ReviewfromLecture2 Review from Lecture 2

Application of ecology to human welfare Applicationofecologytohumanwelfare

Globalchange,sustainability,ecosystemservices, ecologicalfootprint

LimitsofSpeciesDistributions p
Biogeograhy,niche,factorslimitingdistribution

TaxonomyofEcosystems
Biome climograph major terrestrial biomes Biome,climograph,majorterrestrialbiomes

Lecture3Objectives Lecture 3 Objectives

Global Climate Patterns GlobalClimatePatterns
Temperature,energyinput,seasons,greenhouse effect,majoratmosphericandoceaniccirculation effect major atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns

RegionalClimatepatterns Microclimate

Climate
Whyisthereageneralpatternforthelocationofthemajor terrestrialbiomes? Climate:theaveragestateoftheweatherataparticularlocation Weather:theinstantaneousstateoftheweatherataparticular location Fi Fivemaincomponentsofclimateandweather i f li d h
Light Energy Temperature Precipitation RelativeHumidity Wind

Temperature:Whatisit? Temperature: What is it?

intensivestatevariableofamaterialrelatedtoenergycontent throughmassspecificfunctions

Temperaturechangesarecausedbyalterednetstorage ofenergyresultingfromabsorbedandemitted of energy resulting from absorbed and emitted

sensibleheatfluxes energyexchangethatinvolvesa temperaturechange latent heat fluxes energy exchange that involves latentheatfluxes energyexchangethatinvolves evaporationortranspirationofwaterwithouta temperaturechange

Temperatureandtheenergybudgetoforganismsor thelandsurfacearemeasuredbecauseofinterest:
Organismtoecosystemwaterrelations,thephysiological, phenological,andlifecyclesensitivitiesoforganismsto theirenvironment

Temperature
1. 1 Global Mean Temperature: Greenhouse effect - also affects day/night variation in temp.

UV, visible and short-wave infrared radiation

Long-wave infrared radiation

AtmosphericNorthSouthCirculation:GlobalWindPatterns

Hadleycells:asoriginallyproposed

NorthSouthCirculation:GlobalWindPatternsandDistributionof TerrestrialBiomes

RotationEasttoWest

30N Tropicof Cancer Equator Tropicof Tropic of Capricorn 30S

Key Tropicalforest Savanna Desert

Chaparral Temperategrassland Temperatebroadleafforest Coniferousforest C if f t

Tundra Highmountains Polarice

Arctic Circle 60N Westerlies 30 N 30N Northeasttrades Doldrums Southeasttrades Westerlies 60S Antarctic Circle 0 (equator) 30S

The impact of the prevailing winds and their potential to link events among continents is illustrated b m n ntin nts ill st t d by the movement of dust in the atmosphere and the enrichment of the Sargasso Sea in the western Atlantic Ocean by nutrients from Africa!

Dust storm from the Gobi Desert moving across the Korean Peninsula and Japan.

The dust crosses the Pacific Ocean and hits California.

The remnants of the dust affect the air on the East Coast of the U.S.

Lecture3Objectives Lecture 3 Objectives

Taxonomy of Ecosystems TaxonomyofEcosystems Global Climate Patterns GlobalClimatePatterns Regional Climate patterns RegionalClimatepatterns
Mountains,waterbodies,landcover

Microclimate

RegionalEffectsonClimate g ff
Variousfeaturesofthelandscapecontributeto localvariationsinclimate
Topography(Mountains) Bodiesofwater Landcover

Mountains
Changesinaltitudeaffect:
Th Theamountofsunlightreachinganarea f li h hi Localtemperature

Mountainscauseorographic effects
Rainfallpatterns Mountainvalleyeffects

Orographic Effects

Wind direction Pacific Ocean Sierra Nevada

East

Coast Range

BodiesofWater
Oceansandtheircurrentsandlargelakes moderatetheclimateofnearbyterrestrial moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments
Landheatsupandcoolsmorequicklythandolargebodiesof water. Thehighspecificheatofwaterslowswarmingandcooling. Regionsnearwaterexperiencelessextremesintemperature Regions near water experience less extremes in temperature (Maritimeclimate)thandoregionsontheinteriorofcontinents (Continentalclimate).

Fig.5212

2 3 Cooler

airsinks overwater.

Aircoolsat highelevation.
1 Warmair

overlandrises.

4 Coolairoverwater

movesinland,replacing risingwarmairoverland.

LandCover Land Cover

Land cover patterns influence climate Landcoverpatternsinfluenceclimate Morevegetation i
Cooler,higherrelativehumidity,more precipitation

LessVegetation
Warmer,lowerrelativehumidity,lessprecipitation , y, p p

UrbanHeatIsland

RegionalSocietal,Vegetation, ClimateRelationships Cli R l i hi

Income
IncreasingVariable

Temperature p

Vegetation

Jeneretteetal.2007

Lecture3Objectives Lecture 3 Objectives

Taxonomy of Ecosystems TaxonomyofEcosystems Global Climate Patterns GlobalClimatePatterns Regional Climate patterns RegionalClimatepatterns Mi Microclimate li t
Finescaletopographyplantshading

Microclimate
Microclimateisdeterminedbyfinescale differencesinabiotic andbioticfactors differences in abiotic and biotic factors
Aspect:directionofslopeface d f l f Northfacingslopesarecooler/wetter Southfacingslopesarewarmer/drier PlantShading: Underneathaplantcanopy

EarlySpringDay

Lecture3Review
GlobalClimatePatterns
Temperature,energyinput,greenhouseeffect,major atmosphericandoceaniccirculationpatterns

RegionalClimatepatterns
M Mountains,waterbodies,landcover t i t b di l d

Microclimate
aspect,plantshading
Thoughtquestion:Isanorthfacingslopeinthesouthernhemispherewarmerorcolder thanacorrespondingSouthfacingslope?