotle calls it 6 tiriTc0to5, see note on 3. 8, and this title, or description, seems to have been commonly applied to it from the first : so Cic. 2 usc. 5. 12. 36 quid vero in Epitaphio? See Loers s and Bekker s notes.
,
CHAPTEB
I.
Socrates meets Menexenus. A speaker is to be chosen to pronounce the funeral oration over those who have fallen in
battle.
1. Mev^evos nom. case, a verb in the third person being understood. Stallbaum compares Hor. Sat. ii. 4. 1, unde et quo Catius ? There are however undoubtedly some instances in which the nom. is used for the voc. ; while with the addi tion of the pronoun OVTOS this is a regular construction : Protag.
310 B, LrTro/c/odrTjs, tyrjv, OVTOS, /j.^ Loers s note, given also by Bekker.
4.
TI ireurepov
ayyt\\eis
See
poXurra
<ri>...;
council-chamber ?
So Gory. 448 in particular? lit. what, maxime is used to give emphasis connected Cic. Verr. v. 54. 142, at the very moment that he said
mean
what in particular takes you to the what do you D, rt ^aXto-ra most of all? So in Latin to the word with which it is haec cum maxime loqueretur,
;
this
84
ib.
MENEXENUS.
We
;
CHAP.
I.
so infr. 3. 22, y OTI yf Sr]\a 8tj \tyeis ; The speaker, after asking a question, himself suggests the answer. may render, the fact is, I suppose : lit. need I ask, or is it plain? Cf. Protag. 309 A, ir66ev, s, Qalvei 77 S^Xa Sr; ort K.r.X., where see Wayte s note.
dfj\oi>
<3
5. ircuSevo-tws Kal the two schooling and study words are often used together to denote the complete course of education Rep. 498 B, /xet/ad/cta (dec) ^v 6vra jJ-eipaKiud-rj
:
<}>i\.
here means /ueraxeip^e<70cu. the higher training which fits a young man for the duties of life. This was the province of philosophy in the view of men who looked forward to a public career such men attended the lectures of professors to learn the art of speaking and Thus Critias and Alcibiades became disciples of debating. Socrates in order to learn the secret of influencing others :
iraiddav Kal
<pt\offo<plav
<t>i\o<ro<f>la
Xen. Mem.
i.
rd (u^-^the business of a grown-up man, i. e. public main concern of all Athenian citizens. In the Gorgias 485 A seq. Plato makes Callicles the exponent of the contempt which the man of action and of the world feels for the mere student, who continues to think and speculate when his education should be at an end.
6.
matters, the
c5 7. a frequent address in the Platonic dia 0av)id<ri6 logues so c5 5aif*,6vie, w /xa/capie, c5 /WXrtoTe etc. It is difficult to give an English equivalent, when Socrates with his gentle irony thus addresses one who, like Menexenus, is a favourite and a friend but neither very wise nor very wonderful.
:
8.
An Athenian was
XtKbv
TT]\IKOVTOS wv
ypa/m-fj-areiov)
i.e. young as you are. at your age entered on the register of his deme (X^iapin his eighteenth year. He was then of age
,
to inherit, marry, sit on juries, and the however entitled to vote in the assembly
like.
till
He was
not
his twentieth
year (Stallbaum).
ib. We do not know what members of the vfjidJv i] O!KO family had held office in the state. Menexenus himself was the son of Demophon of the Paeanian deme. We find from the Lysis that he was an eager student of philosophy in his youth and a somewhat contentious disputant (^otcm/cos). With his cousin (avefifo) Ctesippus (Lys. 206 D) he was present at
NOTES.
85
the last discourse of Socrates in prison (Phaed. 59 B) ; and must therefore be counted among the master s most devoted
disciples
10.
and
friends.
<rv(j.povXVT|S
not
<rv
fj.fi
ouXevfl,
which
is
the reading of
,
some manuscripts.
to take counsel
,
The active means to advise the middle and the former is plainly the sense required.
.
Xen. Anab. ii. 1. 17, ^v^ovXevo^vot^ %vvefio\)\evafv ai/ro?s rdSe, when they were deliberating he gave them this advice In the passage before us we must note the deference paid by Menexenus to his master s counsels.
13.
lirl
rots
air.
so Thuc.
ii.
34, Xfyei
^TTI-
^r
cttfrots i-iraivov
TQV irp^irovra.
tirl
\tyeiv.
Hence the
adj. tiriTafaos
and the
poetical
a funeral ; the active iroifiv is here used of ib. Tcwjxxs the authorities who ordered and directed the ceremony rounds on the other hand is equivalent to 6airrw. Thus Thuc. ii. 34 says oi Adrjvcuoi ra^ds To, because the whole people took part in the funeral of their fallen country men so Dem. Lept. 490, tiri TO?S TeXeunjo-cto i SritJLOfflq.
:
iroielffdai
<?7roi?7<rai
ra<f>as
iroteiffOe.
seems probable that the ordinary course of public pro cedure was followed on these occasions the orator who was to pronounce the funeral eulogium was nominated by the Coun cil (/SovXi?) and then appointed by the people in their assembly The choice is therefore sometimes attributed to (lKK\Tja-ia). the Council, sometimes to the whole city. Thus in 4. 5 we have T)Kov(T...oTi fj.t\\oiev Ad. rbv tpovvra. ThucyIt
:
alpei<r6ai.
dides too
TTJS
v-jrb
Dem.
de Cor. 320,
<rk
yap
5^/x.os
rbv
^eLporbvtjffe jrpo^\rj6^VTa...
dXX
iftt.
17.
Apxtvov
rj
ACcova
for authorities
Stallbaum s note. Archinus is usually identified with the Archinus mentioned by Demosthenes, Tim. 742, as a good statesman and general, and as having been the chief instru ment under providence (nera ye rods omwraros) of the restoration of the people (with Thrasybulus, in 403s. c.). He is said to have delivered a funeral speech, which Isocrates laid under contribution for his Panegyric.
0eoi>$
86
MENEXENUS.
CHAP.
II.
CHAPTEK
II.
Socrates praises the powers of the public speakers in a strain of ironical exaggeration.
1.
Kai
.
P.TJV
well, in truth
lit.
M*
see
points
For the idiomatic uses of 231 sq. iroXXaxrj, in many runs the chance of being i.e.
. ,
probably
even if, referring to the preceding clause: 3. Kal lav the two next clauses are similarly connected the poor man the bad man elaborately praised. For is magnificently buried the position of Kal cf. 20. 49 so Gorg. 509 A, Kal el dypotKorepoi if it be somewhat rude to assert . even TI d-rreiv ecrri, The difference between /cai el and el Kal is thus stated by Greek Syntax, 317 Kal el, is even if: the Kai empha Madvig, sizes the condition, marks it as improbable, extreme, or as the most unfavourable that can well be conceived. In el Kal, the Kal gives emphasis, not to the condition, but to the thing supposed. Kal el w, even supposing I say, i. e. go so far as to suppose el Kal X^yw, supposing I even say, i. e. suppose I go that I say. Thus it will be seen that in Kal el the Kal so far as to say emphasizes the whole clause which follows, while in el Kal the Kal emphasizes the particular word or words with which it is immediately connected.
;
:
Xy
the gnomic aorist, used to give a vivid statement 4. 6Tvx It implies that what has occurred before of a general truth. occurs again in similar cases. Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, BO, quotes other instances in which this aorist is joined with v the present e.g. Plat. Symp. 188 A, orar 6 re TroXXd Kal r)5lKr]<rev.
:
E/>ws
5ia<f>6elpei
dvSpwv as liralvov trvxe is equivalent to a passive constructed accordingly. Similarly vwo is used with other virtual passives such as /caccws d/couw ( = to be reviled), ir\T)yas Xa^u/Sdj w (=to be beaten).
5.
vir
verb,
it is
ib.
cliqj
at
haphazard
paration.
Isocrates, Paneg. 43
temere, i.e. without due pre 12, says that his speech is
NOTES.
87
addressed Trpds robs ovdfr diro5eofj.frovs ruv Socrates here laughs at the elaborate preparation of the speakers and their exaggerated flattery, and no less at the vanity and credulity of the audience, who looked for and delighted in such fulsome eulogies.
6. Xoyovs -Trap<rKva<r(j^vv mid. the same form is pass.
:
pf.
8. KoXXurra.. iroiK&Xovres with every possible embel ra 7r/j6s. Kal TO. is the object of lishment of language woiK. ovdpara in the technical language of grammarians are nouns as opposed to p^ara, verbs ; Lat. nomina, verba.
.
a wizard fr. yo i)* 9. they bewitch YOTJTCVOVO-IV usually in bad sense, a juggler or cheat : Symp. 203 D, 701)5
, ,
Kal
0a/>jua/cei)s
13.
i.e. to
yw. irdw
8ia.TL0e[jiai
.
am
act.
brought into
right
noble frame of
mind
The
:
diarldyfju
bring into such and such a state; it Dem. Lept. 463, a-jravras airier us structed with an adverb are we to make all men distrustful Tr/jos fyuas avToi>s did9u>jj.ev
;
of us?
TTWS
The
<re
717365
perf. passive supplied by 5id/tet/ncu Protag. diaKeirat how is he disposed towards you ?
: ;
is
B,
cf.
&rrT]Ka
is
ai<pow|j,6vos
stand
listening
20.
Valckenaer suggested
correction
15.
al<i}poti/j.ei>os,
comparing
required.
KT]\oi3jj.vos
charmed, enchanted
(f>wvri
esp.
by sound:
Protag. 315 A, KtiXw ry uxrirep Op^eus, hence in bad sense, wheedled, beguiled : Legg. 885 D, viro Swpojf icr)\ovfj.evoi.
16.
2.
|i.eiwv
taller
v.
The old Kal nd^oves vvv tirel veviK-qKafj-ev. 36, tyu.eis 5 dicast of Aristophanes exclaims in his delight at a speech, yUet&fynp d/couwv, I felt myself grow taller as I listened
,
Vesp. 638.
17.
ola
81^
roL
is,
The
Lat.
full
meaning
G.P.
most commonly = W5 TCI TroXXd. iroXXd so in as (happens) for the most part
:
we have
ut plerumque.
88
18.
MENEXENUS.
irpos oi)s
lit.
CHAP. III.
.
The sense
is
them we may compare Thuc. v. 105, -rifc which means the favour of the deity, o-ep-vorepos (crefjivfc fr. Ar. Ran. 178, ws aepvbs 6 grander, more dignified
evfj,ei>ela<>,
<r<?/3oyucu),
Kardparos,
21.
what grand
-q-ycio-Oai
added in explanation
ib. gvavXos lit. to the flute of a sound which rings in one s ears and is freshly remembered : Legg. 678 c, 06/3os vav\os eyeyovei, fresh fear
,
Tra<n
.
of the
words,
Xoyos
27. v P.O.K. vt]<rois so Rep. 519 c, where Socrates says that philosophers will never of their own free will take part in public life, because they think that they are already, even in this life, translated to the Isles of the Blessed.
CHAPTEE
IH.
Socrates declares that the orators need no long notice. Their speeches are ready in stock and there is no difficulty in He him satisfying the Athenians with praises of themselves. self could speak well enough if called on such excellent in struction has he had.
:
2.
ov irdvv
cviropi^creiv
will
not find
NOTES.
89
It has however been con invariably equivalent to omnino non. clusively shown by Cope, that the meaning non omnino is at least equally common, and in many instances in the Platonic dialogues undeniably to be preferred. (Translation of Plato s
off-hand one of the many adverbial 3. e| VTTOYVOV 11, says that public phrases with eV. Isocr., Paneg. 43 speakers make excuse for themselves on the grounds ws ^ viroy. See Sandys s note in loc. viroyvos ycyovev au rots 17 TrapeurKevi?. (also written virdyvios) fr. yvlov (a limb) in the sense of hand Isocr. de Antid. 310, rjdr) 8 viroy. /uot TIJS TOV filov reXeur^s overjs, the end of my life being at hand
;
:
6.
ir60v
;
question,
(3
yadt
not he ; lit. an ironical or contemptuous whence should it be so? Cf. Gorg. 471 D, -jrbdev, so Dem. de Cor. 241, oik tan not a bit of it
; :
ravra, OVK
ZCTTIV
TTodev
etc.
TToios is
Ach. 61, K. ot 7rp&r/3eis ol irapa /SatriXf ws. A. iroiov jSatrtX^ws ; The king indeed The envoys from the king So unde, from what source or cause , is sometimes used to ask an indignant or contemptuous question, practically equiva lent to a negative statement Plaut. Cos. 2. 2. 28, unde ea tibi est ? how can she be yours ? ov8^ not hard either .
. :
to praise Athenians before a 8. 4v IltX. AOtjvafovs note the absence of the definite Peloponnesian audience article. This passage is twice referred to in Aristotle s Rhetoric : aKoireiv 8 (Set) Trap ols 6 Zirawos uxnrep yap 6 ZcMaxinff v 30 ov xaXeTrdp AOyvalovs Adyvalois tiraiveiv, iii. 9, Socrates with the article prefixed meaning Plato s principal
:
\eyet>,
;
see Cope s note. The article is character or spokesman o yap \tyei Sw/cpd-njs kv ry omitted in the second passage ^7TiTa0y, d\i)ds, on ov -xaKeirbv Adyvaiovs v AdrjvaloLs tTraiveiv The funeral oration here aXX kv AaKeSauiJunfloa, iii. 14, 11. means the Platonic dialogue, for the genuineness of which we thus have Aristotle s testimony.
:
TOV irefo-ovTos =5<ms irelffei the usual Greek idiom, 10. future participle, with article prefixed, to express a purpose or intention Soph. Ant. 260, oi)5 6 KuiXfouv irapyv. Stallbaum quotes a number of similar instances, among them an exact parallel to that before us, Plat. Parmcn. 135 A, 8ei dvSpbs iraw
:
:
Cf.
72
90
ib.
MENEXENUS.
evSoKiuro-ovros
12.
CHAP. ITT.
to
win applause
56oj>Tos
cv
infr.
1.
11. declamation epideictic d-ywy^TiTcu here used of before the people, to win the prize of their approval. ovS^v no great thing ; predicate to SOK. ev \. cf. ovdtr Oavpa|iya,
;
orbv, infr.
1.
17.
.
14. ov \itvroi why, no, I certainly do not ^vroi is very commonly thus used as an expletive to give emphasis to an assertion or a question, Madvig, 254.
20.
cf.
Kal
10.
Sia^povra
.
preeminent over
:
5ia<f>.
all
with gen.
all
21.
KO.L
gives emphasis to
so Kal araires
without exception
22. Ao-irao-tav the present passage is the foundation of the serious and often-repeated assertion that Socrates studied oratory at Aspasia s feet. It is however plain that no certainty can be attached to words which are a mixture of jest and earnest, with the element of banter largely predominating. Aspasia was undoubtedly held in high esteem by Socrates. It is well known that her house was the resort of the best See Cluer s note on literary and political society in Athens.
Xen. Mem.
23.
ii.
6. 36,
and
Class. Diet.
ydp
do
249.
ib.
Sa<TKei
Kowov
2n
cf.
Euthyd. 272
c,
as having taught
bim
25. The present receiving such training Tp<j>6|ivov participle is not to be rendered as if it were in a past tense ;
cf.
rvyxfoei
26.
ovffa,
e
1.
18 and
e/oi did.
1.
24.
one who was educated worse than I is the rel. of a class, and refers to the antecedent as 6 possessing the characteristics of that class thus though it not uncommonly refers to a definite object, it always implies some
OO-TIS
jiov KOLKIOV
.
<ms
general idea belonging to it. Hence in the present passage, so far as the relative goes, there is nothing to determine if a par ticular person is meant or not.
NOTES.
27.
VTTO
91
Adpirpou
AVTI<J>WVTOS
and Nepos.
28. vir the well-known orator, put to death on the overthrow of the oligarchical government of the Four Hundred, B.C. 411. His eloquence and ability are highly and it is supposed that Plato, praised by Thucydides viii. 68 Phaedr. 269 A, means Antiphon by the words rbv /j.e\Lyr)pvi As Antiphon is commonly stated to have been "AdpaffTof. the instructor of Thucydides, some commentators have seen in the present passage a sneer at the historian and his speeches. There is however no sufficient warrant for such a view.
;
is merely praising his own teachers with playful nor do we know what particular speaker he has in view as worse trained than himself though there is some reason to suspect that Lysias may be meant.
Socrates
;
irony
CHAPTER
pupil.
3.
IV.
\0s
but yesterday
of
Kal
TTpcuvox><rT)S
recitation etc.:
Rep.
Trepaivei:
7.
Dem.F.L.
245,
Ia./j.t3eia <rv\\tas
repeated
SoKei o-vve-KOci wheD take it, she was com JJLOI posing . pot doKei is of course parenthetical in construction, but so closely connected with the rest of the sentence that it is
OT
not marked off with commas. Stallbaum cites from Fritsch several instances of this position of the enclitic /*ot, in order to show that there is no need of the correction or tpoi 5o/ce?. crvvT0i, a form of the imperfect common in Plato s writings, Bekker alters it into <rvverldri. e.g. Rep. 497 D.
8. Sv IIepiK\T]s etire the great funeral speech of Pericles in the first year of the Peloponnesian war, 431 B.C. Plato cer
tainly seems
by speaking thus
to be putting himself in
compe
alive.
92
12.
el
[itj
MENEXENUS.
dSiKo>
CHAP. V.
-y
yes,
if
am an
honest
:
man ^cer
so Rep. 608 D, tainly I could: I ought to be able (Jowett) etc. 76, in affirmative answers, as in stage dialogues.
I nearly got a whipping oXCyov irXiryds c Xa.pov so 5. 2. irXrjyas (coming short) within a little is used as the regular passive of TI/TTTW in the sense of Xafjipdvew See Sandys s note on Isocr. Demon. 10 36. beating. Socrates implies that the orators learned their speeches by heart like boys at school. The account which he gives of Aspasia s method of instruction shows plainly enough the absurdity of understanding these introductory chapters au pied de la lettre.
13.
14.
once
Protag. 310 A, ri ovv ov di-rjyfjffu ; where see "Wayte s note. We have a similar idiom in Horace, Od. i. 37. 3, ornare pulvinar deorum tempus erat dapibus.
15.
rC oSv ofl SiTjXOcs why don t you then repeat it at the aor. of a thing which ought to be already begun so
;
:
dXX
oirws (nf
mind
and
lest
cf.
22. 16.
Both
OTTWS
and
sometimes used
elliptically
indicative in exhortations
imperative like
a-mirei,
also the subjunctive. The construction is confined almost ex clusively to the second person of the verb yet the first and third persons are sometimes found. Goodwin, Moods and if I divulge, make known : av Ifjeve-yKw, Tenses, 45, 7. generally to declare : Soph. Trach. 741, etfveyKas \6yov ; what statement do you utter ?
;
rii>
17. now don t Probably roOro Se^ys is here (JLT]8a|ia)S to be supplied; but /^Sayuws is very common in such depre catory replies as this, as well as in oratory. It always bears an imperative or optative sense.
.
CHAPTEE
V.
Socrates begins Aspasia s speech. It follows the usual course of the funeral orations ; see Introduction. Those whom we are here to bury were noble men, and died a noble death. It is our duty to honour them and speak their praises.
NOTES.
2.
KQLV...<V
93
placed early in the sentence to show its Goodwin, Hoods contingent character, and repeated later on.
oV
is
and Tenses,
ib.
42, 3.
to take off my coat and <Jpxif<ra(r9ai cf forgetting for the moment my age and gravity Cic. de Off. iii. 19, in foro, crede mihi, saltaret. Ast, who gratuitously ascribes the most extensive meaning possible to ctTroSiWa, is much scandalized by such an unseemly offer on the part of Socrates, and gravely urges it as an argu
airoSvvra
dance
ment
Loers has been at against the dialogue being genuine. the pains to answer him fully and completely.
4. dpa|i&n] Xe -yeiv the following speecn, whether a parody or not, at any rate has a full share of oratorical devices. Especially it abounds with antithesis, Zpyy Xdyy, Koivrj ISlg., Antithesis was the favourite ro?s irpd^affi aKoiKravTuv. irapa figure of Greek speakers and writers. Aristotle recommends it, as giving pleasure and conducing to clearness of expression, In the same passage other oratorical Rliet. iii. 9. 8seq. figures are illustrated and discussed. The admiration of such
rQ>v
is natural when an unformed prose style is superseded by a style duly balanced and constructed but when the art of concealing art is absent they distract and irritate the
embellishments
and elaborate style of Isocrates wearisome than any imitation from the pen of Plato.
reader.
artificial
5.
The
is
more
same
9.
and ceremony.
The
Xeiironevov
,
a duty
10. 23,
still remaining due Kal \pi\, and it is a moral obligation as well as a legal institution: so
.
/cat
This sentence ends rather abruptly similar abruptness often be observed throughout the speech.
16.
may
avcoOev 2ri
still
further back
Tim. 18
D, TOI)J 5
5^ is frequently thus TOVTOVS 8c these, I say in apodosis with demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, especially after a parenthetical clause has intervened.
17,
used
20.
TI}V
T\VTT]v
lit.
,
i. e.
94
dvrC here
alcrxpbv ft
MENEXENUS.
means
"n
CHAP. VT.
:
weighed against
Ar. Eth.
iii.
1.
7,
8rav
Xvirifjpbv
when
.
viro^vfixnv dvrl fjLeydXuv Kal itaXiav, men they endure discredit or pain to win great and
<JJ^<TIV
hi the natural
way
explained by the
CHAPTEK
VI.
The origin of the glory of Athens. Her people are not foreign immigrants but born from the land.
began with gen. verbs thus compounded with v>7TT]pe denote the ground or foundation on which anything is based see note on Thuc. iv. 4, avrd Kaprepbv
1.
:
virb
2.
r\
-ytv.
OVK
foreign extraction.
Ion 607,
3.
e\6<j}v
otxra the fact that the race was not of imported, of alien origin : Eur. frnjXvs es OIKOV aXXdrpiov <-irr)\vs
frr.
<av.
Eur. Suppl. fitToiKouvras The verb also means to xpTJ r u* fJ-eToiKovvTas |^ovs. change one s abode. ^TOIKOS, a foreign settler is a well-known word, especially as applied to the class of resident aliens in
dwelling like strangers
, :
892,
u>s
Athens.
this word, which properly belongs to the subject 4. of the sentence, here refers to irpoybvuv, as if oi irpbyovoi had been written instead of 77 TUV irp.
o-<f>wv
<pa<n
indigenous , the glory of the Athenians T&S avToxdhvas /cXeti/ds AOfyas O$K
:
ytvos.
d XXoi sc. IrptyovTo. This use of the nominative with a conjunction when another case has gone before is common in Greek. In Latin on the other hand the construc tion almost invariably conforms to that of the preceding clause such a construction as the following being quite exceptional Tac. Ann. xii. 7, cuncta feminae obediebant non per lasciviam, ut Messalina, rebus Eomanis illudenti.
6.
NOTES.
;
95
KcurOai the infinitive is written instead of a participle 7. dependent on diro^va^vi) a slight irregularity of construction which avoids the concurrence of two participles.
8.
viro8!ajj^vtjs
them
as her own,
CHAPTEB
VII.
The land is dear to the gods ; and a true rich in corn for the sustenance of her sons.
5.
mother of men,
between Athene and Poseidon, who contended Poseidon produced a horse from the ground, and Athene an olive. The latter was the more precious gift, and Athene became the sovereign goddess of the land.
0cSv fyns
for the city.
9.
POTCI
force,
with gen.
dfyovos, active in
so Thuc. iv. 9, (?/c\e(iselected to fight by his side. 4-ycvvqa-ev, in the active, denotes the production of man as the type of mankind in general while yevv-rjffafj.^r], 1. 19, means that Attica bore for herself citizens and sons.
11.
eeX#;aTo
fifvos,
of picked
ib.
sc.
faov
foov.
For vop.i,
some MSS. read 6 s. p.6vov agrees with believes in cf. Euthyph. acknowledges
,
6 B.
proof in favour of our state being introduced by ydp. The ordinary form is reK^ptov 5t, followed by a clause with ydp, here is a proof, now , etc. It is to be noted that the special meaning of Te/c/x^ptov is a conclusive circumstantial proof.
13.
ment that
XOY<?
on
itself
if she has been a mother or not 16. TCKovcrd TC p] a disjunctive use oi re... teal, which is by no means uncommon cf. Euth. 6. 18: 11. 8. viropaXXop-evTi = a false mother: in the active v-rrop. means to introduce a spurious child, in the mid. to take as one s own a child so foisted in.
K<xl
96
17.
MENEXENUS.
TW
yewci>|icV<i>
CHAP. VIII.
:
there
is
no
difficulty in the use of the present, which has conclusive script authority in its favour. It refers to the actual time of
manu
the child
birth
is
in
suggested reading
21. KaXXio-Ta the Athenians lived chiefly on corn and other vegetables, and fish. So too we find from Caesar that corn was the great necessity of a Koman army.
o>
perf.
is
not an imitator of
cf. 8.
17.
Legg. xi. 919 c, TT)S What is meant is the use of oil in rendering the apwyr]. body supple and removing stiffness see Protag. 334 B. The olive was the express gift of Athene, and is often spoken of as one of the chief blessings of Attica.
27.
irovwv
apwy^v
v6<rov
28.
dvrJK
grow
so.
77
yij.
is used of lirr]Y fy inviting the aid of allies and the like, implies that the land called in the gods to help by teaching her own children.
30.
TO
called in
ib. TO, n-ev ovdjJtaTa ^h sets the names apart, as op posed to the lessons which they taught there is no regular apodosis with 5t, but the idea is carried on by the words ot rbv on an occasion like this , i.e. at a ev TW roiwSc, ftiov K.r.X. funeral cf. 14. 47, to rots rototerde Thuo. ii. 36, irptirov d
: :
a/j,a
ev
so Legg. 920 D, of Hephaestus and 31. KaT<TKva(rav Note the Athene, ot rbv filov r)/Mv iry/caTe<TKeia/cao i re xi cus. middle participles irai.Sevardp.cvoi and SiSagci|jievoi, used of teach
ing one s own children, or having them taught. irpoJrovs all other men , double ace. after -raid.
before
CHAPTER
The admirable
2.
VHI.
free
constitution,
and
government of Athens.
WKOVV
;
community
TOVTOVS
olKeiv,
NOTES.
4. KoXij...TJ
97
opposite
:
8 Ivavrfa
the
to
latter adjective has the article, being definitely opposed Ka\rj t nor does there seem any reason to doubt the reading.
7.
<Sv
ofl>6
rvyx- OVTS
belong
8.
i.e.
to the
number
best
in its literal meaning, a rule of the aristocracy would be ex or in case power were in the hands of a pressed by 6\tyapxt.a, very small body by
ipio-TOKparta
av x a ^PH whatever he likes ; dat. governed by Stallbaum proposes o av x a 8C taXuv, which is un doubtedly the more ordinary construction Protag. 358 A, OTTWS
11.
u>
prj.
<-PVi
ib.
|ACT
v8oias
.
ir\i]0ovs
general body
12.
f3a<ri\cis...cUl
i^jiiv ficrtv
the
title
present tense implying that this is still continued. The of King was still held by the second of the nine Archons.
15.
proved themselves
16.
deC,
from not knowing , with gen. d-yvoxKa irar. Sc. take it as passive = obscurity .
.
Loers
is ever rejected or honoured : 17. direX-q \arai. .TeripiTai this use of the perfect denotes a complete and abiding present result; cf. 7. 25: so Thuc. ii. 37, on the same subject, ovd* av Kara ...diw/mTos d(f)avia /ce/cwXi/rcu : id, ii. 45, rb 8 ftr)
7rej>taj
18.
ts
without
IXldrfes.
we have a similar construction, tfpos, 6 So as a connecting particle, infr. 10. 10, rotoury Tpbirip
has power and holds office . The 19. Kparct Kal apxei distinction is similar to that between potentia and potestas.
27. equality before the laws , as opposed to l<rovo(iav class privileges. This clause, with its two equal members, is a good illustration of the rhetorical figures dvrideais and Tra/a/
cf.
Ar. Ehet.
28.
iii.
9. 9.
a\\a>
fjLTjSevi
.
VTTKIV
to yield to
one another in no
other respect
98
MENEXENUS.
CHAP. IX.
CHAPTEK
IX.
Athens is always the champion of freedom. This chapter deals mainly with legendary events which are treated as true The speaker passes on to the Persian wars. history.
3.
els
iravras
avOpwirovs
in
the
eyes of
all
men
Stallbaum compares Tim. 25 B, ets aTrai/ras dvOpuirovs Sia^aci/s TTJ apery: Gorg. 526s, e\\6yi/j,os yeyove KO! els TOVS d\\ovs. In such passages els denotes those whom a report or impression
reaches and
6.
among whom
it
spreads.
son of Poseidon, came to the assistance of EvjioXirov the Eleusinians against Athens with a numerous body of Thracians Thuc. ii. 15 Isocr. Paneg. 54, 68. Panath. 273.
; :
7.
their
the
s ifcvvavro
how they
repelled
the construction
This passage is a good illustration of the difference between a^fou and d/uu^o/itu, the former meaning to help with dat., the latter to defend one s self against with ace. The lit. meaning of the act. is to ward off (a danger), with dat. of the person for whom this is done; cf. 12. 4. See diet, and Arnold s note on Thuc. i. 42.
dirjyrja-aaOai.
9. ApYefois trpis Ka8|iiovs an Argive force led by PolyThe Thebans re nices attacked Thebes and were repulsed. fused to give up the dead for burial, whereupon the Athenians took up the cause, and obtained the restoration of the bodies. See Hdt. ix. 27, where the Athenians are recounting their also Stallbaum s note on the present pas services to Greece
;
depends on
sage,
ib.
and Sandys
55, 58.
HpaKXcfficus irpos Apy. Eurystheus demanded the surrender of the sons of Hercules, who had taken refuge with the Athenians. He invaded Attica to enforce compliance, but was defeated and taken prisoner by Theseus. See the authori ties referred to in the previous notes.
NOTES.
11.
ev P.OVO-IKTJ
:
99
poetry in general, whether epic or lyric, so Legg. 669 D, \6yovs as opposed to \6yos ^t\5s or prose
et j
15.
*x
T11 V
dav
celebrated already.
ib.
<Sv
by
Sot-af,
clause.
the gen. is governed 8fc OVT subjects from which while it supplies the nom. to in the following so Protag. 309s, cure irpotreixov TOV vovv otfr...T, O.VTOV 6a/j.a: Lat. neque...ct.
:
e<rrlv
a worthy glory on a worthy theme ctiav err* di ois 16. a rhetorical repetition of the adjective.
ib.
may still be wooed and won virgin and the orator. courtship is adopted by Bekker and Stallbaum for a.^v^TLq., as agreeing better with the following irpo[j.v(j)p.vov afj.vrj(TTiq. however would
Iv
[ivr]<rTa
:
/j.vr)<rTeiq.,
correspond
18.
the
matchmaker
dXXois lit. engaging others playing Xen. Mem. ii. 6. 36, fjua-ew TTJV Trpo/w^aato hate the woman who had brought the match about
irpo(Jivwp.evov
:
; .
ib.
w8ds re
all
KO.I
to
make them
:
verse
and
so Phaedr. 245
re
21.
8ov\ov|Xvovs
:
or attempting to enslave.
checked
fj.rj
properly imp. participle = were beginning So 16. 8, diru>\\v. Hayov, stopped, Xen. Andb. ii. 5. 11, TTCIS yap 0,0x6$ dvo avdpas ?|et TOV
will
Karadvvai,
22.
probably neuter
of which deeds
otherwise O.VT&V
is
redundant.
Set 8^ avn]v a speaker who intends to praise our 24. ancestors must throw himself back to the times of Darius, in order to gain a true conception of their deeds. ISetv, to look at the speaker must take a proper standpoint and point of
,
view.
tv tKdvq ry XP^ V V 7 ej/ M Yevofwvov putting a particular time,, is an expression which ex plains itself, \6yip being added because a speech is the matter
X6vcj>
25.
s
one
self in
100
MENEXENUS.
in
CHAP. X.
c, yevu/jieOa 5r? rats
now
hand
cf. infr.
10.
V>
22
Legg. 683
diavolais
v rip r6re
XP^ V
re K.T.\.
Here however
opp. tpyy
26.
:
\6y(f>
may
simply
mean
in imagination
otherwise
we might expect
the third of three kings, of TI STJ PCMT., &v Note that yScuriXei/y is used by itself to denote the Persian king. There are several instances in the following = otfre aXXo ovdh chapters so Thuc. ii. 62, otfre neither the Persians nor any other power. 6 tdyas is sometimes added ; as Gorg. 470 E.
whom
TpCrcp
etc.
/3a<riXei)5
20i>os
28.
TO>
avrov
:
c)>pov.
with ^5ovX.
SILO
them
infr.
to his will
r^piev
imperio
or reduced
30.
1.
became
ruler
8")
and
its results;
cipto-aro refers to one definite campaign the impf. cKparei to the naval supremacy
his empire
i.e.
extended
it
so far.
i. 71, nexP 1 T ovde wpl<r6w v/iwv 77 of your inaction , though there the sense is the meaning being, let your forbearance go
Scythia the limit of are reminded of Thuc. ppa8vTi)$, let this be the limi
made
We
claimed lit. thought right: we should say, 33. diovv no one ventured to dispute his supremacy: Thuc. vii. 63, avTtffr^vai otdels y&wvev. Thucydides, i. 16, shows how the conquests of Cyrus and Darius weakened the Asiatic Greeks.
,
34.
is
88ovXw(jLvat
cowed
Thuc.
iv. 34.
similar form
CHAPTEK
The
2.
X.
irevT.
five
of six
NOTES.
,
101
bade him bring clircv TJKeiv dfyovTa 4. ^/cw is often joined with ayw where we should use a single word: Phaed. 117 A, 6 TTCUS .yicev &yuv TOV H,\\OVTO. 5u<reiv TO (pdpftaKOV.
.
so Legg. 698 D, OdvaTov ai)r$ irpoenruv (3o6\oiTo The whole passage should be compared with TTpd^avn TOVTO. For opt. e fiovXei. or r\v ftovXy in orat. the one before us. direct, see note on 18. 5.
5.
el
1.
cf. infr.
12. a similar account is given in the passage <rwaA^avTs from the Laws already cited the Athenians were told that the Persians had swept the district with a net (ffayyvevaeiev, fr.
:
seine).
14.
TTJ
awrfj
Siavoia
or in
The accus. 16. 6v fancying it easy rot|i6"v absolute expresses a view or belief, thus differing from the The accus. gen. abs. which states a thing regarded as a fact. construction is used with OP and a neut. adj. with such words Madv. as t6v, irapov, etc.; and in participial constructions.
.
<is
or<|>i<riv
182.
The in the same constraint with words which imply fastening Stallbaum gives several Phaed. 108 B, ScSeptvos tv dvayKais. other passages. Eperpicvo-iv, dat. after r% avry.
17.
cv TJJ
avrg
is
ava-yKfl
constr. with tv
common
19.
EXXijvwv
ov8cs
vi.
besides
the
Athenians.
with gen.,
of.
Tptraios,
The Lacedaemonians according to Herodotus their march on the ground of observing the (ix. 7) delayed Hyacinthia. They were also hampered by a war with the The religious duties of the Spartans were fre Messenians. quently an obstacle to expeditions beyond their borders, some
times not inopportunely ;
21.
ctyairwvTes
cf.
note on Thuc.
.
iv. 5.
102
22.
Ibeiv.
MENEXENUS.
4v
otoi
CHAP. XI.
Si)
:
TOVTW 8^ referring back to 9. 24, Set apa, what men they were = proved to be
257.
1.
.
for dpa.
see
Madv.
the
more
= act
so Protag.
324
c,
The word is accentuated 26. Tpoircua TWV papp. in Thuc. and trag. For gen. compare Xen. An. vii.
T/OO TCUCI
6.
36,
(Sapfidpuv iro\\d.
28.
apaxos
di\...virtlK(i
mood:
the
Athenians proved that the Persians were not invincible, as was then supposed, but that valour is always superior to numbers. Here there is a difference in meaning which corresponds to the changed construction. In many other instances of indie, and opt. following a past tense with on the same explanation holds
good the fact is expressed by the indie., the more or less See Stallbaum on the present probable hypothesis by the opt. There are however passage, and Wayte on Protag. 335 A. numerous passages in which such an explanation does not fit and in which the change of construction is due to the Greek
;
love of variety
33.
?p-yov
,
and detestation of
achievement
battle.
,
stiffness.
so infr.
lit.
11.
7:
12.
1:
or
action
i.e.
<iirop\&|/avTS )
a/s
CHAPTEE
The naval triumph
4.
olci
XI.
at Salamis.
ImoVTa
vTro/^eVw is
Kal cKcCvwv
probably neut.,
among
those exploits
might however be masc. like rQiv dvdpuv 1. 3 and infr. 1. 13. Stallbaum cites several genitives similar to these last, e. g. Rep.
383
A, TroXXA
O^pov
tiraivovrres,
many
things in
Homer
NOTES.
14.
i.
103
,
r6v exppevov
;
<|>o|3ov
the fear of failure at sea Stallbaum metus qui cum superioribus terroribus proxime Gottleber considered that EXKr/vuv was go erat coniunctus. verned by t-xoy-cvov, the sense being timor qui Graecos incese.
;
quo occupati erant\ But though ^xo^cu undoubtedly governs the gen. with the meaning to have hold of, or to be next to, border upon , yet 0o/3os fyercu TWOS is scarcely an Nor is there any difficulty in taking intelligible phrase. by itself.
serat,
<?x<>-
the result is
817
with
TraiSevdrjvai
robs &\.
subject of
CHAPTEIl
Plataeae,
3.
iffSir]
XII.
glories.
,
= when we come
to this
\oiyoi>
suggests
f/i>v<rav
accomplished
iroXXal JJLCV iroXeis Thebes had zealously aided the 7. Persian cause, and Boeotia generally and Thessaly were friendly, while Persia was still strong in the islands and coasts of the
Aegean.
the King himself: jScuriXeus being 8. avT6s...pacriXvs equivalent to a proper name does not require the def. article.
ib.
IJYV&.XTO
.
was reported
ws
cf.
attempt
For
8iav.
104
MZNEXENUS.
iK
:
CHAP. XIII.
so Thuc. vii. 21, tirixfifnjffeiv irpbs 9. eirixeiprfo-wv A0. the more common constr. is with dat. have in this dialogue other instances of prepositional constr. as 2. 17, ZirovTai ; cf. 22. 6. fj.T fftov
TOI>S
We
11.
T&.OS TTJS
.
<rci>TT]pfa,s
rAos eTriTidfrat is an expression which ex the gen. is added to denote the nature and sphere plains It is a genitive of apposition or explanation; of the TAoj.
ance of Greece
itself:
cf.
neut. for masc., very common in a 12. irav TO (Bappopov sense. The deliverance of the seas from the comprehensive Persian power was begun by the victory of Mycale, won on the same day as the battle of Plataeae, and was finally accomplished by the successes of Cimon, 476 465 B.C. The expedition to Egypt, 460 455, was not so happy in its results Thuc. i. 104,
;
109.
18.
6iri3ov\Viv
<j>6op$
with
Xen. Anab. v. 6. 29, avros tirefiovXeve Sia.^a\\eiv plot In Plat. Protag. 343 c, we have a combination of (1) and fj.e.
(3),
TOI>T(J}
to plot for
tTnt3ov\et<i)v
Ko\ov<rtu
avro.
CHAPTEE
Triumph over Grecian
neeian wars.
ir6\i This must be 1. by the whole city ircio-T) T[] explained as meaning that all her energies were devoted to the cause of Greece, but still it scarcely gives a satisfactory sense, as it would imply that other wars were less unanimously pro secuted. Stallbaum reads TTOS ndey, a very natural arrange
.
foes.
ment
sense.
correspond to
of words in rhetorical speech, irda-r) being added to irds in the interests of sound rather than of
2. the constr. is accommodated to the sense vir^p lavrwv of the collective expression irda-g ry iroXei so infr. 16. 14 we have or0as following avry, sc. T-Q Tro Xei cf. Rep. 599 K, 5
: :
<rk
7roXis...(T0as
NOTES.
3.
<ipijvT]s
105
S -ycv. Isocrates, Panath. 360, speaks of regu terms of peace concluded by Cimon with the Persians. is followed by Aristid. Panath. 264, and Plut. Cimon, c. 13. He It is however extremely doubtful if a formal treaty was ever made. Plato s words need not indicate more than a cessation
lar
of warlike operations.
4. o 8i] <jn\t quod quidem solet : for neut. rel., re 98, 9. ferring to its antecedent in a general way, see Madv. to be fond of, freq. to be wont : Thuc. iii. 42, /xer 0i\&>, avoids 0i\e? yiyve<rdai, it commonly accompanies folly .
5.
rj\os is
trjXos
rivalry,
emulation
s self
:
<j>0ovos,
envy, jealousy
s level, (pdovos
to
another
to
own.
at or near Tavdypq. :.tv is commonly used ev Tcwrypcj of the locality of a battle ; so infr. 1. 13 see note on Thuc. iv. 5. The Lac. had undertaken to establish the Theban supre macy in Boeotia, in return for assistance against Athens.
:
10.
ci|jL(}>i<rpT]Tt]o-inov
go
Diodorus
xi.
80.
Thucydides
however, a more trustworthy authority, says that the Athe nians were defeated.
11.
WXOVTO
after
Tanagra the Lac. returned home, leaving own interests ; Thuc. i. 108. This
12. this may perhaps mean after three rpiTfl np.epa Otherwise the statement is at variance with days struggle the account of Thucydides, i. 108, according to whom the battle of Oenophyta was fought about two months after that of Tanagra, the Athenians having again marched into Boeotia under the command of Myronides.
.
14. especially used of restoring an exile: so Ko.TqYo. yov Aesch. Sept. 647, Kardfa 5 dvdpa rovoe /ecu iro\iv ?|ei cf. Ar. Ran. 1165, tfrevyuv avrip (an exile) i]Ki re Kal
:
19. passing over the intermediate history iroXlpou -yev. the orator comes to the Peloponnesian war the first incident selected being the triumph at Pylus in the seventh year of the war, B.C. 425. The events are related at length by Thucydides,
;
iv.
241.
82
106
20.
MENEXENUS.
CHAP. XIII.
TCJXOVTWV the Peloponnesians invaded Attica nearly every year, and caused great distress by ravaging the country and driving the inhabitants within the city walls. Note change of tense in KTiv6vrwv= thus continuing to repay
.
the chief Lac. TOVS iftejx. AO.K Thuc., v. 15, says that the Spartans captured at Pylus were irpurol re Kal 6/j.olws is. These last words have given ground for much a(f)Lffl Zvyyeve discussion, but it is clear that the captives were men of high
22.
23. the island lying off Pylus and shelter 4v rg ing the harbour. Thucydides calls it Sphacteria ; and ei/ ry is a correction found in some S0a/rT /7ptp manuscripts in the The modern name is Sphagia see note on present passage. Thuc. iv. 4 and 8.
:
24. dire Soo-av the captives were restored in 421 on the conclusion of an alliance for fifty years between Athens and Thuc. v. 24. Sparta,
n^v in this sentence the clauses with p.ev and inverted. The sense is that though an internecine right against barbarians, yet in a quarrel between states of the same blood the victor should be ready to sheathe his sword.
25.
-irpos
ib.
|xexP b VKTJS
i
and no further
ijp.<|>.
see note
on
9. 32.
<j>orj3i]Ti
30. if any one did maintain TIS apa el apa, Note double augment in ijfiapa = if, which is not likely. so we have fyupdow etc. from avopd&w, ijvei^^W an d from d^xo/xcu etc., one augment going before and fjve<rxbfJ. one after the preposition.
:
fjv
r]i>
33.
oTcuria<rd<rr]S
(rrdffis is
people of the same race, even one of such magnitude as the Peloponnesian war.
35.
TOTC
formerly
lit.
VIKWVTCS with gdeiav, showed themselves victorious over delicvvfju takes a participle instead of an infinitive con struction hence where the participle refers to the subject of the main sentence it is put in the nom. without a pronoun
36.
, ;
:
NOTES.
of.
107
Soph. Ant. 20, 577X015 rt Ka\xa^ou<r ^TTOS, you are clearly brooding over something, lit. you show clearly that you are brooding . Note the use of the imperf. partcp. VIKUVTCS (not viK^avres) SO Thuc. i. 108, tvlKwv Aa/ce5ai/ioJuoi id. v. 49, ira.yKpa.Ti.ov
: :
Mica..
etc. is
conqueror
The usage
VIKU>
<pevyw
am
CHAPTEE
The end of the Peloponnesian of the city after civil strife.
XIV.
war
1. the Sicilian expedition and the last rpfrros 8^ iro\|JLOS period of the Peloponnesian war, from 415 to 405 B.C.
3. iroXXol ne v to this corresponds TroXXoi 5 , 1. 10, the in termediate clauses, ofs fiotjd. etc., not affecting the construc tion of the main sentence.
4.
vir^p TTJS
ACOVT.
the ostensible cause of Athenian in first despatched a small expedition Sid TOWS opKovs, they pleaded an ancient
They
by reason of this they gave in thus used means to cry off i.e. to flag, fail, etc. 551, ravra ptv ovv &Treliroi rts a^, olfAai, dpyv&v, a man might bewail till he was tired id. Con. 1264, dv airdiruffiv, v^pL^effQai virdpei, you will have to submit to
TOVTO) aireiirovres
.
direnreiv
Dem. Meid.
u>s
assaults
till
The present
Xen. Eq.
i.
infr.
17. 2
OVK direpoOffi, The perfect is airdp^Ka : Plat. Phaed. 99 D, has sunk under aTTfiprjKa ffKoir&v : Eur. Or. 91, air. KO.KOIS, evils Dem. Olynth. iii. 30, d.ireipT)K(>Twv xpwo-fft, having failed in money . It will be seen that the construction is with a participle, or dative case, the latter being either the dat. of the instrumental cause as in the present passage, or denoting the thing in which the failure occurs.
121, fapovres
paying tribute
:
108
MENEXENUS.
"
CHAP. XIV.
= vvliose enemies praise them more for 8. tSv ot i\Qpoi So Stallbaum, prudence and valour than other men s friends who considers ^-raivov x et * be equivalent to eiraivovcri, on the This is the only good analogy of jj.e/j.\J/iv and yicoyu^y tx* 1 sense to be extracted from the words but TT. x etj/ usually
.
"
means
11.
to be praised
after the disastrous result of the The actions spoken of were certain expedition. operations against the Peloponnesians and revolted allies in 412, detailed in the early part of the eighth book of Thuc. As these successes were insignificant, the subsequent victories of Cynos-sema and Abydos (411) and of Cyzicus (410) are probably in the speaker s mind.
Iv rats yavjiax-
Sicilian
13.
8 8
etc.
etirov
which
16. they brought themselves, had the heart ToXjiTJam used of anything against the grain, or against one s nature.
,
So infr. 17. 11. e7riKT)pvKv<rao-6at, to make overtures to a word always used of conciliatory communications. The treaty with Persia is given by Thuc. viii. 18. It was concluded in
,
412.
21.
olofAe vcov
lit.
i.
sc.
TUV iroKenlwv
3, off
,
understood:
Thuc.
iv.
airi\t]p.|Xv<i>v,
cut
6. 19, 6
gen. abs. with subject dvriXeyovTwv 64, where see note. i.e. blockaded by Callicratidas 5 HLbvwv eiroXiopKeiTO Kal Kara yijv Kal
: :
6d\a.TTav.
23.
avrol ifjLpdvT S
all
Xen. Hel. i. 6. 24, the Ath. manned of age to serve, whether bond or free .
.
recovered for burial 26. <xvcupe0vTs the battle of Arginusae (406) are known to all.
The events
of
ib. oik negatives both the participle and the OVK., .Kcivrai verb. Those whose bodies could not be found had nevertheless a bier in their honour and a part in the funeral ceremony : ot Thuc. ii. 34, jj.ia 8 K\ivr) KWI] 0fyercu tarpuv.^ T&V av ju.i} evpeQuiffiv ts dvalpeaiv.
a<paj
uj>,
32.
TTJ I]JJLT.
8ia<j>opa
by Lysander
at
NOTES.
109
Aegospotami in 405, of which no mention is here made, though the conditions on which peace was granted are referred to in
the beginning of the next chapter.
35.
Kal TJTTii0Tjnv
sc. i)0
ijtJiun>
cu/Tutt
:
.:
common
ii.
^
ellipse
E,
Rep
358
:
orav
UTT
d\\ri\wv
see other
instances in Stallbaum
and Loers.
the struggle between the democracy 36. 6 oiKCios irdX. under Thrasybulus and the thirty tyrants, B.C. 403.
a natural metaphor of disorder in the body 39. voo-rjo-ai : Dem. etc. For aor. cf . Hdt. v. 28, vofffaava politic cf. 9. 30, note.
:
<rrd<7t
42.
irpos
TOVS
EXevo-ivi
remained in Athens
(fr currei).
20vro
:
cluded
46.
ib.
settled, ordered for themselves , i.e. con see Lid. and Sc. and note on Thuc. iv. 17 and 18.
vir
dXXijXwv
with
reX., cf.
2. 4.
means
48.
SioXX. to reconcile them to each other by such on the occa as are in our power . cv rots roioto-Se,
.
CHAPTER
The
3.
XV.
selfish
ambition of Sparta.
the juxtaposition of this word with KCIKWJ is exceedingly ugly and it is bracketed by Bekker and Loers as being merely a gloss explanatory of oik ej/Sews. Stallbaum however retains it, regarding /ca/cws traObitres as opposed to f]/j.ijva.vTO and kafcSs to OVK ^5ews.
LKCLVWS
;
ib.
OVK IvScws
linvvavro
quate degree.
110
5.
MENEXENUS.
s
v...oftxv
CHAP. XVI.
Dem.
for the double indirect interrogation cf. robs Lept. 485, <rvvLed 8v rpbirov, w avdpes Ad., 6 S6Xo
/caXws, /ceXeuet TiBtvcu.
v6fj.ovs, cJs
6.
TTpie\o|jLvoL
stripping away like leaves from a Thuc. iv. 51, retx os from around which surrounded a city.
:
tree.
""/-
7. Kivovs the speaker is at Athens, among Athenians ; he therefore calls the Greeks of Peloponnesus tudvot. though they had been that moment mentioned.
dv9*
services.
wv
i.e.
&vrl
9. piT "EXXrjo-1 for "EXXycrij pyre 7rp6s dX. K.T.\. ; or else the sentence is elliptic, its meaning being that Athens was determined neither to help (individual) Greek states against other Greek states, nor (the whole of Hellas) against a bar barian attack.
14.
Tttvr
agebant,
made
pursued their purpose : Lat. hoc irpa.TTov this their object, devoted themselves to this.
CHAPTER
again obliged to take of the liberties of Greece.
is 1.
XVI.
Athens
Bekker
ou8 tir aXXwv nor in the time of other men this is s correction and gives an excellent sense. The manu
:
which has no meaning. Stallbaum and Loers have oi)5^ irpo TroXXcU^ eruv, for which there is some slight MS authority. Other conjectures are
script reading is ovSt TTO\\UV avdpuirwv,
oi>8
irdXaiuv
and
ovd
It is to
subsequent to his
own
death,
which
2. the meaning is, the subsequent events, ov-.-Xfyoip. av the should I relate them, would be no tales of ancient times words 01; irdXat... yeyovora form the predicate of TO. /teni ravra:
TWV Tc EXXijvcov this would have been followed by ical had the regularity of construction been observed, but
,
NOTES.
it is
Ill
,
being
6.
Oeiorarov.
of a change or with inf. clause ircpMTTTJvai coming round of fortune: Thuc. i. 120, s Tovvavrlov TrfpitffTi].
avrw
laus,
Persians, in dismay at the victorious career of Agesisucceeded in forming a Grecian confederacy against Sparta, B.C. 395.
.
The
This formula occurs only after an 8. dXX TJ except actual or implied negative. See Sandys s note on el fj.fr wda7. Isocr. Paneg. 42, fj.w aXXws...a\\ 77,
8.
dirwXXv
ol
IJL
tried to destroy
airw\\tTi)v.
was
for destroying
Soph.
0. T. 1454,
15.
cu5n}
p<M]9.
by openly
Sparta.
20. 81 Kal 10. Conon escaped from Aegospotami and fled to Evagoras in Cyprus he remained there some years, till he was put in command of the Persian fleet with Pharna<|>vya8as
bazus.
in all probability corrupt, known to history. The confederacy against Sparta comprised the Argives, Corinthians and Thebaiis names which have given rise to various conjec tures as to the true reading. If I might add to the number I should suggest YLepeuv as giving a forcible sense and resembling llapiwv in form.
23.
vir^p
Ilapfov
the reading
is
as
no war on behalf
;
of the Parians is
CHAPTER XVU.
Her
allies sacrifice
the
common
interest
and peace
is
made.
2. dirayopevovTas see note on 14. 8. The Spartan naval power was unable to withstand the Graeco-Persian fleet.
3.
wash
4.
his
ovcrircp Trporcpov
Thuc.
viii.
treaty
412 B.C.
112
5.
7.
el
MENEXENUS.
n&Xoi
[A^V
CHAP. XVII.
TWV
cX.
.e\|/v<r9T]
he was mistaken in
so in act.
/*e e\Tri5os.
OVK
eroX[jiT]<ra|jLV
thus to
TO
-y
T<
ns ToX.
and
foetid,
subject to
ptpcuov
etc. predicate.
:
14. because we are 8id TO ctvai... "EXXTjves "EXXrjves in nom. because the construction is accommodated to the sense, as if wets or oi ToXircu had been the subject of the main sen tence instead of TO rrjs 7r6X. yev.
ib. purely, without admixture elKiKpiv^ is clXiKpivus derived either (1) from 2X77, eiXrj, the sun s warmth or the sun light, and Kptvu, or more probably (2) from eifXw, to roll (or the
.
kindred 61X77 or Z\i) = grex, turma) and Kpt, to test. According to the former derivation it means held up and judged by the sunlight ; according to the latter the meaning is discerned
baum on Phaed.
by rolling or sifting or sifted into separate parcels and the word should be written eiX. with the aspirate see Stall45. 66 A, and Sandys on Isocr. .Demon. 12,
,
:
15. IlcXo /res Pelopses or Cadmuses etc. i.e. foreign ad venturers like them cf. Symp. 218 B, bptiv av Qaidpovs,
,
Aydttuvas K.T.\.
The plural thus used has often a strong tinge of contempt, as when Clytemnestra calls her husband ~Kpvvr[t8wv /j.el\iy/ji.a,
Aesch. Ag. 1430. We may note a somewhat similar class use of the plural in Latin, e.g. Hor. Sat. i. 7, 8, Sisennas, Barros, ut equis praecurreret albis, where we should say, a Sisenna, a Barrus so luv. x. 108, quid Crosses quid Pompeios evertit ? what overthrew a Pompeius and a Crassus ?
:
17.
v6|ug>
by ordinance of
2
:
man
freq.
opposed to
ei
/.CTJ
0i5<m
Ar. Eth.
i.
3.
so Hdt.
iv.
39, ov
\^yovaa
vb^,
of the
cuh-ol
self
alone
and Greeks only. very Greeks "EXXr]VS not uncommonly means by one s self hence ai)roi yap typev, of the Athenians when no
,
NOTES.
113
_
In constr. "EX. \& predicate in foreigners were in the city. agreement with the subject of olKodpev. Note in the following line the emphatic position of the pred. icaOapov, genuine .
has sunk deep in , perf. intr. fr. 19. cvrerT]K to pour in while melted: Soph. El. 1311, fuo-os ^T^Tr}K^
20.
/not.
fyttS 8
ovv
ceterum and may generally be rendered however . It is (1) as in the present passage, to resume the narrative or argument after a longer or shorter digression (2) merely adversative particle cf. Aesch. Ag. 1042, d 3 ovv dvdyKij
: :
used,
main
as an
rrjed
tTripptiroi TVXTJS,
note.
Sometimes we
(this
find
:
an
elliptic usage of el 8
:
if
however
may
not be)
as
we stood out
we were
;
left
alone again
when
cf. 18.
19.
to the same state as that in conse 23. ls Tavrci, eg cSv quence of which i.e. we were abandoned by our natural allies. Kal irpoTpov, lit. formerly also. KO.L is thus used in compari sons so freely that it is often difficult to give an equivalent ren
,
dering.
Ar. Vesp. 1085: Note that ovv is not commonly used by the best prose authors except in such phrases
24.
er^v flew
s
with heaven
blessing
nXX
S/J.MS
dirti}<r6fji.eoda.
e<nrpav.
as this.
ib. <5Lp.tvov...0p.e0a referring to the peace of Antalcidas concluded in B.C. 387. It was the work of Sparta, and only The Greek cities Sparta gained honour or advantage from it. in Asia were sacrificed, and the fruits of the long struggle which the Greeks had maintained against Persia were completely The orator merely points out that Athens fared destroyed. better than might have happened. Speaking of the same peace Demosthenes, Androt. 598, says elpyvijs MX^T^ oTrolas rivbs as if the Athenians had dictated terms to their foes. e,
26. no doubt the Lacedaemonians were ofirtos d-yair^Tws weary of the war, and glad to conclude peace, especially on advantageous terms.
114
28.
MENEXENUS.
CHAP. XVtII.
4v Kopv0(j> after the Spartan victory at Coroneia (B.C. 394) the war between Sparta and the allied confederacy was carried on for the most in the territory of Corinth. Lechaeum, the W. port of Corinth, was betrayed to the Lacedaemonians a Corinthian party, Xen. Hel. iv. 4. by
30. cK(3oX6vTCs referring to the naval victory of Cnidos gained by Conon and Pharnabazus in B.C. 394, which destroyed the Spartan supremacy at sea.
CHAPTEE
XVIII.
These are the deeds of your fathers. their sons, to tread in their steps.
They
call
on you,
1. these then are the deeds . The sentence TO, |iv 8rj concludes with two appositional clauses, TO, ntv dp. roXXa (sc.
6i>Ta)...Tci
l
I)TTO\. /c.r.X.
the plural subject jne/mv. is ji.(iVT]jivovs... iravT dvSpa resolved into the distributive singular Trdj/r wdpa, a construc tion very common with ^acrros. have the same construction in Latin with quisque, e.g. Tac. Hist. ii. 44, increpant,...suum
6.
<
We
ev iroXep-w
like
soldiers
is
rades
military language.
XcCireiv TI^V TOIV not to desert the post cf. p.i} de Ehod. lib. 200, where a comparison is drawn out be tween the duties of citizens and the duties of soldiers, r-nv VTTO T&V irpoydvuv rd%iv iv Ty iro\irdq. Trapadedo/jifrrjv \eiTrovras so Socrates refuses to desert the post in which the gods have stationed him, Plat. Apol. 28 E, 5etj/ot dv efyv elpyaff/mfros el... TOV deov TdTTovTos...\iirot/ji,i rr^v rd^tv. have the subst. Xi7rorai a, desertion Dem. Meid. 568: cf. Xt7roraiov ypa<pr).
8.
:
Dem.
We
9.
KaK g
cowardice
KO.I
ovdt
\7i/j.aros KaKrj.
Kada and
Aesch. Sept. 616, ws /ca/c6s are used in the same sense dvai Spii} Horn. II. viii. 153, "E/crw/j
:
oi>x
adv/j.oi>
:
<re
NOTES.
11.
115
;
future
Xoiirw aXXos
future
lit.
remaining
so rb \onrov,
for the
refers to
Dem. Lept. 461, irapa 6 V/MV dSecDs a av \dfiy * u your city whatever a T v yovv aXXoi xf vov man has once received he used at any rate to be allowed to In this passage, in which the speaker is discussing a keep change of the laws for rewarding public services, he makes a rhetorical change of construction, and instead of saying ex*" the imperfect form. We virdpxet, throws the sentence into have an exception in Dem. Androt. 594, TOVTOV 5 ireipdaro^ai Kal vvv Kal rbv ahXov airavra a/j.vye<rdai x/>oW, where the meaning is plainly for the future
ns x
lv V7TTJPX
. .
13.
SIKCUOS eiju
i
8lKai6v tcrl
/tot,
am bound
fell
:
:
in justice
to
15.
TI iraVxoiev
in case anything
if
happened
them
so Thuc. iv. cf. Cic. Tusc. i. 38, o <pripr)/ji.&os a/)%etv, et TI ttcftvoi irdffxoiev 43. 104, Anaxagoras...quaerentibus velletne Clazomenas in patfiam, si quid ei accidisset, auferri etc. Note that in sentences such as this, referring in oratio obliqua to past time, el with the optative often represents -r\v with the subjunctive in oratio directa. Thus in English, as I will go becomes he said he so the command if anything happen (i.e. shall would go happen), do so becomes he told us to do so if anything
they
happened^.
17.
\ap6vT6S 8vvap.iv
if
18. oxoveiv CK. & &v the strictly regular constr. with verbs of hearing, ace. of thing heard and gen. of person from whom it is heard: Horn. Od. xii. 389, TOUTO 5
CHAPTER
sions.
6.
XIX.
Courage and virtue are the only true and lasting posses
dSfoyrov etvai ftv K eKTrj/j,tj>y
v fiiov
life is
:
as
a^3.
also with
so Legg. 926 B, not worth living fos, Dem. Meid. 557, a^. yer
:
116
8.
MENEXENUS.
T\vnf<ravTi
CHAP.
death
,
XIX.
after his
added in explanation
of
v-rrb
yijs.
9.
edv TI
teal
oXAo
/ecu cf.
Madv.
13
223.
10.
virtue
ib.
manliness,
manly courage
this
so.
but in
1.
TOVTOU Xck7r6|Ava
failing in
the duty of
manly bravery: the neuter pronoun often thus takes the place of an abstract noun of different gender. For a similar use of
the
rel. see
note on 13.
4.
18. knavery, rascality : Cic. de Off. iravovpYfa. scientia quae est remota a iustitia, calliditas potius
,
i.
19,
quam
Mere intellect says Julius Hare, sapientia est appellanda. is as hard-hearted and as heart-hardening as mere sense; and the union of the two, when uncontrolled by the conscience, and without the softening, purifying influences of the moral affections, is all that is requisite to produce the diabolical ideal of our nature (Guesses at Truth).
19.
TTOS give
8id iravros iracrav irdvrws the reiterated forms of a deep emphasis to this impassioned appeal. So infr.
iraa>Ta
rbv
i n the first if possible of the place gives the next best : Dem. Meid. 564, the fiaXiffra (JLV davaros, el 8k /X.TJ, Trdvra ra ovra atfitXecrdai, best penalty for such a man is death, the next best the for feiture of all his property .
20.
ndXitrTa
(i-e
best course;
8e
JIT|
24.
irapcwncevcurcua-Oe
d
Trapf<rKevd{TO
with
fut.
Tewo
monly
;
eirt^Tjcrd/xei os,
.
by stratagem
wapaa-Kevd^ofjuti
;
very
com
u?s
etc.
to use
up
or
misuse
like Lat.
The
olofxevto
rl
is
following dvai
from Lightfoot
re,
thinking himself to be somewhat s note on Gal. ii. 6, T&V those who are looked up to as authorities .
tvai
.
NOTES.
The expression
is
:
117
Plat. Apol. 41 E, tav doK&ffl rt etrat /j.T)dy ovres Euthyd. 303 c, T&V fffJ.VUV 8r) KO.L SOKOVVTUV TL ftvdl OvStv VfJUV /J.t\i COHlp. Gal.
exact shade of meaning which it bears must always be determined by the context Here it is depreciatory of those who pride them selves on a honorable name without merit of their own. ns is used in the same way, e.g. Eur. EL 939, ^ix ets Tt * ^val 8O in Lat. aliquis, aliquid : Cic. ad Ait. iii. 15, ut me velis esse aliquem: luv. i. 74, si vis esse aliquid.
vi.
3,
el
yap 8oKi ns
The
27.
rip,, |tii
8t
eavrdv
te
cf.
luv.
viii.
7476
censer i laude tuorum, Pontice, noluerim sic ut nihil ipse futurae laudis agas. miserum est aliorum incurnbere famae.
28. etvai...Tijj.ds that there should be honours : the words elvai Tijwds yovtw (the existence of honours) form the subject of the sentence, /caXos Stall(sc. t<Tri) being the predicate.
0??<r.
145, rl 8t pot tfv tri /c^Sos; what further life to me? Loers unnecessarily altered /ca\6s #770-. into the accusative, making the whole a sentence in oratio
Kal XP- Ka^ TI 30. we sav either... or, disjunctively: the Greek idiom emphasizes the fact that both are discreditable, but without implying that both happen together: so rc...Kai
K"
infr.
1.
32,
and
often.
;
from lack dat. of the instrumental cause. of one s own Tit. i. 12, ?5ios O.VT&V TTJOO^TTJS, a prophet of their own fSios in classical Greek is always opposed in sense either to a\X6rptos (as here) or to Koa>6s in later Greek it sometimes is merely equivalent to suus. For construction of gen. of the personal pronoun in apposition to a The same construction is 67. possessive pronoun see Madv. common in Latin with meus, tuus etc., cf. Cic. de Off. i. 33. 119,
32.
ctiropia
IStav avrov,
to
each one
own nature
edv, OTO.V
etc.
irapd
<f>(\ovs
Tro/ATrr;
oafouuiUf
^IXr)
ytfyvoftfrq
^o\j\biJ.fvov tpavlfeiv
<pi\ov
irapa
<j>l\ois:
juxtaposition see
Bekker
s note.
118
MENEXENUS.
CHAP.
XX.
the same phrase is used Phacfl. 34. r\ irpoo-qKovcra jioipa 113 E, and Legg. 903 E: in both passages it means the due which souls are assigned their fit habi portion or award by The same meaning must be given here tation after death. though both Stallbaum and Bekker follow Loers in rendering a periphrasis for death it mortis circumlocutio,
;
will give you kindly welcome so Grito 54 c, OVK eu/a. ae vwod^ovrai. fuf^ev^s is especially used of the favour of divine and superhuman powers.
36.
V|iv<os
01
iv
"AiSov
i>6/j.oi
lit.
let this
CHAPTER XX.
Do
3.
much
The
dependent on
xp-fj,
as is
shown by the
context.
14.
TJ
:
JM}
iff*.,
etvcu
parents
^/^repoi
nom. because
either that they are not truly our it belongs to the subject of the
sentence.
or that we are belied by those who praise ijjxwv Rep. 391 D, ofa vvv /carai/ etfSoj rcu avruv, of the false legends about heroes and demigods.
ib.
:
-fj
us
15.
XP ^
1
;
SI ovSlrcpa
xpi?,
sc. yiyve(r9ai
:
ovdt rl ae
.
the infinitive is often Horn. IL xvi. 721, Tlirre /mx^s why dost thou cease from battle ? tis
:
not right
16.
(to cease)
^pw
X6y<fj
fyyy
is
opposed in
here
it is
withoWas: note the distinction between appear to be, and 0atVo^at uv, I appear being, The emphatic cadence of the following i. e. I manifestly am. words is to be observed, and the double juxta-position T$ OVTI... ovras avdpas avSp&v cf. supr. 19. 33, irapd. 0/Xous. Loers cites Legg. 950 A, KaivoTO/j-las aXXiyXots efJuroiovvTUv ^vwv i-tvoi il
cj>aivojxc
vovs
<f>aivofj.ou
elvcu, I
<f>t\oi
NOTES.
Politic. 303 C, /j.eyiffTovs 6
yiyveffdai.
119
/ecu
ovras
/tu/iTjras
yfyrjras
<ro0t<rTas.
Other instances
may
be
much
the (well-known saying) Nothing too /*. ay. is the subject, TrdX. Xey. being predicate in apposition therewith. Note the use of the present \ey6Xcyofwvov and X^o-Gai f a current saying : so freq.
.
TO u/qSev a-yav
In this sentence r6
rt>
/jt.voi>,
ib.
saying is following
commonly
is
This
The
the account given by Plato, Protag. 343 B ovrot d-n-apx^v TTJS <ro0/a? (the Seven Sages) /ecu KOivfj AtroXXwvi els TOV veuv rbv v AeX^ots, ypfyavres avtdeffav See raOra a 5^ iravres yvuidi aavrbv /cat fj.r)fev dyav. Stallbaum s and Wayte s notes on the passage. Such sayings were characteristic of the poets and philosophers of the sixth century B.C. For the Seven Sages compare Grote s History of Greece, ch. 38, p. 80. Ancient authorities vary considerably as to the authorship of the various maxims ascribed to them, and even as to their number and their names.
%vi>e\86i>Ts
r<p
V/J.VOV<TI,
by
se
this passage is translated at length era) -yip dvSpC 19. Cicero, Tusc. v. 12. 36.
ib. els
avrbv dvrjpTTiTai
:
depend on himself:
Cic.
ex
apta sunt
21.
cf.
Dem.
depending on
cuwpLTcu
tv
e\irl<jiv
Thnc. vii. 77, hang in suspense, waver Cicero thus renders the passage : aliorum aut bono casu aut contrario pendere ex nee suspensa alterius eventu et errare coguntur.
T$
22.
other
23.
is
nom.
to
is
yvdyKaffrai.
man who
dpio-Ta irapeo-K.
est.
com-
parata
virtues,
The man thus minded possesses the four cardinal righteousness of life (= justice), temperance, courage,
et
and prudence.
35. TIS eVri
<TTIV
ti>6d8e
927
A, Ste^eX^ei^,
us dpa ai TUV
cf.
Plat. Legg.
8vi>a/Mi>
%x ovff l
Ttm
G. P.
120
T\ci>T
r)<ra.o
MENEXENUS.
ai,
fj
CHAP. XXI.
rwv /car dvQpuirwv 10 (11). 5, argues that any knowledge which the dead may have of things on earth must make but a feeble impression, not strong enough at any rate to affect their hap
Aristotle Eth.
i.
piness.
in this way : by thus acting, explained by 36. OVTWS the participles which follow: Gorg. 478 c, op ovv ourws av... unei)5cuM<w&n-aros d.\dpurroi, &vdpuiros ct-rj, tar/)eu6^6i/oj pleasing opp. to ^dXiar av
;
,
what concerns us almost i7/ue?s, but 39. TO, ii|Jirepa... less direct. The following words remind us of a passage in Pericles speech, addressed to the parents of the slain, Thuc. ii. 44, rb 5 evrvxts, ot civ r^s evTrpeTreffTaT-ns \dxu<rir, ucrirep o ide
,
fjitv
vvv reXevr^s
42.
u^tieZs
5^ XUTTT/S.
:
vrav0a Tpe irovres Gorg. 494 E, ay a evravOa so tvrt, fKei etc. are often used with verbs implying direction or motion, just as we say to look there, to come here, instead of thither
and
hither.
we would make this appeal : 46. 7rapaK\vojjL0 &v the optative thus used is almost equivalent to the future in The speakers first put dicative, but less strong and direct. and then add that forward their request with moderation they know that the city will do her part, even without words of
:
theirs.
Stallbaum, with some manuscript authority, reads the imperf. ind. irapeKe\vo fj.ed dv, we should make (lit. have been making) this appeal i.e. if it were necessary, but this is not the case.
,
CHAPTER
XXI.
who
the children )( the parents. 4. TWV [JV...TWV 8 here takes gen. of the person and inf. = we beg of you to do this for other constr. see diet.
:
NOTES.
8.
121
.
presume,
TTOU ( I ye know, I doubt not with Attic urbanity, used in matter of cer before the speaker proceeds with his tainty, to intimate that, argument, he waits for the hearer to affirm the point, or call it
ftrrc ifov
etc.)
= surely,
is,
to
like that of Pericles, by promising that the children will be cared for by the state (Thuc. ii. 46). The subject is however dwelt upon here at greater length and more in detail.
who
the mid. is used of the state, or people vojtovs OejwvT) enact or pass laws for their own government, the act. is used of an absolute governor who imposes laws on his subjects, or (very freq. in the orators) of the individual legislator or pro poser of a law.
ib.
9.
irpC
in relation to
with
t>6p.
Benefit].
an authority ; a common use of the abstract 11. dp\iQ for the concrete, which is natural when the office itself is the thing to be considered rather than the actual incumbent for V Ta s * aL r l & v T V ^PXV the time. y dpxn = o iv re\ei), Thuc. iv. 15. cf. note on rd re\^ ( =
>
dpx<*l
roi>s
the chief Archon (eTrwvfjLos) ib. apxfj TJirtp jic-yCo-rr] was entrusted with the care of the parents and orphans of those who fell in war, and with the education and guardianship of the
c<rrv
children.
15.
ev -rrarpos
ib.
<r\r[[i.a.ri
so Legg. 859
/j.r)Tpbs /cal
A, ev
irarpos re Kdl
918
E, ev
rpo^oO cr^/iaTt.
either when they 16. eirciSdv ls dvSpos reXos two-iv reach the final point of man s estate , i. e. when they at last become men hi which case the gen. is subjective like rA.os The latter view awTTjplas 12. 11: or rAos= class, position is supported by the phrase reXclv els, lit. to pay to, i. e. be rated or belong to: Legg. 923s, els dvSpas reXeo , to be of with, man s estate Hdt. ii. 51, es "E\\rjvas reXtovcri. Loers cites from the Epinomis, 992 D, els Trpetr/Si/rou rAos he however suggests the propriety of reading reXuxnr.
. :
d<J>iKOfj.tvois
a slight anacoluthon or irregularity of con 17. aTroire fJLirci struction: the strictly regular order would be Ka.Taffracra....tri. re iraiylv ovffi, Kal eireidav...dTroTr^7rovaa. Such variations are
92
122
far
MENEXEN US.
CHAP.
XXI.
from uncommon, especially in sentences with re, and often gain in effect and grace more than they lose in grammatical
precision.
on attaining his eighteenth year ib. iravoirXCq, Koerji/qcraora an Athenian was enrolled among the l0?7/3ot, and after a certain
period of preliminary training served till his twentieth year in the Trepi.ir6\oi or frontier and garrison guard. By iravoir\ia is denoted the full defensive and offensive equipment of a man at arms ; spear, sword, shield, helmet and corslet oir\a often bears the same meaning.
;
18.
v8iKvufievT]...8i8ov<ra
by this
their
their fathers* virtues In the next clause 5i8oC<ra by a change of constr. is followed by the inf. = granting, permitting them .
calling to
memory
omen oiwos, lit. f r * ne sa ^ e f 20. olcdvov \o-piv one of the larger birds, from the flight or cry of which omens were sought, hence an omen generally. So Thuc. vi. 27, of the mutilation of the Hermae, when the Sicilian expedition was about to sail, rou ^KTT\OV oiWos edonei elvcu. Cf. Hor. Od.
:
gd
i.
15. 5,
quam multo
id.
Epod.
ib. apxecrOai Uvai it was especially important that the beginning of anything, such as a journey, an expedition, or a new state of life, should be attended by auspicious circum stances. apfjovra per loaves, to rule with a strong hand as would be typified by the youth entering on his new life fully
,
armed.
23. Ka0 &CCKTTOV Iv. Thuc., ii. 34, says that the Athenians throughout the Peloponnesian war held a public funeral, OTTOTC whenever it befell them i.e. every year when afrrois,
* ,
citizens
had
25.
:
ctywvas
Isocrates begins
his
speech in
praise
of
Evagoras of Cyprus, by thus addressing his son and suc I see, Nicocles, that you honour your father s memory cessor not only with rich and numerous offerings, but also with cho-
NOTES.
russes
123
and moreover with
contests,
.
27. vUos gen. as if from a form vievs, which however is not found. The irreg. declension is most common in gen. and
dat. singular
see Lid.
and
So.
the city takes on herself all the obligations of relationship, both towards the fallen sol diers and their parents and children. For kv fj.oipg. cf. Phileb. 54 c, it stands in the condition TT; TOV dyadov /jiolpq. text, of the good .
27.
v...fiop<ji
i.e.
&
29.
irdo-av iravrwy
cf.
19. 19.
most fit to take care of others and be pao-rot 0ep. taken care of. Usually pq.aroL tffre 6ep. = p$<rT6v fort 6ep. it is an easy thing to do cf. note on Thuc. ii/xas, as we say iv. 10, p$.aToi dfMvvecrdai, they are most easy to repel
33.
:
ei<nv
33. This abrupt dismissal closely resem yvv 8l...iriT6 bles Pericles s closing words, Thuc. ii. 46, vvv 5 oVoXo^v/xtyiej Oi
ov irpoffT]KL ascribed to
^/cocrros
ttTTtre.
Demosthenes
(p.
The aor. participles mean that the due rites of lamenta tion have been already performed ; for the funeral oration was the concluding part of the whole ceremony (Arnold, on Thuc.
CHAPTEE
made
the speech himself.
irpo
is
XXII.
his belief that he
The prae ceteris multis Y oXXwv iroXXwv uncertain ?roXX^ has good manuscript authority, and 7rp6s ye aXXui is found, but gives no good sense. Stallbaum, following Heindorf, suggests KO! TT/OOS 7 aXX-rjv iro\\r}v, and moreover, I am very grateful to the narrator as well .
.
reading
16.
e5
&v
<i\oi
well,
we
shall see
lit.
it
would be
well
no
refusal,
APPENDIX
Euthyphro
rb
2. 10, $775
A.
8aifji.6viov
vavra
e/caoroTe
The dat/jAviov or 8aifj.6vtov a-rj/melov was a voice by which Socrates believed himself to be warned from time to time. Its
was always to stop him from something which he was about to do, never to urge him to a course of action. We find him in the Phaedras stopped in the course of a speech by the divine sign and again in the Republic, men tioning it as having restrained him from renouncing philosophy, and entering on public life. We cannot take the obvious view for he that Socrates means simply the voice of conscience expressly says that it is something peculiar to himself, which had been bestowed it may be on no one else. He regarded it in fact as an inti as external to himself and supernatural mation of the divine will which he was bound to obey. No one probably will suspect Socrates of deliberate and sustained imposture on such a subject on the other hand it would be strange if there had been a taint of insanity or mono mania in one who was mentally and bodily so vigorous and
effect
,
;
strong.
Mr Henry Jackson, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, has maintained with much probability that Socrates may have been subject to an hallucination of the sense of hearing, by which his own thought conveyed to the brain an impression of sound externally produced. Such an hallucination would not be inconsistent with perfect bodily and mental health in all other respects. See Journal of Philology, Vol. v., p. 233.
It may be however that Socrates intended to symbolise some mental phenomenon which he believed to be a special
gift
APPENDIX
Euthyphro
5. 30,
B.
The word ISta, as used in this passage and 7. 14, is easily understood as denoting a general conception, by means of which
are able to give a general definition, in order to classify eZSos things as pious or impious, just or unjust, and the like. is the realization or manifestation of the idta, as seen in actual I have rendered it class-characteristic , as making things. the context clear, in the one passage where it occurs in the
we
Euthyphro
(7. 13).
man s highest faculty (i/oCs), and gave separate existence. But, on the principle of Parmenides, that thought and being are the same (r6 -yap avrb voelv re /cat elvai), the Ideal theory, from being a simple doctrine of abstract terms or con ceptions, became a theory of existence. Parmenides had already
apprehended only by
doctrine of Ideas however plays so important a part in the Platonic philosophy that a short space must be devoted to its fuller discussion. The idea, as denned by Plato, is that which is common to the many of like name again, ideas are arrived at by the method of division (8ialpe<ns) cf. Symp. 211, Politicus 262. That is to say the idea represents the universal or genus, that which we conceive in general concepts this is the essence of things and the one true object of knowledge. So far the Ideal theory is really a development of the of Socrates (r6 Ka66\ov 6pieff6ai), and general definitions serves to fix a theory of class-names. But, whereas Socrates did not give his general definitions or conceptions an existence apart from those objects to which they applied, Plato trans ferred these general conceptions to a higher region (rd vorjrbv),
: :
:
The
them a
APPENDIX
B.
127
attempted to settle the question of the connexion between the world of visible objects (TO. opara or (paj.v6fji.eva) and that of pure thought (TO, vorjTa) by denying the reality of visible existence. exist Plato attempted a solution by arguing that all
<j>aiv6/j.ei>a
in the ideas. Thus ideas became causes, causes even of the existence of material objects, manu factured as well as natural; e.g. beds, tables, chairs, etc., although it has been suggested that this materialistic view of the theory was simply intended to adapt it to vulgar compre hension. The idea is the pattern or archetype (vrapaSery^a) of which all existing objects are images or copies (eiSwXa, ei/coves, o/x,ocwit is eternal (a!8ioi>), unchangeable (cudvyTov), exists by /uara) itself (avro /ca0 avrb), apart from sensible objects (rrapa. TO, but yet has community (/j.tdeis) with sensible objects al<r6r)Ta), The highest idea is the but in what way we are not told. idea of the good, which is the sun of the intellectual world (cf.
by participation
(ju,^0ets)
Hep.
vi.
With regard
ettos
)(
t
5<?a,
note that al
though Aristotle frequently substitutes elSos for t S^a, yet the terms are not synonymous or convertible. e?5os points to a more material, less abstract class of objects than would be denoted by idta. Roughly to state the case, eZSos points to a
realisation of the
more
:
Compare with
genus
)(
abstract I8ta (cf. Ar. Eth. i. 6. 10). this use of eldos the distinction 761/0$ )( eWos
species
genera
)(
formae generum
INDEX.
The figures denote the chapters to in the notes.
and
lines,
accusative
,,
absolute
M
dyairw
4.
37
E
dpa
11.
10. 16
5.
17:
6.
26 30:
8. 54:
13. 28
M 10. 21 El. 21 M 8. 16
13.
tence
3.
20
apd ye ; dp otv t
1
E 6. E 5.
19
1
1.
Archinus
aper-f,
E
, ,
E
TI
4.
46 49
aXXo
M 9. 7 M 9. 8: 12. 4 ov repeated M 5. 2 anacoluthon E 1. 24: 4. 43 dvaipu M 14. 26 dWu E 3. 13 dvrl M 5. 20 Antiphon M 3. 28 d3 M 9. 33 aor.= at once M 4. 14 force of M 9. 30 d7raXXoTTo/u E 8. 17 a7T?7roy M 14. 8 18 M 10. 33 diropMiru E
Amazons
dfji.vv<a,
(fi) ;
12.
38
apicTTOKpctTla M 8. 8 Aspasia M 3. 22 E 5. 6 M 3. 5 M 6. 4
M 19.
17
10
a0
^a-r/as &pxo/jia.i
2.
-0/j.cu
E 11. 9 E 4. 29
E
12. 16 etc.
1.
9.
26:
fj.iffBov
ye
6. 28,
38
genitive in apposition
M 19. 32
10.8
4.
1 26
:
,,
,,
of accusation
partitive
E 4. 17
1.
,,
17
7.
18
INDEX.
129 E
10. 8
E
e7To/x.at
6.
10
ypafprj,
ypd<j>o/J.ai
1 6
Eumolpus
M 9.
11. 14
Aa$aXos E
13. 27
E
5.
17. 14
13. 5
17
^ yap
17
E
4
3.
8.
44
5ta/3<AXa>
E
5/KTjv
13 2. 13 E 1. 2 E 4. 55 1. 6
2.
dTjXov,
1.
drj\a;
4.
21
77377
17
M 12.
47
14. 16
3.
20
delov, TO
XaTxavw E
5.
10
6epaTreia
E E
4.
Dion
1.
17
Heracleidae
M 9. 9
M 4.
eI5os
eZ/cT?
el8fE 13.5
12
eiXiKpiv&s
efe els rts
M 2. 5 M 17. M 9. 3
E
5.
7.
12 14
E4. 35
i<TOJ>o/JLia
M 8. 27
E 14. 6 to weigh, E
8.
IffOfftceXr/s
30
:
&TT77/W,
23
KO.ffTOV
^etVos
E 9. 41 E 1. 9 5.
tKKa.6a.lpw
elvai
E
E
.
1.
19 33 12 3.
6.
15
20. 2
E
ti>Tie-r)fJt.i
23 13. 38
13. 37
4.
E
E6.
M 7. 30
7: 10.13
1.
35
1.
1.
25
13. 13,
39
M2.
KOVJ/OS
E
?7T7?XUS
t-rrl,
34
2
in
17. 4
M 3. 23
6.
6.
13
force
composition,
E7. 29
Lamprus M 3. 27
Afaeiov
1.
130
INDEX.
M
fj.avdav(a
2.
27
oui/
3.
6
13.
1.
E 2. 10: MAijros E 1 16
ovi>
10. 15
oi)<ria
euros
Menexenus, family of
E E
14 13
1.
oifrw,
just
2. 6
fj.ovffiKri
E 9. 16 E 4. 19
Traflos
TTO.V
E
5.
13.
15
:
29
13.
50
10.
13.
Travrbs
fj.a\\oi>
E
:
E
TI TreXarT/s Tr^vrXos
12.
4.
6.
M 18.
30
10 19
15
TreplXei/nfjLa
TrAeiaj indecl.
M 7.
M
7rXi77<is
11
ir60ei
23 Xa tt/3ai w M. 4. 13
/
M 4. 9 M 2.
6
1.
30 35
3.
<K
3.
10
ofos
1.
18
inf.
with
13. 12
com
7iy>6s
5.
2.
:
6.
3.
fJL-f)
by demon
oaiov, TO
6Vns
,,
M 3.
13.
5.
29
<raOp6s
26
5.
18
6
o-/caX??j/6s
a-rrdvios
E 14. E 3. 9
E
3
wB
Sphagia
o-rao-iafuj
offtp
40
M 13. 23 M 13. 33
13.
o Tt,
ov iravv
with superl. E 1. 14
19. 8
oi<
E
2.
1. 3.
om
oi;5j
30
2
Stasinus
oroct
60
1.
1.
<rvyu/3ouXeua)
M
13
10
oi)5ei$ 6 <rrts
E
4.
17
Ta<paL
o0e\os
54
M 1.
re, disjunctive
6.
7.
16
M7.
13
INDEX.
rl
5<h
131
,
B8. 37:
ri en/cu
M 19.
M
9.
13
with subj.
l,
8. 1
rt fjidXicrra 9.
1.
26 4
^>epOfJLl>OV
12. 6
25
M 14.
57
16
0ei/yw 0^cu/w
<j>i\ei
E E
4. 2
10. 5
w B
13. 47,
solet
<f>i\offO(f>ia.
M 13. 4
1.
5
11
M
U7r6,
6. 1
constr.
18.
M 8.
6
2.
15.
49
passive
E
w
25
with 4. 20
viroyvov, ^
viroTl0e(JMi
M M 3. 3
13.
virtual 2. 5
6av/j.dffie
<^5ai
M 9.
E
18
2.
M
6
1.
23
ws,
with
inf.
(Eamfortoge
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