WATER TREATMENT

Engineered Systems

Sources of Drinking Water

Groundwater shallow wells, extract water from unconfined aquifers, generally not used for drinking water source. deep wells, extract water from confined aquifers, generally used for drinking water source. Groundwater is normally potable. Only chlorination or disinfection is done for water supply. Surface water Rivers Lakes Reservoirs Surface waters are generally not potable. They need to be properly treated before supplying for drinking purpose.

Characteristics

Groundwater

River

Lake/ Reservoir
Better than river Relatively constant Variable

Safety (bacteriological) Composition Hardness

Generally safe Constant Present

Not safe Varying with season Variable

Turbidity/SS
Minerals

Nil
Present

Present
Variable (Generally optimum) Nil Less/Nil

Very Less
Variable (Generally optimum) Variable Present

Iron & Manganese Color

Sometimes Low /nil

Nitrate
Hydrogen Sulphide

Sometimes
Sometimes

Less
Nil

Less
Nil

Sulfates & Carbonate

Taste & Odor

Present
Sometimes

Variable
Less

Variable
Summer

Water Treatment objectives

Wholesome water potable as well as palatable. Fit for metabolism and health

The availability of reliable supply of

wholesome water is one of the most

important determinants of our health

Steps
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Surface Water
Screening/Microstrainer Pre-Sedimentation/PreChlorination Rapid Mixing (Coagulation Tank) Slow Mixing (Flocculation Tank) Sedimentation Filtration Adsorption Optional for organics removal for better taste/color/odor)

Hard Groundwater
Aeration Oxidation/Prechlorination Rapid Mixing (Lime & Soda Addition Precipitation Sedimentation Filtration Recarbonation

Disinfection

Disinfection

Surface Water Treatment

Primary objectives are to 1. Remove suspended material (turbidity) and color 2. Eliminate pathogenic organisms Treatment technologies largely based on coagulation and flocculation

Type I Settling -- Stokes Law

Settling of discrete particles

g ( s )d 2 vs 18
where s = settling velocity s = density of particle (kg/m3) = density of fluid (kg/m3) g = gravitational constant (m/s2) d = particle diameter (m) = dynamic viscosity (Pas)

Overflow rate
Q v As
where v = overflow rate (m/s) Q = water flow (m3/s) As = surface area (m2)

Surface Water Treatment

Screen Coagulant

Surface water from supply

Rapid Sand Filter Disinfection

Sedimentation basin

Rapid Flocculation Mix Basin

Sludge

Storage

To Distribution System

Surface Water Treatment

Screen Surface water from supply Rapid Rapid Mix Sand Filter Disinfection

Clariflocculator

Sludge

Storage

To Distribution System

Coagulation and Flocculation

Goal: To alter the surface charge of the particles that contribute to color and turbidity so that the particles adhere to one another to form bigger particles that settle by gravity in reasonable time.

Colloids
Small particles (0.001 to 1 m) Usually negatively charged Particles repel each other; they are called stable particles.

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation (process)
+

+ + + +

Colloidal particles (0.001 - 1 m)

+ + + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + +

floc (1 - 100 m)

Coagulant
Non-toxic and relatively inexpensive Alum: Al2(SO4)3.14H2O, Ferric chloride: FeCl3, Ferric sulfate: FeSO4, Polyelectrolyte Insoluble in neutral pH range we do not want high concentrations of metals left in treated water.

How does alum work?

Al2(SO4)314H2O 2Al3++ 3SO42-+ 14H2O
2Al3+ + colloids neutralize surface charge 2Al3+ + 6HCO3- 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2 If insufficient bicarbonate is available:
Al2(SO4)314H2O 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4 14H2O
-+

Optimum pH: 5.5 to 6.5 Operating pH: 5 to 8

Al3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)2+ + H+

Al3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)2 +
+

Aquometallic ions Aluminum Hydroxide Flocs

H+

Al 3+ + H2O -------- Al(OH)3 + H+

Aquometallic ions, great affinity to surfaces

Neutralization of surface charge on colloids

Rapid Mixing
Used to blend chemicals and water being treated Retention time of rapid mixers range from 10 to 30 second. Mechanical mixing using vertical-shaft impeller in tank with baffles.

Rapid Mixing

Flocculation
Paddle units rotate slowly, usually <1 rpm Velocity of water: 0.5 - 1.5 ft/sec Detention time of at least 20 min

Flocculation

Sedimentation/Settling
Following flocculation, the water then flows into the settling basins Water in settling basins is nearly quiescent low flow with little turbulence. Water resides for at least 2 hours in the tank and the flocs settle out at the bottom, from where they are removed. This type of settling of particle aggregates is called type-II settling.

Settling in Treatment Train

Circular Clarifiers

Filtration
The final step in removing particles is filtration. It removes those particles that are too small to be effectively removed during sedimentation Multiple removal mechanisms depending on design Sedimentation effluent: 1 - 10 NTU Desired effluent level: <0.3 NTU

Filtration

Depending the flow rate through filters, they may be classified as slow sand filter and rapid sand filters. Sometimes pressure is applied in rapid sand filters to increase flow rate, then they are called pressure filters. Depending on the media used, filters are classified as below. Single media: sand Dual media: anthracite coal and sand Multimedia: anthracite coal, sand and garnet

Removal Mechanism of filtration

Mechanical Straining of particles. When size of particle is larger than void space in the media, particles do not pass through media. (slow sand filter) Biological mechanism-Impurities removal my microorganisms on the top filter layer. (slow sand filter) Adsorption to filter media. Sedimentation on filter media

Filter Design
Q va As
where va = face velocity (m/day) or loading rate (m3/daym2) Q = flow rate (m3/day) As = filter surface area (m2)

Slow sand filters: va = 2.9 7.6 m3/daym2 Rapid sand filters: va = 120 m3/daym2 Removal mechanisms are different Rapid sand widely used,

Rapid Sand Filtration

As particles are removed - filter becomes clogged - headloss increases, turbidity increases Must be backwashed which takes about 10-15 min and is done about once per day Must be designed to handle flow with one filter out of service

Rapid Sand Filtration

Backwashing is accomplished by forcing water (and sometimes air) up from the clearwell back through the filter. The particles in the filter media become suspended, releasing the trapped particles. Backwash water is retreated or disposed of.

Head Loss

Groundwater Treatment
Primary objectives are to 1.Remove hardness and other minerals 2.Eliminate pathogenic organisms Treatment technologies largely based on precipitation

Groundwater Treatment
Lime & Soda

Ground water from wells Recarbonation

Rapid Mix

Sedimentation basin

Slow Basin

Sludge

Disinfection

Storage CO2

To Distribution System

TYPICAL TREATMENT SCHEME FOR RIVER WATER

ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

REVERSE OSMOSIS

REVERSE OSMOSIS

 It is a process of killing pathogens in water. Some contamination may occur during transporting water to consumers via pipelines. Some amount of chemicals are left in water in the disinfection process, which provide residual protection. A large number of chemicals are used for disinfection they include halogen group, i.e. chlorine, bromine and iodine. Fluorine oxidizes water and therefore it is not used. Chlorine is frequently used in public water supplies, bromine for pond waters and iodine often has military applications in remote areas. Ammonia added with chlorine for disinfection forms chloramines in water which provide residual protection, because chlorine gas escapes from water very soon after application. Chlorine forms trihalomethane (THM, e.g. chloroform) in water which are carcinogens. Good water supplies therefore use ozone for disinfection, which has the

DISINFECTION

DISINFECTION
The factors that affect disinfection are Characteristics of disinfectant, i.e. its intrinsic nature Characteristics of water, i.e. pH, temperature and presence of extraneous matter Contact time, i.e. the duration for which the disinfectant remains in contact with water to be disinfected

DISINFECTION
Killing of microorganisms in disinfection process follows first order kinetics: dN

dt or N N 0 e kt
This is called Chicks law. The amount of chemicals need to be added for achieving a certain percent kill of microorganism follows the following relationship Cn t = constant. Where C is concentration of disinfectant, i.e. chemical that does disinfaction, in mg/L, t is contact time in min and n is an exponent for a particular species, e.g. 0.88 for E-Coli.

kN

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